Chapter 11: Animal Procurement, and Quarantine Chapter 12: Medications

Chapter 11: Animal Procurement, and Quarantine Chapter 12: Medications

Animal Health, Procurement, and Quarantine Class A dealers The Animal Welfare Regulations (AWR) defines Class A dealers as those who breed their own animals. Rodents, rabbits, and purpose-bred cats and dogs Dealer can provide information on animal back to birth

Animal Health, Procurement, and B Quarantine Class dealers Purchase and may condition random-source animals for resale. Concerns about the humane treatment of animals particularly that of random source dogs. Transition to disallow NIH funds to purchase class B dogs but make those available through other sources (outbred, large, social)

Animal Health, Procurement, and Quarantine Wild caught May harbor a wide variety of diseases (subclinical) Quarantine important!! NHPs and amphibians may come from vendors who import them from other countries Cynos from China may not have the same background as cynos from the Mauritius islands

Microbiological Status Barrier facilities Specific equipment and husbandry practices The term microbiological status refers to the types of organisms, mainly microorganisms, that the animal is carrying Conventional carry an unknown, uncontrolled variety and number of organisms. These animals may be reared in open-top caging However, the term conventional is now used in a variety of ways, depending on the institution.

Microbiological Status Germfree Gnotobiotic THINK: FREE OF GERMS DEFINED GERMS Specific Pathogen LACKING CERTAIN GERMS Free Another term that equates to germfree literally means without strangers in greek Axenic or A Xenos/Xenic

Microbiological Status germfree

Microbiological Status The term gnotobiotic means known life. Defined flora (DF) or gnotobiotic animals harbor very small numbers of known microorganisms. Cocktail given to help them overcome GI problems

Microbiological Status Specific pathogen free (SPF) The vendor selects which microorganisms to eliminate from their animals Carefully monitored Diagnostic tests on blood samples Necropsy examinations to ensure status Stomach Bladder, Fat Facial Vein Blood collection Cecum

Microbiological Status Examples Rabbits Pasteurella multocida Mice OSU: 21 specified viral and bacterial pathogens No snuffles here We are the cleanest animals on campus!!

Rodent Health Surveillance Viral and Bacterial Pathogens RAT Sendai PVM SDAV KRV H-1 RPV RMV NS-1 REO GDVII LCMV MAV1&2 Hanta M. pulmonis E. cuniculus Carbacillus MOUSE Sendai PVM MHV MVM MPV1 MPV2 NS-1 GDVII REO LCMV EDIM ECTRO MAV1&2 MCMV K POLY Hanta M. pulmonis E. cuniculus Carbacillus MTLV Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites, OH MY!!!

Procurement Commonly a centralized animal purchasing system First step: completion of an animal procurement form Ensure adequate space, staff, caging, etc Must be associated with a protocol number. Animals should never be ordered prior to approval of protocol WHY?

Procurement Ordered from outside the institution a commercial vendor, a noncommercial supplier, or a colleague at another university, or other colleagues within the same institution.

Procurement Forms Needed information species, strain or stock, sex, and age of the animals. microbiologic status Other health status specifications : are pregnant have undergone surgery have been exposed to hazardous materials have implants, or have special housing requirements

Procurement Transfers Between protocols From facility to other institutions Needed documentation and forms The animal procurement staff under vet authority

Procurement Approved vendors Different vendors vary in the quality of animals health screening reports reliable health surveillance programs. Facility veterinarian reviews the vendor s health screening reports create a list of approved vendors

Procurement Transporting animals The AWR has very specific regulations on transportation of USDA-covered species. Climate-controlled vehicles. Adequate feed and water Gel, disposable bags (hydropacks) Health assessed at regular intervals Air and ground transportation companies that regularly handle animals know the requirements of different laboratory animal species.

Procurement Transporting animals At each stage there are potential risks environmental stresses or injury exposure to pathogens or environmental conditions Commercial air carriers, by trucking firms, or by a combination, depending on the proximity Some vendors use their own specially equipped trucks Institutions may restrict which vendors based on the available transportation methods as well as and the health status of the animals.

Transportation requirement The AWR strictly regulates the transportation of many types of laboratory animals. characteristics of shipping containers specifies acceptable temperature ranges, ventilation, and space. must have enough room to make normal postural adjustments so they can stand up, lie down, and turn around. Finally the law states how often animals must receive feed and water during shipment, and how often they must be observed.

Transportation requirements Larger animals, such as dogs and cats transported in specially built vehicles that have compartments for individual animals. shipped in conventional plastic, fiberglass, or aluminum transport cages that have feed and water bowls. Animal facilities can contract with freight companies to pick up animal shipments and deliver them directly NHPs are usually shipped in wood crates that have large screened windows for ventilation

Animal Receiving Specified loading dock, separate for hazardous agents Observe and record The condition of transport containers as well as vehicle (temperature control) Should not be crowded Double check prior to disposal Disinfect outside of crate prior to opening and removing animals Ensure content: number type sex etc Action Damage should be reported immediately ERROR: report to vendor/supervisor/pi

Examination and Evaluation Received animals Alopecia or staining Teeth, feet external orifices evaluated General signs of sickness distress aggressiveness Problems: death report to the vet!! Need to assess animals and transport container Hot weather: heat stress Pigs and horses Rodents and rabbits Cats pant Soaked with moisture sweat breathe rapidly and salivate

Animal Identification Label on shipping crate Cage cards The cage card should list the: species or strain of the animal investigator s name and contact information protocol number source of the animal

Animal Identification Other information Receiving date, age, sex, and weight. Individual identification, such as ear punches, ear tags, or tattoos, can be noted on the cage card. Bar coding Which identifies an individual animal or cage of animals, if group housed. May reference all pertinent information about the animal or cage, depending on the type of software used for animal census management.

Quarantine, Acclimation, Conditioning Newly acquired animals potential source of disease for established facility colonies may allow incoming animals from approved vendors to be moved into the current colony without delay new animals are isolated from the in-house colony for an established period of time

Quarantine The Guide defines quarantine as the separation of newly received animals from those already in the facility until the health and possibly the microbial status of the newly received animals have been determined. Why quarantine? allowing the staff to evaluate the health of the new arrivals; preventing the transmission of any diseases Recovery time from transportation stress Time to adjust to their new surroundings.

Quarantine The attending veterinarian is generally the person who determines the need and length of the quarantine period based on the species, the vendor record, and any applicable regulations. time to: evaluate baseline physiological data de-worm and vaccinate the animals apply physical identification such as microchips and tattoos treat the animals for any diseases they may have

Health reports Health documents should accompany an animal shipment Does not exempt the animals from quarantine, because the animals may have been exposed to infectious agents while in transit. minimum of 14 to 21 days after exposure before tests show that animals have been exposed to a given pathogen. A negative test on the day of arrival merely indicates that the animals had not been exposed to the pathogen as of two weeks ago. Quarantine for at least long enough for pathogen exposure to register on test results. Ensure a retest before being introduced to the in-house colony. Some institutions order more animals than required to allow for euthanasia and necropsy of sample animals from the shipment.

Quarantine Room Often maintained under negative air pressure. Pressure differential minimizes the chance that microorganisms would be carried out of the room on particles of dust when the door is opened. SOPs should be followed Husbandry tasks in quarantine rooms should be done at the end of the shift clothing changes and correct use of PPE The number of husbandry and veterinary staff entering quarantine should also be limited

Acclimation period The Guide states that newly received animals should be given a period for physiological, psychological, and nutritional stabilization before use in a study. exposed to: the same lighting temperature noise Handling other environmental conditions they will experience during experimentation.

Acclimation Helps minimize the stress that animals might otherwise experience during the study. Stressed animals may: secrete higher than normal levels of certain hormones (adrenal glands). can have profound effects on normal physiological data, such as hematologic (blood) and serum biochemical values, which could cause errors in research results. Many institutions conduct part or all of the acclimation program at the same time as the quarantine period

Conditioning Often necessary for: wild-caught animals animals are in poor health or have a low body weight Typically, conditioning takes place during the acclimation and quarantine periods health problems are treated and the animal s body condition can be improved may receive treatments for parasites and a high energy diet to increase their body weight

Conditioning The period of time needed depends on the species and transport method Generally for 72 hours acclimation and conditioning NHPs require at least for 14 days acclimation and conditioning. Access is restricted to investigators and limit research activities Once released animals will be moved into the appropriate area of the animal facility.

Integrity of the research Avoid infections and health problems in the animals in the institution. Route of infection microorganisms brought in by incoming animals. Use reputable vendors who have good health screening programs. Procedures for handling and quarantining animals Acclimation period and sometimes a conditioning period, both of which may be conducted during the quarantine period.

Chapter 12 MEDICATIONS

Proper Drug Usage Different drugs and names May be known by its generic (chemical) name or its brand name. I.E. acetaminophen/tylenol. The same drug may be known by several different brand names.

Analgesics Def: pain relievers. Two main categories: 1. opioids (controlled substances) 2. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The use of controlled substances is highly regulated

Opioid Often referred to as narcotics Morphine Buprenorphine Opioids may be used in combination with anesthetic agents to modify the amount of anesthesia required during surgery

NSAIDS Not controlled Aspirin Ketoprofen (Ketofen ) and meloxicam (Metacam ) NSAIDs anti-inflammatory (inhibits COX pathway) analgesic effects (pain) Anti pyretic (fever) Adverse effects on the stomach lining (selective COX 2 less likely) DOES NOT!! NOT a TRUE NSAID

What NSAID do we commonly use to provide pain management in our lab mice? IBUPROFEN

Steroids In a class of anti-inflammatory drugs; they suppress the immune system and, in turn, inflammation. used in research as an immunosuppressant during organ transplantation studies Examples of steroids: Cortisone Prednisone Dexamethasone

Anesthetics Definition: Cause a loss of feeling or awareness of pain. Local anesthetics i.e. lidocaine numb a small area of the body by blocking nerve transmission. used to provide pain control to a small area, such as the margins of a cut following surgery applied as a topical cream or a liquid that may be sprayed on, or even injected under the skin.

Anesthetics PROVIDE EXAMPLES OF GENERAL ANESTHETICS ISOFLURANE, SEVOFLORANE Definition: Cause a loss of feeling or awareness of pain. Ketamine/Xylazine General anesthetics PROPOFOL affect the entire nervous system, render the animal unconscious and to eliminate the sensation of pain. may be used in combination : improve pain management, enhance recovery Inhalant, injectable (IM,IV) Most injectable general anesthetics are controlled substances

Tranquilizers Calm and sedate animals Often used before anesthetic administration to calm the animal and induce anesthesia more smoothly. used to reduce the amount of anesthetic needed to produce anesthesia. Examples of common tranquilizers: Acepromazine Diazepam (Valium ) Xylazine (Rompun )

Antimicrobials Antibiotics are drugs that treat infections caused by bacteria. enrofloxacin, doxycycline, and erythromycin various antibiotics are effective against different types of bacteria. have no effect on infections caused by other microorganisms such as viruses, fungi, or parasites. Antifungal drugs Ringworm is an example of an infection caused by a fungus, and may be treated with the antifungal miconazole (Conofite ). Antiviral drugs such as Tamiflu, are used to treat infections caused by a virus.

Antimicrobials Parasiticides kill parasites living in an animal (such as pinworms, heartworms, or tapeworms) or on an animal (fleas, lice, and mites, for example). Anthelmintics target parasitic worms such as pinworms, heartworms, or tapeworms. I.E. thiabendazole, piperazine, and ivermectin. Insecticides - kill parasitic insects (lice or fleas) which infest the skin and fur. Available as sprays, liquids, powders, dips, and impregnated plastic strips. I.E. Pyrethrins Miticides - kill mites and ticks. These are not insects because they have eight legs versus six. Also available in multiple forms. Antiprotozoals - kill protozoan parasites in the intestinal tract and in other organs of the body. I.E. Metronidazole (Flagyl )

Controlled substances Controlled substances are drugs that are potentially addictive to humans. Many tranquilizers, analgesics, and anesthetics are controlled substances. The manufacture, possession, and use of these drugs are regulated by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) and state and local government agencies. Controlled substances are classified in five groups, based on their addictiveness. These groups are known as schedules I, II, III, IV, and V.

PARTICIPATION TIME Which have the highest potential for addition, Schedule I or Schedule V drugs? SCHEDULE I

Controlled Drugs Schedule I drugs have the highest potential for addiction, and Schedule V drugs are the least addictive. Schedule I drugs have limited medical or veterinary uses, but they may occasionally be drugs used in a research study. Schedule II to V drugs have accepted medical uses; drugs used for pain relief, anesthesia, or euthanasia may be in any of these schedules.

Someone in the facility, usually a veterinarian or principa investigator, holds a license on behalf of the institution from the DEA and from the state government.

Controlled Substance Act Federal law The license holder has specific responsibilities for drug security and recordkeeping Violations could be punishable by fines or imprisonment. Must be stored in a securely locked cabinet or room, maintain a log sheet for each bottle, kept sucure and available for inspection by the DEA The license holder may authorize personnel to handle and use these drugs in research studies. These individuals must be trained in the security and recordkeeping responsibilities and must fully comply with these requirements. Specific regulations govern the disposal of controlled substances. These drugs must be returned to the license holder for disposal, who must complete appropriate documentation when discarding

Types of Drugs Drugs are manufactured in a variety of forms. Those that are injected are in a suspension or solution. Drugs given orally may be in a liquid, capsule, tablet, powder, or paste. Topical drugs may be applied onto a body surface, like eyes, ears or skin, in the form of an ointment, a cream, a lotion, drops, or a spray.

Expired Drugs The date when a drug may be expected to have lost its potency for its effect. ALWAYS CHECK THE LABEL If the expiration date is noted only by the month and the year (for example, May 2011), the expiration date is considered to be Expired drugs may be used only for studies in which anesthetized animals are euthanized before they wake up. The use of expired drugs is carefully controlled and is approved by the veterinarian and the IACUC. The veterinarian makes a professional judgment on whether the expired drug is safe and effective for use. the last day of that month (May 31, 2011). Expired drugs must be discarded or at least clearly marked as expired and separated from the drugs currently in use. Never use expired anesthetics, analgesics, tranquilizers, or euthanasia drugs

Proper Storage Essential to ensure safety and efficiency. Organized, refrigerated or room temperature A drug may deteriorate rapidly if it is not stored under the proper conditions. Light-sensitive Stored in an amber glass bottle or in a light-proof container or wrapped in aluminum foil.

Drug administration Enteral Administration: Enteral means providing a drug directly into the gastrointestinal tract. Oral administration: may be mixed in feed, drinking water, or administered by mouth and swallowed. Placed directly into the esophagus or stomach with a bulbed needle or stomach tube by a process called gavage. (Figure 12.2) Rectal administration: Suppositories - can be inserted into the rectum of larger animals. mixed with a solid that dissolves at body temperature or is watersoluble. The suppository dissolves and the drug is absorbed through the rectum lining into the bloodstream. This mode of administration is often used for animals that are vomiting.

Drug Administration The term parenteral refers to the administration of drugs by means other than through the gastrointestinal tract. allow the drugs to enter the bloodstream more quickly than they would if they were swallowed and had to be absorbed from the gut before reaching the blood circulation. deposited through a needle into a body tissue or body cavity. Intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal injections are the most common routes

Route selection Intravenous (IV): injected directly into a vein- >bloodstream Quickly distributed by the body Intramuscular (IM): injected into a large muscle mass absorbed somewhat slowly into the blood vessels

Route selection Subcutaneous (SC or SQ): injected into the subcutaneous tissue (between the skin and muscles) The absorption into the blood-stream and distribution within the body may be as slow, if not slower, than IM injection. Intraperitoneal (IP): Injected into the abdominal cavity. (careful of internal organs) Commonly used in rodents because the small size of their blood vessels and muscles makes it difficult to use the routes described above.

Route selection Intracardiac (IC): injection goes into the heart mostly used in emergency situations to correct a life-threatening condition or as a terminal procedure under anesthesia. Intradermal (ID): injection delivers a small amount of the drug within the layers of the skin. slowly passes into the subcutaneous tissues, where it is absorbed into blood vessels and then distributed around the body through the bloodstream. Epidural: Injected into the space that surrounds the spinal cord. This technique may be used to administer pain medication and anesthesia.

Routes of Administration Inhalation Drugs can be delivered as a vapor or an aerosol may be administered by inhalation. This route can be used to treat airway diseases because the drug is delivered directly to its site of action. Many general anesthetics are administered by inhalation. The blood vessels in the lungs absorb the drug and the blood circulation carries the anesthetic to the brain where its primary action occurs. An anesthesia machine with a vaporizer is used to administer inhalant anesthetics.

Routes of Administration Topical agents Applied directly to the body surface, such as the eyes, ears, or skin. available as creams, ointments, aqueous solutions, tinctures, powders, and sprays. Within the water (treat the tank) Aquatic animals, like frogs and fish A general anesthetic agent may be added to a water bath where the agent is absorbed through the gills (for fish) or the skin (for frogs).

Required documentation Required documentation Drug administration Facilities generally have standardized forms for animal records, health records, and surgery forms. Health records document observations, treatments, and procedures on the animals. (Figure 12.3) Surgery forms document the anesthesia, animal monitoring during and after surgery, and the procedure itself. Record entry State the drug name, the amount given, the date, and the time. The technician should sign or initial this entry. Entries should be carefully written in pen (not pencil) and be easily legible. In some facilities, errors must be addressed by correcting and initialing the mistake, not by erasing the entry

Animal Records The medical history of an animal is often an essential part of an appropriate health care program years after the data are recorded.