Accommodating the NHP in a Regulatory Testing Setting CCAC Scientific Session CALAS symposium April 7, 2008 Stéphane Goulet, DVM Primus Bio-Ressources ste.goulet@videotron.ca
Adaptation to new environment new room different enclosures different caretakers new hierarchy different diet different time zone
Transport space water food temperature confinement
Environmental conditions temperature and humidity set point variation ventilation air change per hour pressure differential
light noise Environmental conditions photoperiod: 12h /12h intensity: 800 lux proximity of cage washer alarms music
Feeding certification autoclaved, irradiated fruits, vegetables, treats supplements storage and shelf life
Watering filtration, reverse osmosis, UV lamp autoclaved, irradiated chlorination, ozonation analysis
Environmental enrichment Toxicology Organizations : Historic conservative approach for animal enrichment programs Why Potential negative impact on research Unaware of the values of enrichment initiatives and social housing
Unequivocal Link Good Animal Welfare Practices :
Nonhuman primates TV Music
Nonhuman primates Color Wall Appliqués
Nonhuman primates Toys Perch Swing
Nonhuman primates Foraging opportunities Treats
Nonhuman primates Mirrors
Nonhuman primates Visual Contacts Hiding Devices
Nonhuman primates Merit of social housing for nonhuman primates is widely recognized
Nonhuman primates Troop housing
Nonhuman primates Overnight social housing group of 2
Nonhuman primates Overnight social housing group of 3
Nonhuman primates Positive Impact of Social Housing on Primates Reduced incidence of nonhuman primates with stress-related clinical signs Decreased numbers of nonhuman primates requiring veterinary treatment Easier to handle Better appetite Better bodyweight condition Less stereotypical behaviors
Nonhuman primates Considerations for Safety and Toxicology Protocols Number of animals/sex/group Randomization: soon after arrival Clinical signs observation Food consumption evaluation Fecal collection: individual or by group? Recovery animals
Nonhuman primates Short period of daily social housing Tactile contacts
Nonhuman primates Protected contact housing
Training Animals For Experimental Procedures Cage-side dosing
Training Animals For Experimental Procedures Removal from housing pen
Training Animals For Experimental Procedures References The International Symposium on Regulatory Testing and Animal Welfare: Recommendations on Best Scientific Practices for Animal Care in Regulatory Toxicology. T. Morris, S. Goulet and D. Morton. ILAR Journal, Vol 43: Supplement, p. S123-S125, 2002. Environmental Enrichment of Laboratory Animals Used in Regulatory Toxicology Studies. S. W. Dean. Laboratory Animals, Vol. 33: p. 309-327, 1999. Social Enrichment for Laboratory Primates: A Critical review. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, Vol 29(3): p. 7-12, 1990. V. Reinhardt. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates. NRC (National Research Council), 1998.
Training Animals For Experimental Procedures References Cortisol Responses Under Different Housing Conditions in Female Squirrel Monkeys. C.A. Gonzalez et al. Psychoneuroendocrinology, Vol 7 (2/3): p. 209-216, 1982. Trait-Like Immunological and Hematological Measures in Female Rhesus Across Varied Environmental Conditions. A.A. Lilly et al. American Journal of Primatology, Vol 48(3): p.197-223, 1999. Psychological Well-Being in Paired Adult Female Rhesus (Macaca mulatta). G.G. Eaton et al. American Journal of Primatology, Vol 33: p. 89-99, 1994. Social Deprivation and Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in Female Cynomolgus Monkeys. C.A. Shively et al. Artherosclerosis, Vol 77: p. 69-76, 1989.
Training Animals For Experimental Procedures References Pair-Housing Rather Than Single-Housing for Laboratory Rhesus Macaques. V. Reinhardt. Journal of Medical Primatology, Vol. 23: p. 426-431, 1994. Sociophysiology of Relationships in Squirrel Monkeys. Formation of the Female Dyads. W. Saltzman et al. Physiology and behavior, Vol 50: p. 271-280, 1991. Individual Differences in Macaques Responses to Stressors Based on Social and Physiological Factors: Implications for Primate Welfare and Research Outcomes. M. Boccia et al. Lab. Animal. Vol 29 (3) p. 250-257, 1995. Effects of Chronic Social Separation on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Female Cynomolgus Monkeys. S. Watson et al. Atherosclerosis Vol 137: p. 259-266, 1998.
Training Animals For Experimental Procedures References Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Council), 1996. NRC (National Research Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals. Animal Welfare Institute, 2002. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals volume 1. Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals volume 2. Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1984.
Thanks to: Erik Moreau Ghislaine Morin Terry Pimm Nancy Thibeault