Ventilation plays an important role in hens egg production at high ambient temperature 1

Ventilation plays an important role in hens egg production at high ambient temperature 1 M. Ruzal,* D. Shinder,* I. Malka, and S. Yahav * 2 * Institute of Animal Sciences, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel Ministry of Agriculture, the Extension Service, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel ABSTRACT Birds dissipate considerable heat through respiratory-evaporative and cutaneous-evaporative mechanisms and sensible heat loss (SHL) via radiation, convection, and conduction. The significance of SHL in laying hens is still to be confirmed. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of ventilation on egg production and quality during exposure to high ambient temperature. Lohman laying hens were raised outdoors up to age 35 wk, and 300 hens with similar egg production were divided among 5 treatments each comprising 4 replicates of 15 hens. Birds in 4 treatments were kept in computerized controlled-environment rooms acclimated to 35 C and 50% RH, with ventilation flow rates of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s, respectively, and those in the control were kept outdoors. Hens were acclimated to the controlled environment rooms for 1 wk and to the targeted environmental conditions for another week, and then were subjected to measurements for 2 wk. Egg production, mass, and shell density, and feed and water consumption were monitored. Body temperature, SHL, and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were measured at the end of the experiment. The high environmental temperature impaired egg production and quality: whereas exposure of hens to ventilation flows of 2.0 and 3.0 m/s elicited significant recovery of these parameters with time, exposure to a rate of 0.5 m/s negatively affected these parameters throughout the experimental period. The highest feed intake and water consumption were observed in hens exposed to 2.0 and 3.0 m/s, respectively, and the highest SHL was observed in those exposed to 3.0 m/s. It can be concluded that ventilation rate significantly affected hens exposed to high ambient temperature: high ventilation (3.0 m/s) improved egg production whereas low ventilation (0.5 m/s) negatively affected production and quality. Key words: laying hen, ventilation rate, sensible heat loss, egg production INTRODUCTION Birds dissipate considerable heat through respiratory-evaporative mechanisms (Richards, 1968, 1970, 1976; Seymour, 1972; Marder and Arad, 1989), evaporative cutaneous mechanisms (Webster and king, 1987; Ophir et al., 2002), and sensible heat loss (SHL) via radiation, convection (Mitchell, 1985; Tzschentke et al., 1996; Lott et al., 1998; Yahav et al., 1998, 2004, 2005), and conductance (Wolfenson et al., 2001). Evaporative heat loss by panting is associated with body water content; therefore, dehydration will reduce heat loss. Furthermore, panting induces respiratory alkalosis, which impairs body temperature (T b ) maintenance and performance in broilers (Yahav et al., 1995); this is the 2011 Poultry Science Association Inc. Received July 5, 2010. Accepted December 22, 2010. 1 Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel. No. 570/10. 2 Corresponding author: yahavs@agri.huji.ac.il 2011 Poultry Science 90 :856 862 doi: 10.3382/ps.2010-00993 main reason for reduction of panting rate, in favor of cutaneous evaporative water loss, in desert-inhabiting birds such as the desert pigeon (Ophir et al., 2002). Respiratory alkalosis caused by panting has a deleterious effect on laying hens because of its effect on egg quality: respiratory alkalosis evidently causes increased arterial blood ph coupled with reduced CO 2 partial pressure. This leads to a decline in the plasma bicarbonate level (koelkebeck and Odom, 1994) and to increased linkage between organic acid and calcium ion contents (Odom et al., 1986). Thus, it causes declines in availability of bicarbonate and calcium ions and thereby impairs egg quality. It has been assumed that SHL does not play an important role in the domestic fowl when ambient temperature (T a ) is above the upper limit of the thermoneutral zone (for review, see Hillman et al., 1985). This assumption was based on the facts that the differences between surface temperatures (T sur ) and T a are small and that the fully feathered bird has only limited unfeathered areas (i.e., shanks and feet, head, wattles, and 856

VENTILATION HIGH TEMPERATURE AND EGG PRODUCTION 857 comb); therefore, convection at high T a could have been neglected (Tzschentke et al., 1996). On the other hand, the importance of SHL in desert mammals (Mohler and Heath, 1988; Klir and Heath, 1992) and its crucial role in the improvement of performance of broiler chickens (Yahav et al., 2001, 2004, 2005) and turkeys (Yahav et al., 2008) have been reported. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of ventilation on egg production and quality during exposure of laying hens to high T a. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Design The procedures in this study were carried out in accordance with the accepted ethical and welfare standards of the Israeli Ethics Committee (IL-00/07). Lohman laying hens were raised under outdoor conditions up to age 35 wk. A total of 350 hens were chosen from a flock of 400 birds according to BW and egg production that was recorded for 2 wk. The 300 hens with egg production closest to the flock average were chosen for the experiment (designated as wk 1). The birds were divided among 5 treatments, each comprising 4 replicates of 15 birds, with the replicates exhibiting equal average BW and egg production. The birds were housed, 1 bird/cage, in cages measuring 40 28 45 cm in length, width, and height, respectively, with 2-cm wire mesh. The cages of the control treatment were situated in an open house, whereas those of the other 4 treatments were situated in 4 computerized controlled-environmental rooms that maintained temperature, RH, and air velocity (AV) within ranges of ±1.0 C, ±2.5%, and ±0.25 m/s, respectively. In the control treatment, T a, RH, and AV were measured on a daily basis with a Weather Tracer Kestrel 4000 instrument (Nielsen-Kellerman, Boothwyn, PA). The AV in the control treatment rooms was measured with an AVS200 Electronic Air-Flow Sensor (Kele Associates, Memphis, TN). The hens in the 4 ventilation treatments underwent 2 acclimation periods: 1 wk (designated as wk 2) of acclimation to their new locations (controlled-environment rooms and new cages), followed by 1 wk (designated as wk 3) of acclimation to the targeted experimental conditions. The control group also underwent acclimation to new cages by being transferred from one location to another within the same poultry house. All hens were exposed to a 16 h:8 h light:dark regimen. During the acclimation period T a, RH, and AV were altered by equal increments to attain the target environmental conditions of the experiments. The treatments were as follows: 1) control (outdoor conditions); 2) 35 C, 50% RH, AV of 0.5 m/s; 3) 35 C, 50% RH, AV of 1.5 m/s; 4) 35 C, 50% RH, AV of 2.0 m/s; and 5) 35 C, 50% RH, AV of 3.0 m/s. Water and food in mash form were supplied ad libitum. The diet was designed according to NRC (1994) recommendations. Food and water intake were measured in 12 individuals of each treatment, with the exception of the control group, in which water intake was not measured because of technical problems. During the second week of acclimation to the new environment (rooms and cages; wk 2) and to the targeted environmental conditions (wk 3) and the 2 wk of the experiment (in the targeted conditions; wk 4 and 5), eggs were collected and stored at 18 C pending further procedures. Egg production was calculated on a weekly basis. Eggs from 3 d of each period (of 1 wk) were weighed individually, each egg was broken and the contents were removed, and the shell was rinsed in tap water and dried for 24 h. Each egg shell was weighed and its density was determined. At the end of the experiment (wk 5), T b of 10 hens from each treatment was measured. Blood was drawn from the brachial vein of the same individuals for analysis of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ). Thermal images were taken of 6 hens in each treatment to measure T sur for calculation of heat loss by radiation and convection with the model developed by Yahav et al. (2005). Temperature Measurements The T b was measured with a digital thermometer (Newtron TM-5007, K-type thermocouple sensor; Extech Instruments, Waltham, MA), accurate to ± 0.1 C, coupled to an external K-type thermocouple sensor inserted 3 cm into the colon. The overall average T sur was measured with an infrared thermal imaging radiometer. Thermal images were acquired with a radiometric infrared camera (Model PM545; FLIR Systems, Danderyd, Sweden). The PM545 is an uncooled thermal imaging camera equipped with a 320 240 pixel focal plane array microbolometer that yields high-resolution imagery; it is sensitive to long-wave radiation in the 7.5- to 13- µm range and has a thermal sensitivity of ±0.1 C. Fullresolution digital thermal images were analyzed with the ThermaCam (FLIR Systems) and Adobe Photoshop 7.0 ME (Adobe, San Jose, CA) software packages. The software enabled separation of the measurements of the T sur levels of the body (fully feathered area), facial area, and legs. Blood Analysis Radioimmunoassays of total T 4 and total T 3 concentrations in plasma samples were determined with commercial radioimmunoassay kits (Diagnostic Products Corp., Los Angeles, CA). The intra- and interassay CV of the T 3 assay were 7.0 and 9.4%, respectively, and those of the T 4 assay were 5.0 and 7.5%, respectively. Calculations Shell density was calculated with the following equation (Mueller and Scott, 1940): ShD = 1,000 SW/(3.9782 EW 0.7058 ),

858 Ruzal et al. Table 1. Feed intake (g/d) of laying hens exposed to 35 C and various ventilation air velocities 1 (control or 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, or 3.0 m/s) during the postacclimation period (wk 3 to 5) Time (wk) Control 0.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 3 83.6 ± 0.86 81.6 ± 1.74 81.6 ± 2.54 85.3 ± 1.63 b 83.3 ± 3.27 4 83.9 ± 0.74 x 83.7 ± 4.77 x 87.9 ± 3.56 x 106 ± 5.69 a,y 92.6 ± 2.40 x 5 77.5 ± 2.13 x 84.4 ± 3.17 y 88.8 ± 2.45 y 107 ± 5.02 a,z 95.3 ± 3.13 yz a,b Means within a column with different superscripts differ significantly (P 0.05); n = 12. x z Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P 0.05); n = 12. RH, with ventilation flow rates of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s, respectively, and those in the control were kept outdoors. where ShD is shell density (mg/cm 2 ), SW is dry shell weight (g), and EW is egg weight (g). Calcium content was calculated using dry egg shell weight. The driving force for SHL by convection and radiation is the difference between T sur and T a. The convective heat flux (q c ) depends on the temperature difference (ΔT) between the body and surrounding air, the area of contact (A), and the heat transfer coefficient (h). Thus, q c = haδt. The average h depends on the geometry of the body, the physical properties of the air, and the flow regimen; the major difficulty in calculating q c stems from the strong dependence of h on the flow regimen. The radiative heat flux was estimated as q r = ε 1 σa 1 (T 1 4 T 2 4 ), where subscript r stands for radiation; subscripts 1 and 2 indicate the body surface and the environment, respectively; ε (= 0.96) is the emissivity of a biological tissue; σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant (= 5.669 10 8 W/m 2 T 4 ); A is the surface area; and T is the absolute temperature. All calculations were based on the physical model developed by Yahav et al. (2005). Statistical Analysis All results were subjected to one-way ANOVA and to Student s t-test by means of JMP software (SAS Institute, 2005). Means were considered significantly different at P 0.05. RESULTS The control hens were kept in an open poultry house. During the 5 wk of the experiment they were exposed to T a of 25.1 ± 1.0 C, RH of 67.7 ± 3.0%, and very low AV that was not detected by the meter. Feed (Table 1) and water (Table 2) consumption were measured only after acclimation to the rooms (i.e., from wk 3). At wk 3 of the experiment no differences in feed intake were recorded among the treatments. However, in wk 4 feed intake in hens exposed to AV of 2 m/s was significantly higher than in those exposed to other treatments, whereas in wk 5 it was significantly higher than those in the 0.5 and 1.5 m/s treatments and in the control, and that in the control was significantly lower than those in all treatments. Feed intake of hens exposed to 2 m/s was significantly lower during wk 3 than during wk 4 and 5. Water intake was not measured in the control hens because of technical problems. During wk 3 no differences in water consumption were recorded among treatments. In wk 4 and 5, water consumption was significantly higher in hens exposed to AV of 3.0 m/s than in those exposed to 1.5 and 2.0 m/s. During the wk 1, when hens were chosen according to their output, egg production was similar in all treatments (Figure 1), and it decreased during acclimation to the controlled-environment rooms and cages, but with no significant differences among treatments. Dur- Table 2. Water consumption (g/d) of laying hens exposed to 35 C and different ventilation air velocities 1 (0.5, 1.5, 2.0, or 3.0 m/s) during the postacclimation period (wk 3 to 5) Time (wk) 0.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 3 329 ± 30.5 b 365 ± 36.1 b 300 ± 27.6 b 370 ± 31.8 b 4 346 ± 38.5 ab 285 ± 30.2 a 287 ± 17.8 a 415 ± 28.1 b 5 383 ± 36.5 ab 312 ± 42.3 a 326 ± 28.2 a 416 ± 26.1 b a,b Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P 0.05); n = 12. RH, with ventilation flow rates of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s, respectively.

VENTILATION HIGH TEMPERATURE AND EGG PRODUCTION 859 Figure 1. Effects of different ventilation rates on laying hens egg production (%) during exposure to high ambient temperature (35 C). Within each week, values designated by different letters differ significantly (P 0.05). ing wk 3 of the experiment (i.e., acclimation to the target environment), egg production of hens in all AV treatments declined and that of hens exposed to AV of 3.0 m/s was significantly lower than that of the control. Subsequently, in wk 5, significant recovery in production was observed in the 2.0 and 3.0 m/s treatments, whereas production under AV of 0.5 and 1.5 m/s was significantly lower than in all other treatments. Egg mass in the control treatment was significantly higher than that in the other treatments from wk 4 onwards (Figure 2), and in all treatments a nonsignificant to significant decline was observed by the end of wk 4. However, whereas egg mass then stabilized under exposure to AV of 1.5 to 3.0 m/s, it continued to decrease under exposure to AV of 0.5 m/s and was significantly lower than that in all other treatments. Shell density variation (Figure 3) exhibited a similar pattern to that of egg mass. It was significantly greater in the control than in the other treatments, and significantly lower in the 0.5 m/s treatment than under AV of 1.5 to 3.0 m/s. Figure 3. Effects of different ventilation rates on shell density (mg/ cm 2 ) of eggs produced by laying hens during exposure to high ambient temperature (35 C). Within each week, values designated by different letters differ significantly (P 0.05). Egg shell calcium content declined significantly in all treatments compared with that in the control, and that of hens exposed to AV of 0.5 m/s was significantly lower than that in the other AV treatments in wk 4 and 5 (Figure 4). During wk 5, calcium content in egg shells produced by hens exposed to AV of 2 and 3 m/s increased and was significantly higher than in those from the 0.5 and 1.5 m/s treatments. By the end of the experiment shell calcium content was significantly lower in eggs laid by hens exposed to AV of 0.5 m/s than in those laid by hens exposed to the other AV treatments. To avoid affecting egg production, T b measurements and blood samples were taken only at the end of the experiment, when T b was significantly higher in hens exposed to AV of 0.5 and 2.0 m/s than in control and 3.0 m/s hens (Table 3). Radiative heat loss was significantly higher in the control hens and in those exposed to AV of 1.5 m/s than in those in the other treatments (Table 3). However, AV in the control treatment was very low, and in the other treatments convective heat loss increased significantly with increasing AV except in the 1.5 and 2.0 Figure 2. Effect of different ventilation rates on laying hens egg mass (g) during exposure to high ambient temperature (35 C). Within each week, values designated by different letters differ significantly (P 0.05). Figure 4. Effect of different ventilation rates on calcium content (g) of egg shells produced by laying hens during exposure to high ambient temperature (35 C). Within each week, values designated by different letters differ significantly (P 0.05).

860 Ruzal et al. Table 3. Effects of exposing laying hens to high ambient temperature (35 C) and ventilation at various air velocities 1 (0.5, 1.5, 2.0, or 3.0 m/s) on body temperature (T b ) and heat loss by radiation (Q r ) and convection (Q c ) at the end of the experiment (wk 5) Variable Control 0.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 T b ( C) 41.3 ± 0.05 b 41.6 ± 0.06 a 41.5 ± 0.09 ab 41.6 ± 0.07 a 41.3 ± 0.14 b Q r (W) 1.25 ± 0.05 a 1.04 ± 0.03 b 1.24 ± 0.07 a 1.00 ± 0.04 b 1.05 ± 0.03 b Q c (W) 1.85 ± 0.08 d 2.21 ± 0.05 c 4.10 ± 0.18 b 4.31 ± 0.11 ab 4.81 ± 0.12 a a d Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P 0.05); n = 10 for T b, n = 6 for SHL. RH, with ventilation flow rates of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s, respectively, and those in the control were kept outdoors. m/s treatments, where the increase was not significant (Table 3). Plasma thyroid hormones concentrations are summarized in Table 4. The T 4 concentration was significantly higher in hens exposed to AV of 1.5 m/s than in those exposed to 3.0 m/s, and T 3 concentration was significantly higher in the control hens than in those under AV of 0.5 and 1.5 m/s. DISCUSSION The effects of high T a on hen egg production and egg quality have been established previously. However, the importance of ventilation as a practical factor for improvement of egg production and egg quality was barely addressed. Two major factors the hen s feed intake and physiological response were found to be involved in the effect of high T a on egg production and quality (Smith, 2001). However, whereas the temperature effect on feed intake was found to contribute 20% to the deleterious effect on egg production and quality, 80% was related to physiological responses. Part of the physiological responses can be related to the redistribution of the blood flow in the body: heat exposure of endothermic organisms causes peripheral vasodilatation in parallel with visceral vasoconstriction. Laying hens exposed to increased T a significantly increased their blood flow to the periphery and reduced blood flow to the viscera, including the uterus (Wolfenson et al., 1981). Nevertheless, it is well known that during acclimation, although vasoconstriction to the viscera continues, blood flow is maintained because of the ability to balance blood pressure (Yahav, 2009). In the present study, increase of T a from an average of 25 C (at which the control hens were kept) to 35 C caused a significant decline in egg production. The decline was followed by recovery under ventilation at AV of 3.0 m/s and by shallow recovery at 2.0 m/s, whereas at 0.5 m/s egg mass continued to decline. This deleterious effect could not be attributed to change in feed intake, as reported previously (Emmans, 1974; Bird et al., 1988; Li et al., 1992; May and Lott, 1992), because the control hens exhibited significantly lower feed intake, coupled with significantly higher egg mass, than those recorded in the heat-exposed birds. It is well documented that energy use is distributed between maintenance and production; energy intake may, therefore, reflect physiological needs (Smith, 2001), such as the necessity to maintain T b. In all 4 treatments, despite the increase of T a, hens maintained their T b in the normothermic range (Prinzinger et al., 1991), apart from the statistical differences that were found among treatments, which can be neglected being in the normothermic range. Therefore, the increase in feed intake may be attributed to the need, in this harsh environment, for excess energy to maintain T b while not supporting recovery of egg mass and egg production, with the exception of egg production at the ventilation AV of 3.0 m/s. The increase in SHL in hens exposed to 3.0 m/s was more than twice that in hens exposed to 0.5 m/s and higher by 17 and 11% than that recorded in hens exposed to 1.5 and 2.0 m/s, respectively. It is well known that an increase in SHL will cause a decline in evaporative water loss (EWL) and that this will lead to a reduction in blood alkalosis, which has a deleterious effect on egg production and egg quality. Table 4. Effects of exposing laying hens to high ambient temperature (35 C) and various air velocities 1 (0.5, 1.5, 2.0, or 3.0 m/s) on plasma contents of thyroxine (T 4 ) and triiodothyronine (T 3 ) at the end of the experiment (wk 5) Variable Control 0.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 T 4 (ng/ml) 4.64 ± 0.44 ab 4.55 ± 0.41 ab 4.86 ± 0.48 a 4.10 ± 0.49 ab 3.26 ± 0.49 b T 3 (ng/ml) 1.44 ± 0.11 a 1.01 ± 0.11 c 1.06 ± 0.05 bc 1.28 ± 0.09 ab 1.18 ± 0.08 abc a c Means within a row with different superscripts differ significantly (P 0.05). RH, with ventilation flow rates of 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 m/s, respectively, and those in the control were kept outdoors.

VENTILATION HIGH TEMPERATURE AND EGG PRODUCTION 861 Furthermore, the SHL process imposes a very low energy demand; therefore, the increased SHL of hens in the 3.0 m/s treatment might be a crucial reason for the recovery in egg production in this treatment. However, this hypothesis leaves the question of why a similar recovery in egg mass was not found. Nevertheless, no doubt exists that the low ventilation rate (0.5 m/s) dramatically and negatively affected these 2 parameters because EWL is the dominant process that holds T b in the normothermic zone. One of the major problems presented by use of a high ventilation rate is related to its effect on body water balance. Ventilation AV of 3.0 m/s was found to negatively affect broilers water balance because of passive water loss via the skin (Yahav et al., 2005). Thus, broilers exposed to the high AV exhibited a decline in performance. It seems, however, that such a ventilation rate also increased laying hens water loss, but in the present study this was followed by a significant increase in water consumption, which could prevent the negative effect on egg production. Hens exposed to 0.5 m/s also exhibited an increase in water consumption, but not to the same extent, although these hens would have been expected to consume at least the same amount of water as those exposed to AV of 3.0 m/s as a result of excessive panting; we have no explanation for this difference. The negative effect of low ventilation rate on shell parameters (density and calcium content) was also observed, and may again be reflected in the high EWL that resulted from the significantly lower SHL. A high rate of EWL causes respiratory alkalosis, with all its consequences (Odom et al., 1986; Koelkebeck and Odom, 1994). The highest ventilation rate used in the present study was found to significantly affect the activity of the thyroid gland, as indicated by the significant reduction in plasma T 4 concentration. However, the reduction in this gland activity did not affect the rate of peripheral deiodination, which was maintained at a similar level to that recorded in the other ventilation rate treatments. It can be concluded, therefore, that the high ventilation rate had an acclimating effect on the thyroid gland (Yahav, 2009). It can be concluded that ventilation rate significantly affected hens exposed to high T a. Thus, a high ventilation rate (i.e., AV of 3.0 m/s) improved egg production, whereas a low rate (i.e., AV of 0.5 m/s) negatively affected production and quality. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors thank B. Gill and P. Shudnovski (ARO, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel) for their assistance. 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