Documenting Virginia s New Illegal Aliens Culex coronator and Culex nigripalpus Notes on recent expansions and US distributions Karen Akaratovic, Jay Kiser, and Charles Abadam kakaratovic@suffolkva.us Suffolk Mosquito Control Suffolk, Virginia VMCA Annual Conference Portsmouth, VA January 25, 2018
Contents Culex coronator Bionomics Suffolk, Virginia collection (2016) US distribution and recent expansions Culex nigripalpus Bionomics Suffolk, Virginia collection (2017) US distribution and recent expansions Future outlook
Culex coronator Neotropical Known range: Patagonia to southern US (no record in Chile) Previously thought to be complex of 5 species New data (2017) suggests it is a single polymorphic species 1 Polymorphic = multiple phenotypes (forms) of same species Commons.wikimedia.org Example: sexual dimorphism
Culex coronator Habitat Larvae 2-8 Natural and artificial containers Woodland spring, flood pools, rock pools, ditches Adults 3,9-11 Wooded and cleared areas Campgrounds, cemeteries, floodplains Corral/pasture areas Sand ridge, cattail marsh, cypress swamp http://www.gamosquito.org/resources/2008 meeting/moulis.pdf http://www.gamosquit o.org/resources/2008m eeting/moulis.pdf Goddard et al. 2006
Culex coronator Larval Morphology Harrison et al. 2016 Siphon length 7-9 times width at base Distinctive crown of spines at apex of siphon
Culex coronator Adult Morphology Easily confused with Cx. tarsalis Hindtarsomeres banded across joints Proboscis- ventral median patch of pale scales (not a band) Palpus without pale scales Costal and subcostal veins all dark
Culex coronator Trapping Collected year-round where endemic Bioquip.com johnwhock.com Collected primarily late summer/fall for new discoveries Smith et al. 2010 Smith Bioquip.com et al. 2010 Most common trap types: CDC light & CDC gravid 3,4,9 Other trap types: UV-CDC, ABC light, ABC Mosquito Magnet X, Fay-Prince, Malaise, Hourly rotator, EVS 10-15 Suffolk collection: BG-Sentinel 2 16
Culex coronator Hosts White-tailed deer Carolina chickadee Tufted titmouse Domestic cat Domestic dog Domestic horse Northern raccoon River otter Virginia opossum http://www.lewis-clark.org/article/2476 Human 12-15 www.audubon.org
Culex coronator Vector Competence WNV (in US) Field-collected females found 13,15,17 Highly susceptible in laboratory conditions (80-100%) Similar or higher transmission rates than Culex pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. restuans 7 SLE (Trinidad and Brazil) 28,29 VEE (Mexico) 26 Ilheus virus (Peru) 27
Culex coronator Suffolk, VA collection New species state record November 1, 2016: collected 1 female specimen 16 No further specimens collected as of this report, despite increased trapping and larval surveying
Culex coronator Suffolk, VA Collection
Culex coronator Suffolk, VA Collection
Culex coronator US distribution/recent expansion 1906: first described, Trinidad 2 Mid-20 th Century: new in SW US- TX 18, AZ 19, NM 20 Early 2000s: significant expansions- 6 years, 8 new states 2003: OK 21 2004: LA 9, MS 3 2005: AL 11, FL 10 2006: GA 22 2007: SC 23 2008: NC 24 2016: VA 16
Culex coronator US distribution Akaratovic, K. I., & Kiser, J. P. (2017). First Record of Culex Coronator in Virginia, with Notes on Its Rapid Dispersal, Trapping Methods, and Biology. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 33(3), 225-228.
Culex nigripalpus Tropical/Neotropical Known range: Patagonia to southern US (no record in Chile) Indistinct adult morphology; easily confused with Cx. salinarius, Cx. pipiens complex, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Cx. restuans Commons.wikimedia.org
Larvae30, 31, 34 Culex nigripalpus Habitat Prefers fresh flooded, recent organic infusion, re-flooded every 10 d Tolerate a wide range of conditions Permanent, semi-permanent, and temporary pools Natural and artificial containers FW swamp, brackish water, even salt marsh Adults30, 40 Prefer high humidity conditions (> 90%); dense vegetation Found in diverse habitats, especially after heavy rainfall: Residential areas Pine forests Adjacent to salt marshes Floodplains https://www.visitstaugustine.com Day & Curtis, 1994
Culex nigripalpus Larval Morphology Head seta 5,6C with 3-4 branches Siphon length 6-7 times width at base 4 pairs of setae 1-S (siphon); basal pair usually single, 2x siphon width Mesothoracic seta 1-M tiny seta 2-M Carpenter and LaCasse 1955 Thoracic integument with tiny aciculae (spicules) Harrison et al. 2016
Culex nigripalpus Adult Morphology Features can be damaged in common adult traps Easily confused with : Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius Hindtarsomeres and proboscis dark, rarely with pale ventral scales Mid-lobe of scutellum with basal patch of fine dark brown scales Bugguide.net
Culex nigripalpus Adult Morphology Abdominal terga with indistinct/narrow pale bands and large basolateral patches on distal segments Segment VII mostly dark Sides of thorax appear glossy Mesepimeron without pale median patch
Culex nigripalpus Trapping Collected late summer and fall throughout range in US Strong correlation between emergence and humidity/rainfall Ideal: alternating heavy rain, drought conditions Bioquip.com Most commonly collected in New Jersey and CDC light traps, gravid traps Suffolk collection: CDC & BG-Sentinel 2
Culex nigripalpus Hosts Opportunistic feeder Seasonal transitions from avian to mammalian12, 39 Northern cardinal, common grackle, domestic chicken Northern raccoon, Virginia opossum, white-tailed deer Amplification and enzootic vector 38 www.audubon.org www.britannica.com www.nationalgeographic.com www.chesapeakebay.net https://nationalzoo.si.edu
Culex nigripalpus Vector Competence SLE 30 Primary enzootic and epidemic vector in FL 5 major epidemics in FL since 1959; most recent - 1990 WNV30, 37, 38 One of the primary epizootic vectors in FL EEEV38, 41 Turkey malaria 36
Culex nigripalpus Suffolk, Virginia collection New species state record October 13, 2017: collected 4 females at 3 widely separated sites December 6, 2017: collected 1 female at far north site
Culex nigripalpus Suffolk, VA Collection
Culex nigripalpus US distribution and expansions 1901: first described in St. Lucia, Lesser Antilles Mid-20 th century: documented in southern US Darsie & Ward, 1981 and 2005 maps not entirely accurate depictions 1990s-2017: new findings, some difficult to find, some unpublished (NC,VA) New map needed
Culex nigripalpus US distribution and expansions 2005 map Darsie & Ward 2005
Culex nigripalpus US distribution and expansions 2017 2005 map map Darsie & Ward 2005 Akaratovic et al. unpublished
Culex nigripalpus US distribution and expansions Akaratovic et al. unpublished
Cx. coronator & Cx. nigripalpus Possible causes of expansion Anthropogenic factors Increased travel, shipping, etc. Severe weather Habitat creation, strong wind displacement 8,11,25 Rising global temperatures Misidentification Cx. coronator Cx. tarsalis Cx. nigripalpus Cx. pipiens, Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius
Cx. coronator & Cx. nigripalpus Possible causes of expansion Anthropogenic factors Increased travel, shipping, etc. Severe weather Habitat creation, strong wind displacement 8,11,25 Rising global temperatures Misidentification Jason Williams Cx. coronator Cx. tarsalis Nathan D. Burkett- Cadena, 2013 Cx. nigripalpus Cx. pipiens, Cx quinquefasciatus, Cx. restuans, Cx. salinarius
Cx. coronator & Cx. nigripalpus Possible causes of expansion
Future Outlook Cx. coronator and Cx. nigripalpus will most likely continue crossing borders May become established in VA Arboviral potential More species expanding in the coming decades as global temperatures increase
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Acknowledgements City of Suffolk, VA Beaufort County Mosquito Control Environmental Health Dept Jay Kiser Ann Herring Eugene McRoy Charles Abadam Alyx Riley Janice Gardner Richard White Brunswick County, NC Ashley Byers Junior Harrell Mosquito Control Amber Rymer Jeff Brown Western Carolina University Dr. Bruce A. Harrison NCMVCA / East Carolina University Dr. Stephanie L. Richards WRBU / New Hanover County, NC Mosquito Control Marie Hemmen Smithsonian Institute James E. Pecor