SLOVAKIA The Report referred to in Article 5 of Directive 92/117/EEC TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS AND FEEDINGSTUFFS including information on foodborne outbreaks and antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents IN 2004
Slovakia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM Country: Slovakia Reporting Year: 2004 Institutions and laboratories involved in monitoring: Laboratory Description name State Veterinary SVFA manage, direct and control and Food the exercise of state administration Administration of by the regional and district the Slovak veterinary and food Republik administrations, Control Institute of veterinary drugs, state veterinary laboratories Contribution reporting authority State Veterinary and Food Institutes - SVFI carry out laboratory analyses, laboratory diagnostics and testing of official samples taken at veterinary check and controls of foodstuffs, feedingstuffs and animal health and provide the services of laboratory diagnostics and testing State Veterinary Institute - SVI carry out laboratory analyses, laboratory diagnostics and testing of official samples taken at veterinary checks and controls specialised in the laboratory diagnostics of animal health Slovakia 2004
PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 5 of Council Directive 92/117/EEC 1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Slovakia during the year 2004. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole European Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that is published each year by EFSA. - 1 Council Directive 92/117/ECC of 17 December 1992 concerning measures for protection against specified zoonoses and specified zoonotic agents in animals and products of animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks of foodborne infections and intoxications, OJ L 62, 15.3.1993, p. 38 Slovakia 2004
LIST OF CONTENTS 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 1 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 4 2.1. SALMONELLOSIS 5 2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 5 2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 6 2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 10 2.1.4. Salmonella in animals 12 2.1.5. Salmonella in feedstuffs 28 2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 30 2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 38 2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 73 2.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 73 2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 74 2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 78 2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 80 2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 80 2.3. LISTERIOSIS 83 2.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 83 2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 84 2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 87 2.4. VEROCYTOTOXIC ESCHERICHIA COLI 89 2.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 89 2.4.2. Verocytotoxic Escherichia coli in humans 90 2.4.3. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in foodstuffs 92 2.4.4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in animals 94 2.5. TUBERCULOSIS 95 2.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 95 2.5.2. Tuberculosis in humans 96 2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 96 2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 103 2.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 103 2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 103 2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 104 2.6.4. Brucella in animals 104 2.7. YERSINIOSIS 111 2.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 111 2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 111 2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 114 2.7.4. Yersinia in animals 114 2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 115 2.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 115 2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 117 2.8.3. Trichinella in animals 119 2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 121 Slovakia 2004
2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 121 2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 123 2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 124 2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 125 2.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 125 2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 126 2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 128 2.11. RABIES 129 2.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 129 2.11.2. Rabies in humans 131 2.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 132 3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIAL 136 RESISTANCE 3.1. E. COLI INDICATORS 137 3.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 137 3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates 137 4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 139 Slovakia 2004
1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of the animal population in the country. A. Information on susceptible animal population Sources of information: Central Evidence of Animals, statistics, District Veterinary and Food Administrations in the Slovak Republic Slovakia 2004 1
Table 14.1 Susceptible animal populations: number of herds and holdings rearing animals * Only if different than current reporting year Animal species Category of animals Number of herds or flocks Number of holdings Year* Year* Cattle (bovine animals) in total 18312 Ducks in total (1) Gallus gallus in total (2) Geese in total (3) Goats in total 489 Pigs in total 6326 Sheep in total 4129 Solipeds horses - in total (4) Turkeys in total (5) (1): no data available (2): no data available (3): no data available (4): no data available (5): no data available Slovakia 2004 2
Table 14.2 Susceptible animal populations: number of animals * Only if different than current reporting year Animal species Category of animals Livestock numbers (live animals) Number of slaughtered animals Year* Year* Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 132339 2837 dairy cows and heifers 65923 meat production animals 37325 in total 559054 109248 Ducks elite birds 550 parent birds 3000 meat production animals 6000 breeding animals - in total 2450 in total 9000 Gallus gallus breeding animals - in total 880000 parent birds - in total 880000 breeding animals for egg production line - in total 150000 broilers 20800000 58052633 laying hens 2500000 1773111 parent birds for meat production line 730000 parent birds for egg production line 150000 breeding animals for meat production 730000 line - in total in total 25580000 59841935 Geese in total 6000 Goats animals over 1 year 2083 animals under 1 year 216 meat production animals 25 in total 2299 25 Pigs sows and gilts 70523 35282 fattening pigs 1253625 in total 2230707 1288907 Sheep milk ewes 7568 animals over 1 year 204063 7568 animals under 1 year (lambs) 57206 75459 in total 261269 83027 Solipeds horses - in total 5 Turkeys parent birds 47000 meat production animals 103000 breeding animals - in total 47000 in total 150000 Slovakia 2004 3
2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses. Slovakia 2004 4
2.1. SALMONELLOSIS 2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation A. General evaluation History of the disease and/or infection in the country Up to the year 1989 the serovar Salmonellla typhimurium had prevalence, after 1989 in the animal health the increasing trend has Salmonella enteritidis and this trend is maintained till now. Out of the total number of examinated samples of animals the salmonelosis agent was isolated as follows 2000 2,8 % 2001 2,4% 2002 0,9% 2003 0,8% samples. The highest detection in most animals has Salmonella enteritidis, except for pigs, in which dominates species-specific serovar Salmonella choleraesuis. Out the number of the positive samples of the finding of Salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium was as following: S.enteritidis S. typhimurium 2000 71,7% 3,3% 2001 70,7% 2,1% 2002 66,0% 2,4% 2003 62,0% 0,8% In the poultry not only the highest number of positive samples but also the greatest number of serovars is recorded. Number of isolated serovars 2000 2001 2002 2003 Fowl 9 7 7 4 Turkey 11 11 7 3 Ducks 3-1 - Geese 2-2 1 Slovakia 2004 5
2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans A. Salmonellosis in humans Reporting system in place for the human cases Physician shall report each suspect case mandatory and microbiological laboratory report each positive sample. Case definition in accordance with decision No 2119/98/EC-C/32002/1043- Case definition for communicable diseases listed in decision 2000/96/EC- Clinical picture compatible with salmonellosis, e.g. diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The organism may cause extraintestinal infections. Diagnostic/analytical methods used isolation of Salmonella (non-typhi, non-paratyphi) from clinical specimen History of the disease and/or infection in the country Salmonellosis has been reported in Slovakia since 1975, historical data do exist since this date. Results of the investigation To the end of the 80-ties, the most prevalent serotype of salmonella was S.typhimurium, infantis, from the 90- ties, the most prevalent serotype has been S. enteritidis. National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection Trend of salmonellosis increased to 1998, since 1998 slowly decreased. For many years, the highest age-specific incidence in children is up to 1 year of age. Eggs and egg products and poultry meet are the most relevant risk factor of transmission. Slovakia 2004 6
Table 3.4.1.A Salmonellosis in man - species/serotype distribution Cases Cases Inc Autochtone cases Autochtone Inc Imported cases Imported Inc unknown status Salmonella 12667 233 12622 233 43 0 2 S. Enteritidis 11223 208,6 11192 208,03 29 0,5 2 S. Typhimurium 153 2,8438 152 2,8253 1 0,0 0 other serovars 1291 23,996 1278 23,754 13 0,2 0 Slovakia 2004 7
Table 3.4.1.B Salmonellosis in man - age distribution S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. Age Distribution All M F All M F All M F <1 year 679 373 306 22 12 10 739 414 325 1 to 4 years 2390 1312 1078 40 24 16 2574 1416 1158 5 to 14 years 2298 1298 1039 32 24 8 2575 1413 1162 15 to 24 years 1554 80 754 15 8 7 1714 884 830 25 to 44 years 2153 977 1176 22 11 11 2564 1184 1380 45 to 64 years 1432 550 882 13 5 8 1666 664 1002 65 years and older 717 233 484 9 4 5 835 284 551 Age unknown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total : 11223 4823 5719 153 88 65 12667 6259 6408 Slovakia 2004 8
Table 3.4.2 Salmonellosis in man - seasonal distribution S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp. Month Cases Cases Cases January 418 1 452 February 320 3 365 March 358 3 397 April 661 12 742 May 812 10 906 June 1056 12 1160 July 1269 25 1397 August 1490 25 1626 September 1720 25 1998 October 1198 11 1360 November 1072 10 1212 December 849 16 1052 not known 0 0 0 Total : 11223 153 12667 Slovakia 2004 9
2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs Table 3.3.1 Salmonella sp. in meat and meat products - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Sample weight Units tested Units positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium other serovars Bovine meat - - - fresh - - - - at slaughter - SVFI 1 g 166 1 1 Pig meat - - - fresh - - - - at slaughter - SVFI 1 g 537 1 meat products - - - non-ready-to-eat - - - - at retail (2) - SVFI 1 g 2 1 1 Broiler meat - - - fresh - - - - at slaughter - SVFI 1 g 24 1 1 - at retail (1) - SVFI 25 g 4 3 1 Other meat - - - fresh - - - - at slaughter - SVFI 1 g 11 Other animals or mixed - - - meat meat products - - - non-ready-to-eat - - - - at retail - SVFI 25 g 576 ready-to-eat - - - - at retail - SVFI 25 g 6458 (1) : other serovars = S. enterica (2) : other serovars = S. enterica Slovakia 2004 10
Table 3.3.2 Salmonella sp. in other food - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Sample weight Units tested Units positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Montevideo S. Bareilly cow milk - - - raw - SVFI 25 ml 1994 heat-treated - SVFI 25 ml 626 Dairy products - - - ready-to-eat - SVFI 25 g 6659 Table eggs - - - - at retail - SVFI 25 g 486 6 6 Egg products - SVFI 25 g 1618 6 6 Fishery products - SVFI 25 g 478 fish SVFI - 25 g 407 Honey SVFI - 25 g 102 Fruit & Vegetables - - - fruit and vegetable products - SVFI 25 g 380 Confectionery products and pastes - - - pastes - SVFI 25 g 611 6 2 4 Slovakia 2004 11
2.1.4. Salmonella in animals A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for egg production and flocks of laying hens Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) One-day-old chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens at the time on their arrival at the holding; Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying in young hens; Production period: every two weeks during the laying period, every eight weeks the official sampling. In the Slovac Republic there are not existing the elite and grandparent flocks. Laying hens flocks One-day-old chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens; Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying in young hens; Production period: every two weeks during the laying period; Before slaughter at farm: two weeks before slaughter; At slaughter: monitoring is not performed; Eggs at packing centre:(flock based approach): monitoring is not performed. Frequency of the sampling Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Day-old chicks Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Rearing period Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Production period Slovakia 2004 12
Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium taken from 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding/reproductive flock; b)samples of 50 dead embryos dead in-shell, or chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2) in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less than thousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock. Type of specimen taken Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Day-old chicks Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Rearing period Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Production period Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium taken from 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding/reproductive flock; b) samples of 50 dead embryos dead in-shell, or chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2) in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less than thousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock. Laying hens: Day-old chicks Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens Laying hens: Rearing period Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Laying hens: Production period Slovakia 2004 13
Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement sampleseach weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Diagnostic/analytical methods used Vaccination policy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Day-old chicks Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Rearing period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Production period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Day-old chicks Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Rearing period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Production period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In 2004, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated and live marker vaccines registered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments in Nitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic. Laying hens flocks Slovakia 2004 14
In 2004, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated and live marker vaccines registered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments in Nitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic. Control program/mechanisms Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses - The control programs: Pursuant to the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 297/2003 Coll., each poultry holding shall be registered based on the allocation of official number and it is over the control of the competent DVFA. A part of supervision executed by the competent veterinary administration authority is the control over the observation of the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks. - Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases: A.Poultry breeding/reproductive flocks and hatcheries The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; c)all birds in house shall be killed in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule, the official veterinarian of slaughterhouse is supplied by information on decision of killing in compliance with requirements of the peculiar rule or the birds shall be killed and safely disposed of in a way that maximum decrease the risk of salmonella spreading. 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place A.The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Slovakia 2004 15
Administration). B.If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. C.All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for meat production and broiler flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In the breeding flocks of meat lines, the same monitoring system is applied as in the poultry laying flocks. C. Salmonella spp in turkey - breeding flocks and meat production flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Vaccination policy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Meat production flocks In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) Slovakia 2004 16
In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Meat production flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place - The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). - If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. D. Salmonella spp in geese - breeding flocks and meat production flocks Slovakia 2004 17
Monitoring system Sampling strategy Vaccination policy Breeding flocks In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Breeding flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Meat production flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases Breeding flocks The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Meat Production flocks Slovakia 2004 18
The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place - The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). - If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. E. Salmonella spp in ducks - breeding flocks and meat production flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding flocks In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and Slovakia 2004 19
Vaccination policy waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Breeding flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1) If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a) no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b) non-incubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3) If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). - If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. - All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. Slovakia 2004 20
F. Salmonella spp in pigs Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding herds In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Multiplying herds In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Fattening herds In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Diagnostic/analytical methods used Breeding herds Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Multiplying herds Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Fattening herds at farm Slovakia 2004 21
Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Fattening herds at slaughterhouse (herd based approach) Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Notification system in place All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. G. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals Monitoring system Sampling strategy In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy: The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Diagnostic/analytical methods used Animals at farm Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002 Animals at slaughter (herd based approach) Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002 Notification system in place All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. Slovakia 2004 22
Table 3.2.1 Salmonella sp. in Poultry breeding flocks (Gallus gallus) - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Flocks tested Flocks positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Gallus gallus - - - - parent breeding flocks for egg production line unspecified - a) 15 parent breeding flocks for - a) M F 85 2 2 meat production line day-old chicks - a) M F 1 1 1 - during production period - a) M F 1 1 1 parent breeding flocks, unspecified - 83 Footnote a)svfi, SVI M - Monitoring F - Fowl Slovakia 2004 23
Table 3.2.2 Salmonella sp. in other commercial poultry - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Flocks tested Flocks positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Choleraesuis S. Heidelberg S. Infantis S. Kentucky S. Mbandaka S. Montevideo S. Saintpaul S. Senftenberg S. Worthington Salmonella spp. Gallus gallus - - - laying hens - - - a) M F 219 10 6 1 1 1 1 unspecified - broilers - - - a) N F 1944 63 52 1 1 4 3 1 1 unspecified - unspecified - - - a) N F 318 29 18 1 2 1 6 1 unspecified - Ducks - - - 2 breeding flocks, unspecified - a) N F 4 1 1 - during production period - Geese - - - a) N F 6 2 1 1 unspecified - Turkeys - - - a) N F 53 19 1 2 16 unspecified - Footnote a) SVFI, SVI M - Monitoring program Slovakia 2004 24
N - Non monitoring program F - Fowl Slovakia 2004 25
Table 3.2.3 Salmonella sp. in non-commercial poultry and birds - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Flocks tested Flocks positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Essen Pigeons - a) N A 44 1 1 Guinea fowl - a) N F 5 0 Quails - a) N F 3 0 Pheasants - a) N F 22 1 1 Partridges - a) N F 2 0 Ostriches - a) N F 60 1 1 Pet animals - - - parrot - a) N A 476 0 Wildlife - - - wild birds - - - falcon - a) N A 15 1 1 bustard - a) N A 1 0 Peafowl - a) N A 1 0 Footnote a) SVFI, SVI N - Non monitoring program A - Animal Slovakia 2004 26
Table 3.2.4 Salmonella sp. in animals ( non poultry) - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Units tested Units positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Bovismorbificans S. Choleraesuis S. Derby S. Dublin S. Infantis other serovars Cattle (bovine animals) - a) N A 1261 29 13 14 2 Sheep - a) N A 95 0 Goats - a) N A 6 0 Pigs - - - a) N A 1330 34 5 1 1 23 1 3 unspecified - Pet animals - - - a) N A 140 3 2 1 dogs or cats - Zoo animals a) N A 170 9 9 - Wildlife - - - wild birds - a) N A 66 6 4 2 Farmed fish - a) N A 181 0 Footnote Other serovars: S.Abony, S.Ferruch, S.Kottbus, S.Potsdam, S.Richmond, S. enterica, subsp. arizonae, diarizonae, salamae a) SVFI, SVI N - Non monitoring program A - Animal Slovakia 2004 27
Slovakia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses 2.1.5. Salmonella in feedstuffs Table 3.1.1 Salmonella sp. in feed material of animal origin - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Sample weight Units tested Units positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Derby S. Isangi S. Infantis S. Montevideo S. Ohio S. Senftenberg all feedingstuffs - SVFA 200-500g 1705 10 1 1 2 1 3 1 3 Footnote SVFA - State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic Slovakia 2004 28
Table 3.1.2 Salmonella sp. in feed of vegetable origin - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Sample weight Units tested Units positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Agona S. Pomona S. Worthington other serovars all feedingstuffs - SVFA 200-500g 955 15 4 3 7 1 Footnote SVFA - State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic other serovars - S. enterica subs. salamae Slovakia 2004 29
Table 3.1.3 Salmonella sp. in compound feedingstuff - - Source of information Remarks Epidemiological unit Sample weight Units tested Units positive S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium S. Agona S. Kentucky S. Worthington other serovars all feedingstuffs - SVFA 200-500g 1925 4 0 0 1 1 1 1 Footnote SVFA - State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic other serovars - S. enterica subs. salamae Slovakia 2004 30
2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in the chapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype and phagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections in humans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animals may indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of human infections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections, conclusions have to be drawn with caution. Slovakia 2004 31
Table 3.3.3 Salmonella serovars in animals Cattle (bovine animals) Serovars Sources of isolates M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) Pigs Gallus gallus Other poultry Other animals Number of isolates in the laboratory N= 29 34 2 102 22 22 Number of isolates serotyped N= 29 34 2 102 - Number of isolates per type S. Abony 2 S. Bovismorbificans 1 S. Choleraesuis 23 2 S. Derby 1 S. Dublin 2 S. Enteritidis 13 5 2 76 7 S. Essen 1 S. Ferruch 1 S. Heidelberg 1 S. Infantis 3 7 2 S. Kentucky 4 S. Kottbus 1 S. Mbandaka 1 S. Montevideo 3 S. Potsdam 1 S. Richmond 1 Slovakia 2004 32
S. Saintpaul 2 18 S. Senftenberg 1 S. Typhimurium 14 1 2 2 5 S. Worthington 1 S. enterica subsp. arizonae 1 other serovars (1) 2 1 S. enterica subsp. diarizonae 1 Total of typed Salmonellaisolates (1) : S. enterica, subsp. enterica: 2x Gallus gallus S. enterica, subsp. salamae: 1x Other animals Footnote (*) M : Monitor, C : Clinical Slovakia 2004 33
Table 3.3.4 Salmonella serovars in food Bovine meat Pig meat Broiler meat Other poultry Other products of animal origin Serovars Sources of isolates M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) Number of isolates in the laboratory N= 2 4 6 Number of isolates serotyped N= 2 2 - Number of isolates per type S. Enteritidis 3 6 S. Typhimurium 1 S. Virchow 1 other serovars (1) 1 Total of typed Salmonellaisolates (1) : S. enterica Footnote (*) M : Monitor, C : Clinical other serovars = S. enterica Slovakia 2004 34
Table 3.3.5 S.Enteridis phagetypes in animals Cattle (bovine animals) Phagetype Sources of isolates M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) Pigs Gallus gallus Other poultry Other animals Number of isolates in the laboratory N= Number of isolates serotyped N= - Number of isolates per type PT 1 3 11 PT 4 2 5 23 9 PT 8 5 2 1 21 9 Total of typed Salmonellaisolates Footnote (*) M : Monitor, C : Clinical Slovakia 2004 35
Table 3.3.6 S.Enteridis phagetypes in food Bovine meat Pig meat Broiler meat Other poultry Other products of animal origin Phagetype Sources of isolates M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) M(*) C(*) Number of isolates in the laboratory N= Number of isolates serotyped N= 3 6 - Number of isolates per type PT 1 1 2 PT 4 1 2 PT 8 1 Total of typed Salmonellaisolates Footnote (*) M : Monitor, C : Clinical Slovakia 2004 36
Table 3.3.9 S. Enteritidis phagetypes in humans Phagetype Sources of isolates M(*) C(*) Number of isolates in the laboratory N= Number of isolates serotyped N= humans Footnote (*) M : Monitor, C : Clinical no data available Slovakia 2004 37
Table 3.3.10 S. Typhimurium phagetypes in humans Phagetype Sources of isolates M(*) C(*) Number of isolates in the laboratory N= Number of isolates serotyped N= humans Footnote (*) M : Monitor, C : Clinical no data available Slovakia 2004 38
2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of certain microorganisms to survive or grow in the presence of a given concentration of antimicrobial agent that usually would kill or inhibit the microorganism species in question. Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains may be transferred from animals or foodstuffs to humans. A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in cattle Sampling strategy used in monitoring Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detected only in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and by making provision for the season and possible treatment. Methods used for collecting data The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET. The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type. Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS. Antimicrobials included in monitoring Control program/mechanisms Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses In 2004, the detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas. Notification system in place The notification of results on antibiotic resistance to the antibiotics used in treatment towards the competent veterinarian is made immediately after isolation, additionally, by making provision for representative selection, the investigation of antibiotic resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics is performed on account of resistance monitoring for indicator microorganisms Escherichia coli. National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium (antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. From other serovars, polyresistant and multiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg were isolated. B. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in pigs Slovakia 2004 39
Sampling strategy used in monitoring Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detected only in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and by making provision for the season and possible treatment. Methods used for collecting data The evidence and statistical evaluation, planned program WHONET. The crossresistance are counted as one resistance type. Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates MIC Testing and Disc Diffusion Testing according to NCCLS. Antimicrobials included in monitoring Control program/mechanisms Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses In 2004, the detection of resistance of isolated strains was performed by NRL for salmonellas. Notification system in place The notification of results on antibiotic resistance to the antibiotics used in treatment towards the competent veterinarian is made immediately after isolation, additionally, by making provision for representative selection, the investigation of antibiotic resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics is performed on account of resistance monitoring for indicator microorganisms Escherichia coli. National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection In calves, the occurrence of multiresistant isolated strains Salmonella Typhimurium (antimicrobial pattern ACSSuT + Nalidixic acid) has increased. In turkeys, the problems are Salmonella Saintpaul, increase of polyresistant and multiresistant isolated strains (antimicrobial pattern SSuT or ASSuT + Trimetoprim + Cephalotine). From other serovars, polyresistant and multiresistant strains of Salmonella Choleraesuis, Derby and Heidelberg were isolated. C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry Sampling strategy used in monitoring Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing Because of representative selection of isolated strains, the antibiotic resistance is detected only in one isolated strain from animals of the same origin and same flock or herd and by making provision for the season and possible treatment. Methods used for collecting data Slovakia 2004 40