SLOVAKIA The Report referred to in Article 9 of Directive 2003/ 99/ EC TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS AND FEEDINGSTUFFS IN 2006 including information on foodborne outbreaks, antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents and some pathogenic microbiological agents
INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM Country: Slovakia Reporting Year: 2006 Institutions and laboratories involved in reporting and monitoring: Laboratory name Description Contribution State Veterinary carry out laboratory analyses, Institute (Zvolen) laboratory diagnostics and testing of official samples taken at veterinary checks and controls of animal health and provide the services of laboratory State Veterinary and Food Administration of the Slovak Republic (SVFA) State Veterinary and Food Institutes (Bratislava, Dolny kubin, Kosice, Nitra, Presov) diagnostics and testing SVFA manage, direct and control the excersize of state administration by regional and district veterinary and food administrations, Control Institute of veterinary drugs, state veterinary laboratories carry out laboratory analyses, laboratory diagnostics and testing of official samples taken at veterinary checks and controls of foodstuffs, feedingstuffs and animal health and provide the services of laboratory diagnostics and testing reporting authority Slovakia 2006
PREFACE This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 9 of Council Directive 2003/ 99/ EC 1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in Slovakia during the year 2006. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agents in humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the report includes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as well as information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data on susceptible animal populations in the country is also given. The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the whole European Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the national epidemiological situation. The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategies applied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laid down by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches are applied. The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A national evaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources of zoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs and animals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated. The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report on zoonoses that is published each year by EFSA. 1 Directive 2003/ 99/ EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2003 on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents, amending Decision 90/ 424/ EEC and repealing Council Directive 92/ 117/ EEC, OJ L 325, 17.11.2003, p. 31 Slovakia 2006
LIST OF CONTENTS 1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 1 2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 3 2.1. SALMONELLOSIS 4 2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 4 2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 5 2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 6 2.1.4. Salmonella in animals 15 2.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs 34 2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 37 2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 42 2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 104 2.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 104 2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 105 2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 106 2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 109 2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 111 2.3. LISTERIOSIS 112 2.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 112 2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 113 2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 114 2.3.4. Listeria in animals 119 2.4. E. COLI INFECTIONS 120 2.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 120 2.4.2. E. Coli Infections in humans 121 2.4.3. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in foodstuffs 121 2.4.4. Escherichia coli, pathogenic in animals 123 2.5. TUBERCULOSIS, MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES 124 2.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 124 2.5.2. Tuberculosis, Mycobacterial Diseases in humans 125 2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 125 2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 130 2.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 130 2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 131 2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 132 2.6.4. Brucella in animals 132 2.7. YERSINIOSIS 141 2.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 141 2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 142 2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 142 2.7.4. Yersinia in animals 143 2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 144 2.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 144 2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 146 2.8.3. Trichinella in animals 146 Slovakia 2006
2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 151 2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 151 2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 153 2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 154 2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 155 2.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 155 2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 156 2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 156 2.11. RABIES 157 2.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 157 2.11.2. Rabies in humans 159 2.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 160 2.12. QFEVER 166 2.12.1. General evaluation of the national situation 166 2.12.2. Coxiella (Qfever) in animals 166 3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIAL 167 RESISTANCE 3.1. ESCHERICHIA COLI, NONPATHOGENIC 168 3.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 168 3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, nonpathogenic isolates 169 4. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS 170 4.1. HISTAMINE 171 4.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 171 4.1.2. Histamine in foodstuffs 172 4.2. ENTEROBACTER SAKAZAKII 174 4.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 174 4.2.2. Enterobacter sakazakii in foodstuffs 174 4.3. STAPHYLOCOCCAL ENTEROTOXINS 176 4.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 176 4.3.2. Staphylococcal enterotoxins in foodstuffs 177 5. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 179 Slovakia 2006
1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size and nature of the animal population in the country. A. Information on susceptible animal population Sources of information: Central Evidence of Animals, statistics, District Veterinary and Food Administrations in the Slovak Republic Dates the figures relate to and the content of the figures: 1st April 2007 Slovakia 2006 1
Table Susceptible animal populations Animal species Cattle (bovine animals) Ducks Gallus gallus (fowl) * Only if different than current reporting year Category of Livestock numbers Number of Number of holdings Number of herds or animals (live animals) slaughtered animals flocks Year* Year* Year* Year* dairy cows and 58054 heifers meat production 27386 animals calves (under 1 1106 year) in total 524247 85440 19904 breeding flocks, 5000 2 2 unspecified in total in total 5000 2 2 broilers 4000000 47727499 129 645 parent breeding 90000 24 28 flocks, unspecified in total breeding flocks, 90000 24 28 unspecified in total breeding flocks for 68000 18 22 meat production line in total laying hens 2709000 1310960 46 60 parent breeding 22000 6 6 flocks for egg production line parent breeding 68000 18 22 flocks for meat production line breeding flocks for 22000 6 6 egg production line in total in total 6889000 49048459 223 761 Geese breeding flocks, 2000 2 2 unspecified in total meat production 1000 1 1 flocks in total 3000 3 3 Goats in total 5507 918 Pigs in total 921723 1111082 6808 Sheep animals under 1 71749 year (lambs) in total 326322 8296 4949 Solipeds, domestic horses in total 11500 12 500 Turkeys breeding flocks, 240000 7 11 unspecified in total meat production 160000 9 16 flocks in total 400000 24842 16 27 Slovakia 2006 2
2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectly between animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonotic agents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to cause zoonoses. Slovakia 2006 3
2.1. SALMONELLOSIS 2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation A. General evaluation History of the disease and/ or infection in the country Up to the year 1989 the serovar Salmonellla typhimurium had prevalence, after 1989 in the animal health the increasing trend has Salmonella enteritidis and this trend is maintained till now. Out of the total number of examinated samples of animals the salmonelosis agent was isolated as follows 2000 2,8 % 2001 2,4% 2002 0,9% 2003 0,8% samples. The highest detection in most animals has Salmonella enteritidis, except for pigs, in which dominates speciesspecific serovar Salmonella choleraesuis. Out the number of the positive samples of the finding of Salmonella enteritidis and salmonella typhimurium was as following: S.enteritidis S. typhimurium 2000 71,7% 3,3% 2001 70,7% 2,1% 2002 66,0% 2,4% 2003 62,0% 0,8% In the poultry not only the highest number of positive samples but also the greatest number of serovars is recorded. Number of isolated serovars 2000 2001 2002 2003 Fowl 9 7 7 4 Turkey 11 11 7 3 Ducks 3 1 Geese 2 2 1 Slovakia 2006 4
2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans A. Salmonellosis in humans Reporting system in place for the human cases Physician shall report each suspect case mandatory and microbiological laboratory report each positive sample. Case definition in accordance with decision No 2119/ 98/ ECC/ 32002/ 1043 Case definition for communicable diseases listed in decision 2000/ 96/ EC Clinical picture compatible with salmonellosis, e.g. diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The organism may cause extraintestinal infections. Diagnostic/ analytical methods used isolation of Salmonella (nontyphi, nonparatyphi) from clinical specimen History of the disease and/ or infection in the country Salmonellosis has been reported in Slovakia since 1975, historical data do exist since this date. Results of the investigation To the end of the 80ties, the most prevalent serotype of salmonella was S.typhimurium, infantis, from the 90 ties, the most prevalent serotype has been S. enteritidis. National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection Trend of salmonellosis increased to 1998, since 1998 slowly decreased. For many years, the highest agespecific incidence in children is up to 1 year of age. Eggs and egg products and poultry meet are the most relevant risk factor of transmission. Slovakia 2006 5
2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs A. Salmonella spp. in food Monitoring system Sampling strategy All samples of foodstuffs were taken according the direction of State Vetrinary and Food Administration of the Slovak republic. Samles were taken by competent authority (District Veterinary and Food Administrations by vetrinary inspectors) according plan taking samples work out by District Veterinary and Food Administration. Frequency of the sampling according to work out a plan taking of samples Diagnostic/ analytical methods used Bacteriological method: STN ISO 6579 Slovakia 2006 6
Table Salmonella in poultry meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Infantis S. Kentucky Meat from broilers (Gallus gallus) fresh SVFI batch 25g 324 21 20 1 minced meat SVFI batch 25g 3 0 intended to be eaten cooked meat preparation SVFI batch 10g 102 0 intended to be eaten cooked meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked SVFI batch 25g 52 1 1 cooked, readytoeat SVFI batch 25g 93 0 mechanically separated meat (MSM) SVFI batch 10g 3 0 Meat from turkey SVFI batch 25g 41 0 fresh meat preparation SVFI batch 10g 3 0 intended to be eaten cooked meat products raw but intended to be eaten SVFI batch 25g 13 0 cooked Meat from duck meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked SVFI batch 25g 2 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 7
Table Salmonella in milk and dairy products Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Milk, cows' SVFI batch 25g 22 0 raw raw milk for manufacture intended for manufacture of pasteurised/ UHT products SVFI batch 25g 11 0 pasteurised milk SVFI batch 25g 201 0 UHT milk SVFI batch 25g 47 0 Milk, goats' SVFI batch 25g 3 0 raw Milk, sheep's raw SVFI batch 25g 8 0 intended for direct human consumption SVFI batch 25g 1 0 Cheeses made from cows' milk soft and semisoft SVFI batch 25g 155 0 made from raw or low heattreated milk SVFI batch 25g 42 0 SVFI batch made from pasteurised milk 25g 735 0 Cheeses made from sheep's milk soft and semisoft SVFI batch 25g 168 0 made from raw or low heattreated milk made from pasteurised milk Dairy products (excluding cheeses) butter cream milk powder and whey powder SVFI batch 25g 824 0 SVFI batch 25g 66 0 SVFI batch 25g 140 0 SVFI batch 25g 175 0 SVFI batch 25g 58 0 icecream SVFI batch 25g 81 0 dairy desserts SVFI batch 25g 12 0 Slovakia 2006 8
dairy products, not specified SVFI batch 25g 368 0 yoghurt SVFI batch 25g 54 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 9
Table Salmonella in red meat and products thereof Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Bredeney S. Derby Meat from pig SVFI batch 25g 536 2 1 1 fresh minced meat SVFI batch 10g 151 0 intended to be eaten cooked meat preparation SVFI batch 10g 506 1 1 intended to be eaten cooked meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked SVFI batch 25g 93 1 1 cooked, readytoeat SVFI batch 25g 2678 0 mechanically separated meat (MSM) offal SVFI batch 25g 43 0 SVFI batch 25g 65 0 Meat from bovine animals SVFI batch 25g 236 0 fresh minced meat SVFI batch 25g 5 0 intended to be eaten cooked meat preparation SVFI batch 25g 41 0 intended to be eaten cooked meat products raw but intended to be eaten cooked SVFI batch 25g 2 0 cooked, readytoeat SVFI batch 25g 1 0 Meat from sheep fresh SVFI batch 25g 8 0 Meat from bovine animals and pig meat preparation SVFI batch 10g 17 0 intended to be eaten cooked SVFI batch 25g 61 0 meat products Meat from rabbit SVFI batch 25g 1 0 fresh Slovakia 2006 10
Meat from deer (venison) SVFI batch 25g 27 0 fresh Meat from wild boar SVFI batch 25g 5 0 fresh Meat from wild game birds fresh SVFI batch 25g 3 0 Other food SVFI batch 25g 37 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 11
Table Salmonella in other food Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Bareilly S. Minnesota S. Virchow S. Infantis S. Schwarzengrund Eggs table eggs at packing centre at retail Egg products liquid dried Fishery products Crustaceans SVFI batch 25g 143 2 2 SVFI batch 25g 160 7 6 1 SVFI batch 25g 33 0 SVFI batch 25g 15 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 13 0 SVFI batch 25g 1 0 Fruits and vegetables precut readytoeat SVFI batch 25g 8 0 products nonprecut SVFI batch 25g 49 0 SVFI batch 25g 3 0 Juice Slovakia 2006 12
fruit juice SVFI batch 25g 14 0 pasteurised Fish cooked raw smoked SVFI batch 25g 14 0 SVFI batch 25g 38 0 SVFI batch 25g 11 0 Fishery products, unspecified cooked Other processed food products and prepared dishes noodles pasta SVFI batch 25g 29 0 SVFI batch 25g 23 0 SVFI batch 25g 146 0 unspecified readytoeat foods nonreadytoeat foods containing raw egg Bakery products bread cakes pastry Confectionery products and pastes SVFI batch 25g 37 0 SVFI batch 25g 180 0 SVFI batch 25g 1 0 SVFI batch 25g 52 0 SVFI batch 25g 48 0 SVFI batch 25g 126 0 SVFI batch 25g 97 0 SVFI batch 25g 17 0 Fats and oils (excluding butter) fats oils Beverages, nonalcoholic Sweets SVFI batch 25g 3 0 SVFI batch 25g 7 0 SVFI batch 25g 1 0 SVFI batch 25g 23 0 Spices and herbs Slovakia 2006 13
dried nonirradiated Other food SVFI batch 25g 27 4 2 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 165 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 14
2.1.4. Salmonella in animals A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus breeding flocks for egg production and flocks of laying hens Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) Onedayold chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens at the time on their arrival at the holding; Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying in young hens; Production period: every two weeks during the laying period, every eight weeks the official sampling. In the Slovac Republic there are not existing the elite and grandparent flocks. Laying hens flocks Onedayold chickens: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens; Rearing period: at the age of four weeks and two weeks before onset of laying in young hens; Production period: every two weeks during the laying period; Before slaughter at farm: two weeks before slaughter; At slaughter: monitoring is not performed; Eggs at packing centre:(flock based approach): monitoring is not performed. Frequency of the sampling Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Dayold chicks Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Rearing period Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Production period Slovakia 2006 15
Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium taken from 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding/ reproductive flock; b)samples of 50 dead embryos dead inshell, or chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2) in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less than thousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock. Type of specimen taken Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Dayold chicks Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Rearing period Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Production period Other: 1) in hatcheries incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity of thousand eggs and more: a)commingle samples of meconium taken from 250 chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding/ reproductive flock; b) samples of 50 dead embryos dead inshell, or chickens hatched from the eggs sent to the hatchery from each breeding flock; 2) in holdings incubating eggs in a hatchery with total incubation capacity less than thousand eggs; the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock. Laying hens: Dayold chicks Other: meconium sampling from walls inside the boxes by which the chickens were sent to the holding and dead chickens Laying hens: Rearing period Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Laying hens: Production period Slovakia 2006 16
Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement samples, each weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm Other: the sample is composed of individual fresh excrement sampleseach weighing at least one gram, it is taken from randomly selected points in house, in specified amount according to the number of birds in the flock Diagnostic/ analytical methods used Vaccination policy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Dayold chicks Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Rearing period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary): Production period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Dayold chicks Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Rearing period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Production period Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Laying hens: Before slaughter at farm Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In 2005, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated commercial vaccines registered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments in Nitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic. Laying hens flocks Slovakia 2006 17
In 2005, the vaccination of poultry breeding flocks by inactivated commercial vaccines registered by the Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicaments in Nitra was permitted in the Slovak Republic. Control program/ mechanisms Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses The control programs: Pursuant to the Ordinance of the Government of the Slovak Republic No. 297/ 2003 Coll., each poultry holding shall be registered based on the allocation of official number and it is over the control of the competent DVFA. A part of supervision executed by the competent veterinary administration authority is the control over the observation of the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks. Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases: A.Poultry breeding/ reproductive flocks and hatcheries The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)nonincubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; c)all birds in house shall be killed in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule, the official veterinarian of slaughterhouse is supplied by information on decision of killing in compliance with requirements of the peculiar rule or the birds shall be killed and safely disposed of in a way that maximum decrease the risk of salmonella spreading. 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place A.The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). B.If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/ reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for Slovakia 2006 18
the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. C.All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus breeding flocks for meat production and broiler flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In the breeding flocks of meat lines, the same monitoring system is applied as in the poultry laying flocks. C. Salmonella spp. in turkey breeding flocks and meat production flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Vaccination policy Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Meat production flocks In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks when necessary) In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Meat production flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Slovakia 2006 19
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)nonincubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/ reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. D. Salmonella spp. in geese breeding flocks and meat production flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding flocks In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Slovakia 2006 20
Vaccination policy Breeding flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Meat production flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases Breeding flocks The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)nonincubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Meat Production flocks The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1)If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a)no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); b)nonincubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary Slovakia 2006 21
administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3)If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/ reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. E. Salmonella spp. in ducks breeding flocks and meat production flocks Monitoring system Sampling strategy Vaccination policy Breeding flocks In 2004, the National Eradication Program for salmonella infections in poultry flocks within the Slovak Republic was also introduced into turkeys and waterfowl flocks, with the same monitoring system, sampling strategy, sampling frequency, types of samples, sampling methods, diagnostic methods and control mechanisms. Breeding flocks In the Slovak Republic, the vaccination of turkeys and waterfowl has not been performed. Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases The measures shall be in compliance with the minimum requirements listed below: 1) If, after an investigation in compliance with the monitoring, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in poultry inside the house has been confirmed, then the measures listed below shall be implemented: a) no piece of poultry is allowed to leave the house, except for the permission of competent authority for the purposes of controlled killing and safe disposal or slaughtering in slaughterhouse stipulated by the competent authority according to the letter c); Slovakia 2006 22
b) nonincubated eggs produced by birds from the concerned house shall be safely disposed of on the spot or after their suitable marking shall be under control delivered at facility approved for egg processing in order to treat the eggs by heat in compliance with the requirements of the peculiar rule; 2)After unloading the flock infected by Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium, the complete cleaning and disinfection of the house shall be performed, including safe disposal of excrements or litter in compliance with the method stipulated by the competent veterinary administration authority. Chicken restocking shall be in compliance with the requirements of the point Monitoring 2.A.1. 3) If the hatching eggs produced by the flocks, wherein the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium has been confirmed, are being in the hatchery, then they should be safely disposed of or treated as a very hazardous material in compliance with the peculiar rule. Notification system in place The results of all negative investigations in the rearing flocks, breeding flocks and hatcheries are notified by the state veterinary laboratories in the SR to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administrations. On the given date, the monthly report on findings is reported by the District Veterinary and Food Administrations to the State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR (for information, the reports are also sent to the Regional Veterinary and Food Administration). If, after the monitoring in compliance with the point 1, the presence of Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium in breeding/ reproductive flock has been detected, the person responsible for the laboratory performing the investigation, person performing the investigation or the owner of the flock shall immediately report the results to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration. All positive results of investigations, carried out in compliance with the point 8, are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. F. Salmonella spp. in pigs Monitoring system Sampling strategy Breeding herds In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/ her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Multiplying herds In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/ her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence Slovakia 2006 23
of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Fattening herds In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/ her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Diagnostic/ analytical methods used Breeding herds Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Multiplying herds Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Fattening herds at farm Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Fattening herds at slaughterhouse (herd based approach) Bacteriological method: STN EN ISO 6579 Notification system in place All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. G. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals Monitoring system Sampling strategy In Slovakia, the active monitoring has not been performed. In the case of suspicion of the disease occurrence, the owner or person responsible for the holding shall take the samples on his/ her own expenses. The laboratory confirms or excludes the occurrence of infection and is obliged to send the isolated strain to the NRL for salmonellas. Sampling strategy: The rectal swabs, excrements, carcasses or organs from dead animals are sent for the investigation. Slovakia 2006 24
Diagnostic/ analytical methods used Animals at farm Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002 Animals at slaughter (herd based approach) Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002 Notification system in place All positive results of investigations are sent to the competent District Veterinary and Food Administration and State Veterinary and Food Administration of the SR. Slovakia 2006 25
Table Salmonella in breeding flocks of Gallus gallus Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Tennessee Gallus gallus (fowl) parent breeding flocks for egg production line (1) SVFI flock 98 0 dayold chicks SVFI flock 4 0 during rearing period SVFI flock 6 0 during production period SVFI flock 219 0 parent breeding flocks for meat production line (2) dayold chicks during rearing period during production period hatching eggs parent breeding flocks, unspecified dayold chicks during rearing period during production period hatching eggs (1) : unspecified (2) : unspecified SVFI flock 1 0 SVFI flock 95 0 SVFI flock 60 0 SVFI flock 452 3 2 1 SVFI flock 136 1 1 SVFI flock 373 1 1 SVFI flock 28 0 SVFI flock 5 0 SVFI flock 25 0 SVFI flock 43 1 1 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 26
Table Salmonella in other poultry (Part A) Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Lille S. Mbandaka S. Agona S. Anatum S. Bareilly S. Blockley S. Hadar S. Indiana S. Infantis S. Kentucky S. Montevideo S. Orion S. Saintpaul Gallus gallus (fowl) SVFI flock 43 0 laying hens (1) dayold chicks during rearing period during production period SVFI flock 12 2 2 SVFI flock 93 2 2 SVFI flock 1150 25 22 broilers dayold chicks during rearing period sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study (2) unspecified Ducks breeding flocks meat production flocks SVFI flock 2103 60 57 1 2 SVFI flock 2137 33 14 1 15 3 SVFI flock 238 21 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 SVFI flock 190 1 1 SVFI flock 5 2 1 1 SVFI flock 14 4 2 1 Slovakia 2006 27
SVFI flock unspecified 51 9 2 1 1 3 Geese SVFI flock breeding flocks 1 0 SVFI flock meat production flocks 12 3 1 1 1 SVFI flock unspecified 6 0 Turkeys SVFI flock breeding flocks 30 4 2 2 SVFI flock meat production flocks 29 4 2 1 1 SVFI flock unspecified 251 4 2 2 (1) : unspecified (2) : 26 serotypes were isolated from 21 flocks positive for Salmonella from 1 flock were isolated four serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Mbandaka, S. Lille) and from 2 flocks were isolated per two serotypes (S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis and S. Lille). Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes; 12 isolates from baseline surveys in turkeys isolated from October to December 2006 ( 10 isolates S. Saintpaul with resistance patterns SuT, ASuT, ASuTWCep and 2 isolates S. Kiambu with resistance pattern ACSTNxG ) will be reported together with the 2007 data in the next reporting period. Slovakia 2006 28
Table Salmonella in other poultry (Part B) S. Senftenberg S. Tennessee S. Virchow Gallus gallus (fowl) laying hens (1) dayold chicks during rearing period during production period 1 2 broilers dayold chicks during rearing period sampling in the framework of the broiler baseline study (2) unspecified Ducks breeding flocks meat production flocks 1 unspecified 2 Geese breeding flocks meat production flocks unspecified Turkeys Slovakia 2006 29
breeding flocks meat production flocks unspecified (1) : unspecified (2) : 26 serotypes were isolated from 21 flocks positive for Salmonella from 1 flock were isolated four serotypes (S. Enteritidis, S. Agona, S. Mbandaka, S. Lille) and from 2 flocks were isolated per two serotypes (S. Enteritidis and S. Kentucky, S. Enteritidis and S. Lille). Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes; 12 isolates from baseline surveys in turkeys isolated from October to December 2006 ( 10 isolates S. Saintpaul with resistance patterns SuT, ASuT, ASuTWCep and 2 isolates S. Kiambu with resistance pattern ACSTNxG ) will be reported together with the 2007 data in the next reporting period. Slovakia 2006 30
Table Salmonella in other birds Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified Pigeons SVFI animal 13 0 Quails SVFI animal 6 0 Pheasants parent flocks SVFI animal 13 0 meat production flocks SVFI animal 32 0 Ostriches SVFI animal 7 0 Parrots SVFI animal 8 0 Other animals SVFI animal 2 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 31
Table Salmonella in other animals Source of information Sampling unit Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Bardo S. Choleraesuis S. Derby S. Halle S. Infantis S. Oranienburg S. enterica subsp. arizonae S. enterica subsp. salamae S. Bovismorbificans S. Give S. Montevideo Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) adult cattle over 2 years Sheep Goats Pigs fattening pigs Solipeds, domestic Dogs Cats Zoo animals, all Other animals SVFI animal 391 18 8 9 1 SVFI animal 144 2 1 1 SVFI animal 130 2 2 SVFI animal 2 0 SVFI animal 818 29 1 6 17 4 1 SVFI animal 1 0 SVFI animal 111 1 1 SVFI animal 20 2 2 SVFI animal 79 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 SVFI animal 20 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes; 11 isolates from baseline surveys in fattening pigs isolated from October to December 2006 (S. Enteritidis 1x, S. Slovakia 2006 32
Typhimurium 3x, S. Bovismorbificans 1x, S. Choleraesuis 1x, S. Cerro 1x, S. Derby 1x, S. Havana 1x) will be reported together with the 2007 data in the next reporting period. Slovakia 2006 33
2.1.5. Salmonella in feedingstuffs Table Salmonella in feed material of animal origin Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Enteritidis S. Typhimurium Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Senftenberg S. Agona S. Hadar Feed material of land animal origin dairy products meat and bone meal bone meal poultry offal meal feather meal blood meal animal fat Feed material of marine animal origin fish meal fish silage Other feed material SVFI batch 25g 116 0 SVFI batch 25g 55 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 2 0 SVFI batch 25g 36 2 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 10 0 SVFI batch 25g 9 0 SVFI batch 25g 31 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 111 0 SVFI batch 25g 23 0 SVFI batch 25g 12 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 34
Table Salmonella in other feed matter Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Agona S. Derby Feed material of cereal grain origin barley derived wheat derived maize derived other cereal grain derived Feed material of oil seed or fruit origin rape seed derived soya (bean) derived cotton seed derived sunflower seed derived other oil seeds derived SVFI batch 25g 79 0 SVFI batch 25g 103 2 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 86 0 SVFI batch 25g 15 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 21 0 SVFI batch 25g 38 0 SVFI batch 25g 87 0 SVFI batch 25g 1 0 SVFI batch 25g 34 0 SVFI batch 25g 3 0 Other feed material tubers, roots and similar products SVFI batch 25g 1 0 forages and roughages SVFI batch 25g 9 0 other plants SVFI batch 25g 2 0 straws SVFI batch 25g 11 1 1 beet SVFI batch 25g 1 0 Silage SVFI batch 25g 4 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 35
Table Salmonella in compound feedingstuffs Source of information Sampling unit Sample weight Units tested Total units positive for Salmonella spp. S. Typhimurium S. Enteritidis Salmonella spp., unspecified S. Worthington S. Kentucky S. Montevideo Compound feedingstuffs for cattle process control final product Compound feedingstuffs for pigs final product Compound feedingstuffs for poultry (non specified) final product Compound feedingstuffs for poultry breeders final product Compound feedingstuffs for poultry laying hens final product Compund feedingstuffs for poultry broilers final product SVFI batch 25g 36 0 SVFI batch 25g 37 0 SVFI batch 25g 384 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 19 0 SVFI batch 25g 251 0 SVFI batch 25g 1 1 1 SVFI batch 25g 100 2 1 1 Pet food dog snacks (pig ears, chewing bones) SVFI batch 25g 325 0 Other feed material SVFI batch 25g 18 0 Footnote SVFI State Veterinary and Food Institutes Slovakia 2006 36