- PDF Free Download

Electronic Data How does it work? Leslie Bergh, ARC-Animal Production Institute, Irene The INTERGIS electronic data send and receive option is now fully operational. The aim of this notice is to inform the members of the National Beef Recording and Improvement Scheme, and other users of INTERGIS, exactly how the electronic option works and how the fee structure differs from the paper option. What do the paper and electronic options involve? Paper option: The breeder sends his herds data [birth notifications, performance tested data/weights, transfers and cancellations] in paper format per ordinary post to INTERGIS (Studbook/ARC) and receives the reports, also per ordinary post in printed format. Electronic option: The breeder sends his herd s data [birth notifications, performance tested data/weights, transfers and cancellations] in electronic format per e-mail to INTERGIS (Studbook/ARC) and receives the reports back by e-mail. The reports that the breeder receives per e-mail are sent in two formats, namely a csv format which he can import into his farm software (e.g. BeefPro) and a pdf format which he can print. The latter is exactly the same as the printed reports which are sent per ordinary post to those breeders who use the paper option. 14

By the way, the electronic files send by e-mail are saved on the INTERGIS for a limited period. If a breeder did not receive it by e-mail, he can download it from the Logix website www.logix.org.za > Messages. What are the benefits of the electronic option over the paper option? Faster: The length of time from sending of the data by the breeder to INTERGIS and back is much shorter, as e-mail is much quicker than ordinary post and time is saved by not having to re-punch the data. A breeder can, for example, weigh his calves in the morning, load the weights onto his farm software (e.g. BeefPro), send it per e-mail, receive his official results (indexes, etc.) back per e-mail within an hour or two and import it into his farm software. Less errors: Some farm software, specifically BeefPro, checks all the data that is included in the electronic data files to ensure that, where possible, the data is complete, correct and in the correct format according to the INTERGIS (ARC and/or Studbook, where applicable) requirements. Lower costs: The Beef Cattle Scheme s per capita fee consists of two portions, an INTERGIS portion and an ARC por tion. The INTERGIS portion is for data capturing, checking, processing and reporting. Members of the Beef Scheme who choose the electronic option, pay 30.8% less per animal for the INTERGIS section of the per capita fee than mem bers that make use of the paper option see table 1. The difference between the paper and electronic option fees will certainly increase substantially next year. Table 1: Beef Cattle Scheme fees for Phases A and B 2008/9. Herd Fee: ARC R64-00 INTERGIS R56-00 Total R120-00 Per capita fee: ARC R 1-30 INTERGIS paper option R 1-30 Total R 2-60 Per capita fee: ARC R 1-30 INTERGIS electronic option R 0-90 Total R 2-20 What must I do to make use of the electronic option? In order to make use of the electronic option, a breeder needs to have an e-mail address on record on INTERGIS and marked Yes for Electronic Data Capture. [To check this, go to the Logix website, www.logix.org.za, and click on Enquiries > Participant > Participant Details. If you are not a Logix user, you can obtain an application form on the Logix home page. Logix can be used free of charge. To submit or change your e-mail address or to change or check your Electronic Data Capture choice, please contact Susan van Tonder at tel 051 448 9347 or send an e-mail to susan@studbook.co.za. How does the electronic sending and receiving of electronic data, by means of BeefPro, work? A manual explaining, step-by-step, exactly how the sending and receiving of electronic data by means of BeefPro works, is available on the BeefPro website, www.beefpro.net > Manuals. This manual is available in English and Afrikaans. For more information, contact your local ARC office or your BeefPro agent. 15

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GenePro Breeding Management Module for BeefPro Leslie Bergh, ARC Animal Production Institute, Irene What is GenePro? GenePro is a professional software package enabling breeders to manage the breeding of their herds by determining the best matings in order to achieve specific breeding objectives. The programme was developed specifically to meet the needs of the South African stud breeder, but in such a way that it caters for the needs of all breeders. It is a joint venture between the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and a private software house, BenguelaSoft CC. GenePro was developed as a separate software package to be used with BeefPro beef cattle management software, Shepherd small stock management software and Devisa dairy management software respectively. With regard to BeefPro, GenePro was developed in such a way that it operates as an additional, optional module of BeefPro. Why a breeding management module? Breeding consists basically of three steps, namely: 1. Defining a breeding goal and breeding objectives Most breeders have a breeding goal and breeding objectives for their herds, but the objectives are in most cases a bit vague and not easily quantifiable. GenePro will assist breeders in putting together quantifiable breeding objectives for economically important traits, taking into account the genetic variation and average level of the herd and the particular breed. 2. Identifying the best animals to achieve these breeding objectives Performance testing and breeding value estimations enable breeders to identify the best animals (animals with the desired genes) in the herd and the breed for the traits included in the herd s breeding objectives. GenePro will assist breeders in identifying the best bulls to mate with their cows and heifers, in order to achieve their breeding objectives. 20

3. Using the best animals optimally in a breeding plan Any breeder that has ever tried to decide which bull should be mated to which cows, will know how difficult it is, even if you consider only a few traits. GenePro was primarily developed to do exactly this, namely to determine which bull should be mated to which cows in order to achieve your breeding objectives easy, quick and accurate taking into account all relevant information. How does it work? For breeders using the ARC s BeefPro beef cattle management software, GenePro is installed as an additional, optional module of BeefPro. It utilizes the BeefPro database; including the ARC supplied breeding values (EBVs) and animal relationships (pedigrees) available in the BeefPro database. The basic steps in GenePro, to determine the best matings for the pre-defined breeding objectives for a herd, are as follows: Synchronize the GenePro database with the BeefPro database. Compile a breeding objective: Select which traits to include in the objective; Set the target (optimal), minimum and maximum values for each trait included in the objective; and Set the relative importance (e.g. low or high) for each trait in the breeding objective. Do mating runs: Select males and females to be mated; Select the maximum number of matings allowed per bull and whether a bull may be mated with heifers and/or cows; Select which matings may not to be considered, e.g. if the inbreeding percentage of the progeny is too high; Calculate the optimal matings; View the results summary, detailed, graphs, etc. Repeat the above steps if needed, until satisfactory results are achieved; and Export the selected matings to the BeefPro database. Features GenePro was developed by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) of South Africa as a joint project with a private soft ware house, BenguelaSoft CC MS Windows operating system Afrikaans and English language options 21

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The only locally available breeding management software which can take into account breeding values as well as the accuracies of these breeding values to determine the best matings Easy updating of the software directly from the internet website www.genepro.co.za Countrywide user support and training via ARC officials and private agents User friendly logical menu, complete user manual, easy importing/synchronization of BeefPro data and easy exporting of selected matings back to BeefPro, etc. Various reports which can be printed or saved in MS Word, MS Excel, Rich Text, PDF or HTML format Backup and restore functions of the GenePro database Continuous user-driven development and upgrading Future upgrades will make provision for not only using breeding values, but also other types of data, e.g. linear classifica tion (scoring) data, where available, in determining optimal matings. Licence Fee Good news: No licence fee applicable! You pay the purchase price and that is it! More Information Contact your nearest BeefPro agent or contact me at 012 672 9145 or 082 801 2026 or e-mail leslie@arc.agric.za. Visit our GenePro website www.genepro.co.za 24

TLM02-18 TDD05-04 Dennis Dedwith: 083 250 6275 / dennis@geostott.co.za

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Logix What is it and what can I do with it? Leslie Bergh, ARC-Animal Production Institute, Irene What is INTERGIS? INTERGIS (integrated registration and genetic information system) is a combination of databases and programmes that address the animal recording requirements for a wide spectrum of role players in the cattle industry, of breeders and owners of pure bred animals, as well as the personnel from the registering authorities, performance and recording agencies, national and provincial government authorities, advisors and consultants and related organisations in the industry. What is Logix? Logix stands for Livestock Operational and Genetic Information Exchange. Logix is basically an entry port via the internet to data on the INTERGIS. The aim of the Logix functionality is to offer the various users a user friendly entrance to the databases concerned and to address their requirements regarding specific information and data exchange by means of functional programmes and screens which are joined by a set of applicable screen choices (menu). Logix offers stud and commercial breeders, the Breed Society personnel, registering authorities (such as SA Stud Book and SA Holstein) and the ARC Animal Production Institute access to the data on INTERGIS. Breeders and breeders societies receive direct and user friendly access via Logix for all types of data, for herds and animals in the breed. Functionalities Typical functionalities for the Logix system include among others: Enquiries: Participation: Participant details Herd designation mark Prefix Registration: Registration details Cow card (registration data) Pedigrees Linear classification Performance: Performance test data and Breeding values Cow card (performance data) Animals measurements Statistics: Breed counts Herds Animals Reports: Participation: Participants list Address labels Registration: Administration: 30

Inspection list Comparative statistics Imported animals list Invoices to breeders societies Auction catalogues Production and Pedigrees: Export certificate 3 and 5 generation pedigrees Cow progeny summary Bull progeny summary Selection list Reproduction: Herd reproduction report Herd status report Exceeding of reproduction norms Reproduction statistics summary Reproduction status report Detailed reproduction report Performance: Breeding value search engine (search in breed for animals conforming to the user-defined breeding values requirements) Weighing lists Pre-wean, wean and 12 and 18 month reports 31

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Cow progeny summary Breeding herd selection report Growth test report Performance certificate Body measurements report RTU scanning report Functional appearance scores report Inventory: Inventory list Non registration animals Other: Free format report Services: Data extraction: Farm software Utility programes: DNA results Calculation of weigh date limits Comparative statistics Data Capture: Registrations (Birth notifications) Performance test data (Phases A & B) Linear classification Access The Logix system has an extended security system and a specific breeder will, for example, only have access to his/her own data and breeding values, unless the breeders society has decided to give open access to all breeders of that particular breeders society s data. Societies have access to the data of all breeders and animals in their breed. The Logix facilities are available to persons/authorities who have a personal computer with access to the Internet. The programmes are accessible through the website www.logix.org.za A user code and password are available from INTERGIS and can be obtained after an application form has been completed. Application forms are available from the Logix website. Fees All functions and reports in Logix are freely available at present, except the sales catalogue (cost to the seller). Growth in number of users The following graph gives an indication of the popularity of Logix 34

Oos- Wes- Suid- (OWS) KAAP Boran Klub Vrystaat Boran Klub Die OWS Kaap Boran Klub stigtingsvergadering het Woensdagaand 27 Mei 2009 in Hartenbos plaasgeving en is bygewoon deur 43 belangstellendes. Na interaktiewe debat is die komitee verkies wat die Klub deur sy kinderskoene die volgende 2 jaar sal lei. Tans het die klub 22 opbetaalde lede bestaande uit Boran telers van die Oos- Wes- en SuidKaap streek wat strek oor n afstand van meer as 1200km van Oos na Wes. Die aantal Boran telers in die streek het geweldig gegroei die afgelope 2 jaar en daar is tans meer as 60 geregistreerde telers. Boran telers word uitgenooi om almal by die OWS Kaap klub aan te sluit sodat ons die momentum kan behou en die Boran ras in die streek vierkantig in die visier van alle beesboere kan plaas. Die VRYSTAAT BORAN KLUB is gestig op Vrydag die 11de September 2009 te Circle C kompleks in Excelsior. Daar is besprekings gevoer oor hoe om die Klub susksesvol en dinamies te kon aanvoer om die Boran ras te bevorder nie net in die Vrystaat nie maar ook in die hele Suid Afrika. Daar is n span van vier komitee lede verkies. Ons het op die stadium 23 opbetaalde lede en 50 geregistreede lede in die Vrystaat. Die OWS Kaap Boran Klub het borane vir die publiek ten toon gestel by die Bredasdorp Megaweek en ons wil net graag Jacques du Toit van RATELBOS BORANE innig bedank vir sy onbaatsugtige diens en beskikbaarstelling van sy pragtige veldaangepaste Borane en personeel tydens die Megaweek. Ook n woord van hartlike dank aan Eloff en Christelle Muller wat by die Boran stalletjie gehelp het om die horde belangstellendes van insiggewende Boran inligting te voorsien. The financial support of Karoo-Ochse towards costs of the show is highly appreciated. We appreciate the support Karoo-Ochse is giving to carve out a place for the Boran in our region. Soos almal bewus is gaan n groot deel van ons streek veral in die Oos- en Suid-Kaap gebuk onder die ergste droogte in meer as 130 jaar en dit het duidelik geblyk tydens n steekproef wat onder heelwat lede gedoen is om n veiling vir 2010 te probeer beplan. Daar is net nie genoeg diere beskikbaar om die veiling nou aan te pak nie, MAAR dit gee ons genoeg tyd om n suksesvolle veiling vir OWS Kaap lede in 2011 aan te bied. Hou die spasie dop. To join the OWS Kaap Boran club please contact the committee members listed below: Johann van der Watt - 079 509 6576 Gert Barnard - 083 278 2116 Jacques du Toit - 083 252 4499 Piet Loubser - 084 606 2899 Laurens Vosloo - 082 774 8884 Eloff Muller - 082 416 6518 Die Boran Inligtingsdag het op Saterdag die 12de September 2009 gevolg en was n ongelooflike sukses met 142 mense wat die dag bygewoon het. Daar is besprekings gehou van DNA tot by die afsluiting van n bul en koei wat geinspekteur was. Hier is oor fenotipe en nog vele meer gepraat. Baie dankie aan almal wat die dag lang afstande moes ry en almal wat so bereidwillig was om te help. Ons het die Boertjiefees te Bultfontein in September ondersteun deur BORAN stoet sowel as kruisdiere ten toon te stel met groot sukses. Ons bedank graag Bertie Fourie en Johannes Wessels wat alles moontlik gemaak het. Die Klub beplanning vir 2010 is: die 1ste VRYSTAAT BORAN KLUB veiling wat op Saterdag, 11 September 2010 om 11:00 te Circle C Ranches se veiling kompleks sal plaasvind. Kom en ondersteun ons gerus. Kontak persone indien u enige verdere inligting benodig of by die Klub wil aanluit : Andre Nel - 082 551 2433 Bertie Fourie - 082 345 8110 Pieter van der Walt - 083 255 8665 Louis Nel - 082 824 1163 40

The KZN Boran Club The KZN Boran Club was founded in 2009. The five committee members are Jamie Oglesby, Tim Ralfe, Mark Hansmeyer, Dave Yates and Norman Ardé of which Jamie Oglesby is the chairman. Die Waterberg Boran Klub An inaugural Boran information day was hosted at Jamie Oglesby s farm in Ingogo near Newcastle in May 2009. It was extremely well attended by more than seventy people comprising Boran breeders and commercial farmers. Mark Hansmeyer, Tim Ralfe and Jamie Oglesby discussed the Boran cattle they had on display and Tim Ralfe spoke on the merits of the Boran in cross breeding. In October 2009, club members and invited guests visited Scalk van Outshoorn for a presale viewing of his Boran cattle. The next information day is scheduled for the 13th March 2010 and will be held on Simon Hodgson and Norman Ardé s farms near Escourt. The Club is proud to be nominated to represent the Boran Breeders Society of SA at NAMPO in 2010 and have the opportunity to exhibit our Natal Boran. We will be holding our first sale this year in Escourt at the Ennersdale yard on 24th July 2010 where members will sell mainly appendix and some Studbook Proper Boran. Contact persons: Chairman: Jamie Oglesby 083 696 7362 Vice Chairman: Tim Ralfe 082 566 6776 B4 Telers - Humansdorp Eerstens wil ons baie dankie se vir elkeen wat ons in die verlede ondersteun het. Ons waardeur dit opreg. B4 bestaan uit: Gert Barnard (Voorsitter) - 083 278 2116 Jacques Steenkamp - 082 925 3932 Johan & Conn van der Watt - 079 509 5476 Dr Pieter van Vuuren - 084 800 0528 Riaan Strydom - 083 383 3016 Die B4 is gestig in 2007 en die doel van die groep is om die Boran ras in die omgewing van Humansdorp bekend te stel deur inligtingsdae en ook n jaarlikse veiling op Humansdorp by Karoo Ochse veilings krale te hou (2010 veiling 19 September). Die ras pas baie goed aan in die omgewing en daar is ongeveer 15 telers alreeds in die area. Ons spog met van die beste genetika in die boran bedryf. Ons strewe is om geharde diere wat goed aangepas is op die veld te teel. Ons dank ons Hemelse Vader vir al die seeninge die afgelope paar jaar. Die Waterberg Boran Klub is die oudste in die land en het sy onstaan gehad in 2007 onderleiding van Dr Johan Henning van Marones Borane in Alma. Sederdien het hulle aktief die Boran bemark met jaarlikse inligtingsdae en Boran uitstallings. Die laaste gehou by Christo en Charmaine Pistorius van Diamant-V Borane op Vaalwater in 2009. Prof Frikkie Neser en Dr Conrad Coetzer was die sprekers en ons president, Eloff Muller en ras direkteur, Adriaan Rall was teenwoordig. In 2010 word daar groot planne beraam met bemarking nl. n groot Boran advertensie bord langs die N1 snelweg, net buite Pretoria asook n Klub veiling in Oktober - OUT of AFRICA BORAN SALE by Warmbad Veemark. In Maart was daar beeste uitgestal by die Bosveld Vee Ekspo in Warmbad. Hulle beplan die daarstelling van n webwerf in die toekoms en glo dat aktiewe bemarking broodnodig is in n uiters kompeterende beesbedryf. Altesaam 13 Boran stoeterye oor die hele Limpopo, behoort aan die klub en sluit in Waltri (Potgietersrus), Jolopahe (Settlers), Diamant-V( Vaalwater), ABBA (Alma), Jannie Jooste( Pietersburg), Wilnick (Tolwe), Marinus van Dyk(Vaalwater), Marones(Alma), Motswiri(Vaalwater), Bothma (Louis Trichardt), Oostenwal (Stofberg), Conrad Coetzer (Alma) en Bar Circle(Vaalwater). n Steekproef studie is deur Dr Paul Pienaar van Bar Circle gedoen oor die moontlike Hartwater weerstand van die Boran. Resultate lyk positief om n volle wetenskaplike studie aan die gang te sit. Die manne van die Waterberg Boran Klub staan steeds saam om die beste genetika op die grond te sit dmv embriospoelings en aankoop van goeie kwaliteit diere. Die uitdaging om die handelsmark suksesvol te betree is alomteenwoordig. Boran - God s gift to cattlemen in the Bushveld! B4 groete. 41

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Leslie Bergh, LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut, Irene Wat is die beste kruis- of suiwer teling? Soos met die meeste vrae oor teling, is daar nie n eenvoudige antwoord op hierdie vraag nie, aangesien die antwoord afhang van baie faktore. Ons kan egter wel n klompie beginsels en riglyne gee wat gebruik kan word om n ingeligte besluit te neem vir n spesifieke situasie. Eerstens is dit belangrik om te besef dat kruisteling nie die antwoord is vir lae biologiese- en ekonomiese doeltreffendheid van produksie as gevolg van swak bestuur, swak voeding en/of die gebrek aan streng, doelgerigte, seleksie nie. In baie gevalle word kruisteling nie gebruik om ekonomiese doeltreffendheid te verhoog nie, maar slegs prestasie te handhaaf, as gevolg van die gebruik swak genetika. Indien jy dus aan die bul-van-die-maand klub behoort, is kruisteling nie jou antwoord nie dit gaan eerder jou probleme vereger as oplos. 48

Tweedens is dit belangrik om die verskille tussen suiwer- en kruisteling te verstaan. Kom ons kyk kortliks wat die verskille is. Suiwerteling Min of geen benutting van heterose vir verhoging van doeltreffendheid Hoë seleksie-intensiteit en teelvordering moontlik Seleksie en bemarking makliker a.g.v. n hoë mate van uniformiteit Stelsel is maklik en eenvoudig Minder bestuursinsette nodig Laag oorerflike eienskappe soos reproduksie, oorlewing, moedereienskappe en langlewendheid kan moeilik verbeter word deur seleksie Kan nie vinnig aanpas by veranderde produksiestelsel en markvereistes nie Kleiner gevaar van kalwingsprobleme Groter gevaar van inteling Kruisteling Maksimum benutting van heterose moontlik vir verhoging van doeltreffendheid Laer seleksie-intensiteit en teelvordering Moeiliker seleksie en bemarking a.g.v. verskillende rastipes/ kombinasies Stelsel is moeilik en ingewikkeld Hoër bestuursinsette nodig Laag oorerflike eienskappe soos reproduksie, oorlewing, moedereienskappe en langlewendheid kan relatief maklik verbeter word deur kruisteling Kan vinniger aanpas by veranderde produksiestelsel en markvereistes Groter gevaar van kalwingsprobleme Kleiner gevaar van inteling Dit is ook belangrik om daarop te let dat die grootste voordeel van kruisteling lê in die gebruik van F1 moeders, veral wat betref hul beter reproduksie en melkproduksie. Die vereistes vir n goeie kruisteelstelsel is: Die belangrikste (maar ongelukkig die grootste probleem in die meeste gevalle) is dat die stelsel deeglik beplan en doelgerig uitgevoer moet word. Indien daar nie streng gehou word by n beplande stelsel nie, gaan dit binne n paar jaar ontaard in n doellose verbastering met baie probleme, groot frustrasies en min of geen voordele. Die keuse van die korrekte kruisteelstelsel, rasse en raamtipes vir die maksimum benutting van heterose (basterkrag) en kombinering van voortreflike eienskappe vir jou betrokke situasie. Die aankoop van goeie (prestasie-geselekteerde), suiwer bulle. Onthou, n goeie bul is selde te duur, n swak bul is altyd te duur. Voortdurende streng, doelgerigte seleksie van teeldiere. Handhawing van n hoë vlak van bestuur. n Relatief groot kudde(s). Voldoende aantal kampe per teelgroep. Teling van eie vervangingsverse. Indien die basiese vereistes van n kruisteelstelsel nie nagekom word nie, kan dieselde of beter winste verkry word met suiwer teling en doelgerigte seleksie gegrond op prestasietoetsdata en teelwaardes. 49

90% van getoetsde onvrugbaarheid is n operateurs-fout! Sedert 1985 beoefen ek die voltydse beroep van semen-kollektering en bevriesing in veld-toestande in die hele Suidelike Afrika. As geregistreerde semen-kollekteerder kan ek met vertroue sê dat bogenoemde opmerking nie te vergesog is nie! Kan n mens jou bul voorberei om goeie semen te gee? My mening is dat dit wel gedoen kan word! Daar is baie faktore wat n groot invloed het op semen kwaliteit. By geboorte het n bulletjie geen sperme in hom nie, dit word eers in puberteit vervaardig. Daarna vervaardig hy letterlik biljoene sperme!! Die literatuur bevestig ook dat tot so veel as 13 Biljoen sperme in 24 uur geproduseer kan word! 1 Hier teenoor het n versie alreeds al die eier-selle wat sy in haar leeftyd gaan benodig, klaar gevorm in die eierstokke. Sperm-produksie duur so tussen 57- en 74-dae (afhangend van die ras en ouderdom van die bul) vanaf spermatosiet-sel stadium tot volledige ryp sperm, gereed vir ejakuleer. Hierdie proses is soos n fabriek en elke dag is daar sperme wat in die proses begin. 54

Daar is dus op enige dag sperme wat in elke proses/stadium van rypwording is. gee. 3. Indien daar iets met die bul sou gebeur wat sperm-produksie sou affekteer, kan dit dus alle semen termineer of slegs die wat in n kwesbare stadium is, en selfs die persentasie normale sperms drasties laat afneem! Daar kan ook gevalle wees waar belangrike boustowwe vir sperm-produksie afwesig kan wees, wat dan die bou van abnormale sperme tot gevolg kan hê. Die bul se liggaamstemperatuur (weens koors) of die buite temperatuur ( n baie warm dag, sonder beskerming teen die son) kan te hoog wees vir goeie semenproduksie, wat ook die morfologiese toestand van die sperme kan beinvloed (goeie, gesonde sperme kan meer as 200 grade Celcius onder liggaamstemperatuur oorleef, maar vrek by 3 grade hoër as liggaamstempratuur). 4. 5. Maak seker dat die persoon wat jou bul se semen kom toets, wel ondervinding het en semen uit n bul kan kry en dit ook reg kan hanteer. Kry iemand wat al na baie semen-monsters gekyk het en die nodige kundigheid het. Indien die eerste ejakulaat nie goed is nie, dring aan op n 2de ejakulaat. Die semen van n normaal vrugbare bul toon n redelike groot kwaliteits-variasie. Sommige dae sal die ejakulaat beter wees as ander dae. Moenie na die eerste toets die bul summier laat slag nie, n paar dae later kan die semenprentjie drasties verander het! Semen word in soveel biljoene ge-ejakuleer, omdat daar so baie dinge is wat die kwaliteit kan beïnvloed. By die maak van strooitjies, vind ek dat uit elke 10 tappings n gemiddeld van 2.5 tappings te swak is om te gebruik vir strooitjies. So bv word daar gemiddeld 2,5 ejakulate (vir die maak van strooitjies) uit elke 10 ejakulate al by die kraal weggegooi. Van elke 10 lotte wat gevries word, is daar weer byna 3 lotte wat nie aan die minimum vereistes voldoen, wat lewendigheid betref nie! Indien jy dieselfde bul 10 keer sou tap, sal daar ook ejakulate wees wat nie gebruik kan word nie, en dit nadat die bul se vrugbaarheid reeds bekend is! Faktore wat sperm-produksie affekteer kom oor n wye spektrum voor, maar die mees algemene oorsake kan wees as gevolg van wanbalanse/verandering in voeding, hoë koors, oorvet, siektes, oorwerk en stress. n Bul wat maer is van werk, het baie keer n bo-gemiddelde semen-kwaliteit! Daarteenoor kan n bul wat die vorige jaar laas by koeie was, en in n baie goeie kondisie is, vol ou, dooie semen wees! Aangesien jong bulle maklik semen stort het hulle selde die problem dat hulle semen oud is. Elke keer as n bul ejakuleer, gaan die oudste semen eerste uit. Ou semen se morfologiese ontleding is ook baie swak en kan misleidend wees. Eksterne faktore wat semen kan affekteer is die blootstelling aan sonlig, hoë eksterne temperature, skielike temperatuurskommelinge, urine, wind en chemikalië. Ter bevestiging hiervan is daar al deeglike navorsing gedoen oor bv eksterne temperatuur invloede op semen morfologie.2 Die korrekte neem en hanteer van n semen-monster het n groot invloed op die uitslag van die semen-kwaliteit. Die sukses lê daarin dat indien n korrekte kollektering van die semen gemaak is en die semen voldoen nie aan die vereistes nie, toets weer en weer. Die bul benodig dalk net nog n kans om te kan wys waartoe hy regtig in staat is! Vanaf die vroegste tye af word daar al teen onvrugbaarheid geselekteer (die bul of koei wat nie nageslag produseer nie, was ge-eet), sodat die persentasie onvrugbare of laag-vrugbare diere baie min is. Aangesien daar wel onvrugbaarheid voorkom, moet die boer sy bulle gereeld laat toets! Indien daar nie gereeld met n ejakulator geoefen/gewerk word om semen uit verskillende bulle te haal nie, kan dit n traumatise oefening vir boer, bul en soms operateur wees! Onhandigheid met die ejakulator kan n swak/halfhartige ejakulaat tot gevolg hê, wat ook n baie swak ontleding kan gee! Indien die bul nie goed skoongemaak is nie, kan urine en onsuiwerhede saam met die semen opgevang word wat n totaal verkeerde uitslag kan gee. n Pippet of mikroskoop-glasie wat te koud is, sowel as die afwesigheid van n warm platform op die mikroskoop, kan ook n foutiewe/misleidende lesing gee. Die gebruik van n fase-kontras mikroskoop is onontbeerlik! Oorblyfsels van enige chemiese reinigings-middels wat op die apparatuur voorkom, sal ook die semen kwaliteit negatief beïnvloed. Marius Potgieter +27 82 787 0222 m.potgieter2@gmail.com BIBLIOGRAFIE: 1 Amann P, Almquist JO. Reproductive capacity of dairy bulls. VIII. Direct and indirect measurement of testicular sperm production. J Dairy Sci. 1962; 45(6):774-781. 2 Vogler CJ, Bame JH, DeJarnette JM, McGillard ML, Saacke RG. Effects of elevated Testicular temperature on morphology characteristics of ejaculated spermatozoa in the bovine. Theriogenology. 1993; 40:1207-1219. So, wat kan die boer doen om te verseker dat hy net bulle slag wat WERKLIK onvrugbaar is? 1. Moenie n bul laat toets wat in die afgelope ± 3maande baie siek was nie, al is hy nou gesond. 2. Hou in gedagte dat die bul op n nuwe plaas eers moet aanpas voor hy n goeie semen-monster sal 55

Resolusi Ontwerp - Lollie Botha - sel: 082 787 1051

Resolusi Ontwerp - Lollie Botha - sel: 082 787 1051 Resolusi Ontwerp - Lollie Botha - sel: 082 787 1051

Resolusi Ontwerp - Lollie Botha - sel: 082 787 1051

POSSIBLE NATURAL RESISTANCE Natural selection has over centuries caused selected cattle in Africa to become adaptable and hardy. This is especially true for the Boran, who have survived all the environmental onslaughts of East Africa for many years. Heartwater(HW) being one of them and this has prepared the beast to stand rock solid anywhere in South Africa. Apart from a superior tick resistance than other breeds, the Boran seem to be less susceptible to HW. The Boran thus boast a potential additional unique breed characteristic. Background Areas in South Africa that are endemic to HW include: northern North-West, north Gauteng, Limpopo, western Mpumalanga, KZN, Eastern Cape and parts of Southern Cape. HW is an infectious, non-contagious disease that can be fatal within 2-6 days from onset. The incubation period is 10-14 days and is caused by a parasite, Cowdria ruminantium and is transmitted mostly by the bonttick. The disease is endemic to most of Sub-Saharan Africa and the Carribean. Acute HW is characterized by fluid in the heartsack, fever, loss of appetite, lung oedema and central nervous system symptoms which range from mild in coordination to exaggerated reflexes and convulsions. In endemic areas it may present as heartwater-fever in indigenous cattle and is normally not fatal. Prevention consist of breeding with tick resistant animals, an effective tick control programme, immunization with infected blood and tetracycline or just blocking with tetracycline atfter a two week period. Treatment consists of intravenous or intramuscular tetracycline and cortisone therapy as symptomatic support for the animal. Study Boran stud breeders in HW areas were contacted via email or telephone. The questionnaire posed the following questions: 1. How many HW fatalities and cases have you had in SP Boran? 2. Do you immunize the SP Boran that you bring from outside the HW areas? 3. Do you routinely immunize 3-6 weeks old calves born in HW area? 4. Did your HW fatalities and cases decline in your Boran-cross herds? 5. How often do you now dip your SP Boran? 6. How many redwater fatalities and cases have you had in your SP Boran? Results Of the nearly 40 breeders that were contacted, 20 breeders responded (54%). 3 breeders (15%) had predominantly redwater in their area and very little HW. No HW fatalities were reported in SP Boran and only 3 unconfirmed cases of acute HW were reported and were successfully treated. Only 4 breeders (20%) routinely immunized SP Boran from non HW areas and only 1 breeder (5%) immunized 3 week old calves born in HW area, but has subsequently stopped this practice. All the breeders reported a significant decline in HW fatalities and cases in their Boran-cross cattle. Most breeders reported a decline in dipping frequency in there Boran-crosses and the 3 breeders in redwater areas stopped dipping. There was 1 unconfirmed fatality due to redwater and 1 case reported in SP Boran in the whole study. 64

Discussion This study served as a non-scientific, pilot study for possible further research. Although no conclusive scientific evidence exists that Boran are in fact genetically resistant to HW, there is a definite trend that shows that Boran could be less susceptible to contracting HW, that is not only explained by their increased tick resistance. Some breeders have reported that their SP Boran, from outside HW areas that have never been exposed to HW, do not react with significant fever when immunized with HW infected blood. This points directly to an inherent immunity to HW. Some of our fellow breeders in Zambia have stated bemused- But Boran don t get heartwater! and we know that in Kenya it is the Tsetse fly, predators or drought that kills them off and not HW. On the basis of these results, further exciting research is warranted on pure Boran cattle, that have not been part of an upgrading system. It is possible to test for antibodies against the parasite and in future possibly isolate the genetic make-up responsible. Tick count can be done and compared between breeds. We suggest a well structured, double blind scientific study that is statistically significant. There is pure Boran cattle available, that have not been taken up in the register, and could be used in studies to compare to control groups of indigenous and foreign breeds. Conclusion The Boran of today have proven to be the result of centuries of natural selection. There is a possibility of yet another trait that makes the Boran breed unique and more adaptable and it is our responsibility to explore this trait. This may have an enormous benefit, not only to the Boran breed, but also to the cattle industry in Southern Africa. Dr Paul Pienaar MBChB, MMed(Plast) Pret Bar Circle drpienaar@ccdweb.co.za +27 82 9246078 65

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Leslie Bergh, LNR-Diereproduksie Instituut, Irene Hoekstene van reproduksiebestuur Reproduksie is die basis van die produksieketting en die enkele aspek wat die grootste invloed het op die winsgewendheid van n vleisbeesboerdery. Reproduksiebestuur berus op vier bene, naamlik voeding, kuddegesondheid, selekesie vir vrugbaarheid en paringsbestuur. Alhoewel dit as vanselfsprekend aanvaar word dat goeie rekordhouding die basis is vir die effektiewe bestuur van elk van bogenoemde aspekte, is dit skokkend hoeveel vleisbeesboere baie min, indien enige, reproduksie- en produksierekords hou van hul diere. Invloed op seleksiedruk Tabel 1 illustreer die invloed van kalfpersentasie op selesiedruk. Die aannames is dat dit n teelkudde van 100 koeie is, die mortaliteite 3-5% per jaar is, alle nie-dragtige koeie verkoop word nadat dragtigheidsondersoeke gedoen is en n verdere 10% van die koeie jaarliks uitgeskot word op grond van ouderdom, swak prestasie, ensovoorts. Tabel 1:Die invloed van kalfpersentasie op seleksiedruk. Kalf % Vrektes (3-5%) Beskikbare verse Dragtige verse Uitskot Nie gekalf Uitskot Oud en ander Totale uitskot Surplus of tekort 95 3 46 44 5 10 15 +29 85 3 41 35 15 10 25 +10 80 3 39 31 20 10 30 +1 75 3 36 27 25 10 35-8 65 3 31 20 35 10 45-25 55 3 26 14 45 10 55-41 Die ideaal is om, so gou moontlik nadat die dekseisoen verby is, alle nie-dragtige koeie te verkoop en te vervang met dragtige verse. Tabel 1 toon aan dat, indien die kalfpersentasie onder 80% daal, dit nie moontlik is nie, omdat koeie en/of verse wat nie dragtig is nie, in die kudde gehou moet word om getalle te handhaaf. Doeltreffende seleksie vir vrugbaarheid vereis dus n kalfpersentasie van minstens 80%. Invloed op wins Navorsing het aangetoon dat n 10% verbetering in reproduksietempo n kudde se netto inkomste met 8% verhoog. Tabel 2 illustreer die uitwerking van kalfpersentasie op die jaarlikse bruto inkomste in n kudde waar 20% koeie jaarliks uitgeskot word. Die aannames is dat dit n teelkudde van 100 koeie is, die speengewig van bulkalwers 230 kg is, die van verskalwers 210 kg en die gewig van uitskotkoeie 500 kg. Die uitslagpersentasie van uitskotkoeie is 50%. Die speenkalwers word teen R12,50/kg lewende gewig en uitskotkoeie teen R17.30/kg karkasgewig verkoop. 76

Tabel 2: Die invloed van kalfpersentasie op die jaarlikse bruto inkomste van n vleisbeeskudde. Kalf % Vrektes (3-5%) Verkoopbare kalwers (Bulle+Verse) Uitskot koeie Inkomste Kalwers (R) Inkomste Uitskotkoeie (R) Totale inkomste (R) 95 3 46 + 26 20 200 500 86 500 287 000 85 3 41 + 21 20 173 000 86 500 259 500 75 3 36 + 16 20 145 500 86 500 232 000 65 3 31 + 11 20 118 000 86 500 204 500 55 3 26 + 6 20 90 500 86 500 177 000 Die berekening toon aan dat indien die kalfpersentasie van 55% tot 95% verhoog word, die bruto inkomste per jaar met R110 000 (62%) verhoog word in n koeikudde van 100 diere. Anders gestel, as die kudde se kalfpersentasie 55% is, verloor die boer R110 000 van sy potensiële bruto inkomste per jaar. Dit laat jou dink, nê? 77

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Origin of the Boran Introduction early domestication of cattle Early archaeological evidence suggests two centres for domestication of cattle. The humpless taurine cattle were domesticated 8 000 years ago in what is now Turkey and about 6 000 years ago the humped zebu cattle were domesticated in the Indus Valley, Pakistan. Introduction of European Bos Taurus cattle to Africa Rock art and archaeological evidence in the Sahara show that the earliest African cattle were humpless Bos Taurus. This led researchers to conclude that domesticated cattle appeared in Africa via the Isthmus of Suez, perhaps as much as 7 800 years ago, when domesticated sheep and goats arrived from the Near East. It is considered that the fist introduction of cattle was that of the humpless taurine Hamitic Longhorns (Bos Taurus) and they arrived in the Nile Delta around 6000 BC, while the second introduction, 86

that of the taurine Shorthorns (B. Taurus) supposedly occurred about 2750-2500 BC (Epstein 1971). Domestication of cattle in Africa In the 1980s, archaeologists Fred Wendorf of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, and Romuald Schild of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw introduced a controversial theory: The North African subspecies of wild cattle or aurochs, Bos primigenius, may have undergone an indigenous African domestication around 10 000 years ago, possibly in the northeast of the continent. Many thought that their archaeological evidence poorly preserved bones was ambiguous, and the idea languished. In the 1990 s, however, further analysis of bone morphology and series of findings in cattle genetics began to make an African domestication seem more plausible. it may have been part of the long-distance Indian Ocean trade that has left other domestic animal legacies, including chicken (Gallus Gallus) and camel (Camelus dromaderius), African domesticated cereals such as sorghum Sorghum bicolor and finger millet Eleusine coracana also appeared in India as early as the late 2 nd millennium BC. The theory is supported by the traditional view that introduction of the humped zebu Bos Indicus cattle is believed to have occurred in two waves: the first one is thought to have been about 1500 BC (Epstein 1971), although Marshall (1989) provides evidence suggesting existence of Zebu cattle in Africa as early as 2 000-1788 BC; the second wave, associated with the Arab invasion of Africa, occurred from about 699 AD (Epstein 1971). GENETIC MAKE-UP OF THE BORAN The researchers used a statistical technique called principal component analysis to determine the major genetic trends within current cattle populations. They found three major sources, two of which matched the genetic makeup of the types of cattle known to have been domesticated outside Africa. The third component featured neither zebu not the Near East s Taurine influence. A team of researchers led by Olivier Hanotte have been searching for the origin and DNA composition of African cattle breeds. Hanotte s team suspects that it represents a unique domestication of native wild cattle in Africa. Because thousands of years ago there were no wild cattle in this region, they must have been domesticated elsewhere. Based on analysis of the genetic data, Hanotte s team concludes that the centre of this domestication was likely in north eastern Africa; archaeological evidence supports the idea that wild and later domesticated cattle roamed this region. Humans migrating south then herded the domesticated cows through East Africa with them to their current locations. Introduction of humped cattle in Africa The earliest evidence for humped cattle on the continent, provided by Egyptian tomb paintings of the XIIth Dynasty, do not appear until the second millennium BC, which suggests that the Egyptian civilization may have played a role in the introduction of zebu into the continent. Today, most modern breeds have an appreciable zebu ancestry, which attests to a major secondary introduction. Hannottes research found that the genetic signature of the zebu breed was most prominent in cattle in the Horn of Africa. From this, Hanotte s team concluded that zebu was introduced primarily though sea trade rather than by walking into Africa through Egypt. Cattle populations across northern Arica, in contrast, contained genetic influence from taurine cattle, suggesting that these cows ancestors did travel by land. These findings suggest that the major process of B. Indicus influence was centered in East Africa rather than through the land connection between Egypt and the Near East. This major zebu immigration may have followed local Arabian contacts or 87 Through DNA sampling Hanotte et al have analyzed the genetic make-up of the Boran and it consists of the following genetic proportions: European Bos Taurus 24% Bos Indicus 64% African Bos Taurus 12% The Boran developed in Eastern African and the main Boran hotspot was the Borana plateau in Southern Ethiopia. That was a point where all the different breeds migrated through to their various destinations in Africa. The Boran developed into the dominate breed of Eastern Africa and especially in Kenya, where the Kenyan Boran Cattle Breeders Society (BCBS) have bred the Improved Boran since the turn of the century. While the Boran breeders have greatly improved the beef conformation of their animals, they never lost sight of the important qualities of the indigenous Boran to quote the BCBS. As far as can be determined this is the only breed in Africa (and therefore the world) to have this specific combination of genes. It must be properly understood that the Boran is a breed that had its last infusion of new genes in 700 AD. The Boran is therefore not a synthetic or compound breed that has been crossbred in the last few decades. Is has been bred as a pure breed for 1 300 years. The importance of this to the commercial breeder is that the Boran will have much stronger hybrid vigor than modern compound breeds. Bos Indicus portion: Bos Indicus cattle have shown that they have an incredible ability for disease, thick, heat and drought resistance. The hybrid vigor between Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus cattle is far greater than Bos Taurus on Bos Taurus or Bos Indicus on Bos Indicus. True resistance to disease is a complicated matter. For practical purposes, a smooth coat and motile skin provides

the Boran with a useful degree of protection against tick and buffalo fly infestation. Boran recovers from Foot & Mouth disease faster than exotics, and suffers less damaging after effects. One genetic feature which seems clear is that cattle of Bos Indicus type are naturally more resistant to ECRF than Bos Taurus type. (AD Irvin and M P Cunningham. East Coast Fever, Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics, Ristic & McIntyre). African Bos Taurus: These genes add another genetic dimension to the possibilities of crossbreeding the Boran with other African breeds. The Ndama is the only pure African Bos Taurus left in Africa and it has been proven that the Ndama has genetically the highest resistance to trypanosomas, a parasite causing trypanosomiases. This the fact that the Boran contains such a portion of African Bos Taurus genes plus the huge amount of Bos Indicus makes it extremely resistant to the African disease. The Orma Boran has been shown to have a degree of trypanotolerance. (R Dolan, Nairobi 2001). A survey of eleven commercial ranches in Kenya shows that calf losses are in the order of 3.5%, while losses from disease in older cattle are as low as 1% of the herd. (quote BCBS). As with all Zebus, the Boran has good heat tolerance. The sweat glands are more numerous and are larger that those of Bos Taurus and the skin surface are increased by the presence of extra folds. (MacFarlane, 1964). Dark skin pigment protects against sunburn. Trials in Kenya (D. Robertshaw & V. Finch, Nairobi 1973) showed that Bos Indicus has a relatively lower metabolic rate than Bos Taurus and under heat stress there is less metabolic heat to be dissipated and the shiny coat reflects a high proportion of solar radiation. While European cattle stop eating and seek shade during the heat of the day, the Boran continues to graze. Under demanding conditions where cattle have to be penned at night because of stock theft of predators, this is a plus point for the Boran. Animals with Boran genes have a relatively low maintenance requirement. This was substantiated in a recent study at the US Meat Animal Research Centre in Nebraska. (Haile-Mariam, Sprinkle et al. 1998) young Boran animals can make dramatic recoveries after drought years when pasture conditions improve (Coppock, 1994). Being adapted to hot dry conditions, the Boran, with its lower maintenance requirement has a better chance of surviving droughts than Bos Taurus breeds. The Boran cow will cease lactating in adverse conditions, letting her live to conceive again when conditions improve. European Bos Taurus: As the European Bos Taurus are bigger framed animals and in general more beefy than Bos Indicus animals one can see the better beef attributes of the Boran (even though it is a small-medium framed breed) compared to other Bos Indicus and African breeds. One can clearly see that the general width of the Boran, from the chest through to the wide pin-bones, originates from the Bos Taurus genes in the Boran. This not only helps to produce more beef, but the wide pin-bones have an added advantage for ease of calving. 88 LONGEVITY AND OTHER TRAITS The fact that nature has selected the Boran makes it a fantastic cattle breed to farm extensively with and still retain critical beef attributes. The way pastoralists and farmers have been breeding the cattle makes it that it has a range of good and interesting qualities. Since all cattle need to stick together in a herd and that they are always kept together in a herd, else lion and hyena will take them out. This is also of great value in SA as it is difficult for thieves to separate one or two cows from the rest of the herd and thus makes it much more difficult for them to steal. They must either steal the whole herd or nothing. If you need to locate and count the cattle to check on them, they are always close together and you won t find separate groups or wonderers. This saves on labour and just makes farming generally easier i.e. when you bring cattle in to dip, treat of wean. This attribute of herd ability has even been shown in SA on F1-crosses and is therefore genetically inbred over the 1 300 years and not only something they were trained in Kenya. For the same reasons Boran has an excellent temperament, especially if compared to other Zebu animals world-wide. However after saying that, one must not forget that the Boran mother is highly protective to her calf and has shown to fend of lion and hyena to protect her calf. There are also no ways these pastoralists would treat their cattle and only the strongest will survive. The animals were bred by the laws of nature, survival of the fittest. Boran cattle have developed adaptive traits of crucial importance for their survival. Some of these characters are:- Ability to withstand periodic shortage of water and feed, ability to walk long distances in search of water and feed and ability to digest low quality feeds. (Haile-Mariam, et al. Boran indigenous cattle with potential. 1994) Certain traits will cause longevity in the Boran. It is not uncommon to have Boran cows still breeding at 18 years of age and it has been documented that a 23 year old bull had a 64% pregnancy rate with a herd of 60 cows. Only then was he culled as a result of low pregnancy rate in his cows. The functional efficiency of the sheath of the Boran seldom results in a prolapse and or infection. Firstly, the angle of the sheath points forward rather than downward. Secondly, the preputium (tip of the sheath) has a strong sphincter that contracts to close the tip of the sheath. This prevents protrusion

of the lamina interna and sticks and thorns sticking into the preputium. Thirdly, the sheath contains an active preputial muscle around the sheath that will retract the sheath up against the body of the bull. The skin fold in front of the sheath will then act as protection to the opening of the preputium. The Boran has a highly motile skin which is very sensitive to the slightest touch. When a fly, tick of midge irritates or lands on the skin it will shake vigorously and the insect will less-likely bite into the skin and transmit a disease. The sub-cutaneous muscle of the Boran is very well developed and thick relative to other breeds. The Boran s skin can shake even at the base of the tail. When looking at mixed herds of cattle including Boran, it is clear that the tails are much more active deterring flies and other insects, which is also a proof of the skin sensitivity. Apart from the high concentration of sweatglands (as [previously mentioned) the skin has a waxy secretion which is unpleasant for an insect to bite through. The hair coat is extremely short which provides less footholds for insects attaching and holding onto clumps of hair to get into position to bite into the skin of the Boran. Field studies have shown that Boran feeding in the same veld / pastures as other breeds have a much less tick count. The glossy hair coat helps reflect UV/sunlight thereby protecting the Boran from the hot African sun and the likelihood of cancer. Saharan area 8000 BC Cattle were introduced into Africa: European Bos Taurus The first introduction was hump less taurine Hamitic Longhorns (Bos Taurus) and they arrived in the Nile Delta around 6000 BC. The second introduction, that of the Taurine Shorthorns (Bos Taurus) supposedly occurred about 2750 2500 BC. Bos Indicus The first introduction of the humped Zebu Bos Indicus cattle was early as 2000 1788 BC. The second introduction, associated with the Arab invasion of Africa, occurred from about 699 AD. African Bos Taurus Domesticated in Africa. (2007 Boran Journal P.48,50, 52, 54) Even though the Boran has a short hair coat it has long eyelashes which helps, together with strong eye banks, to protect the eyes from sun, dirt and very importantly the Moraxella bovis eye infection. This has been frequently proven on farms where cattle are ranched with Blesbok the European breeds are susceptible to eye-infection and close to no-infections in the Boran. The Boran mother is a wonderful cow. She has lots of milk to raise a strong calf. The small Boran calf (23 35kg) is very strong and in Kenya it is not uncommon for a young calf to have to walk 5 8 km to the boma where they sleep at night to protect them from being eaten by lion or hyena. The mother is very protective of her calf and will not leave her calf and get lost in the bush. Bottle teats are seldom present in the Boran breed and which means that calves don t need any assistance to drink. The Boran cow raises a calf of above 45% of the mother s weight at weaning and it is the norm to raise calves of more than 50% of the mother s weight at weaning. CROSS BREEDING IN AFRICA Summary Cattle were domesticated in three parts of the world: Bos Indicus (Zebu cattle) domesticated in the Indus Valley (Pakistan) 4000 BC European Bos Taurus domesticated in Eastern Europe 6000 BC African Bos Taurus domesticated in the Eastern Sub- 89

Leslie Bergh LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut, Irene Fases van die Nasionale Vleisbeesaantekening en -Verbeteringskema Die Nasionale Vleisbeesaantekening en -Verbeteringskema (die Skema) van die Landbounavorsingsraad (LNR) van SA maak voorsiening vir toetsing van vleisbeeste in verskeie fases, naamlik: Reproduksie- en Kuddetoetsing (Fase A): Hierdie fase is die basis van die Skema en ook by verre die belangrikste fase, aangesien dit die fase is waar die ekonomies mees belangrike eienskappe in die produksieproses geëvalueer word. Hierdie eienskappe sluit in reproduksie (vrugbaarheid), gemak van kalwing, voorspeense groei en koeidoeltreffendheid. Fase A is die enigste fase van die Skema wat van die LNR se kant verpligtend is om aan deel te neem. Op-die-plaas naspeense toetsing (Fase B): In hierdie fase word die naspeense groeitempo van jong verse, bulle en osse 92

onder normale plaastoestande geëvalueer deur middel van hul gewigte op 12- en 18 maande ouderdom. Sentrale prestasietoetse (Fase C): Jong bulle word direk na speen onder intensiewe (voerkraal) toestande getoets. Op-die-plaas prestasietoetse (Fase D): In hierdie fase word jong bulle na speen op die plaas getoets. Verskillende tipes Fase D prestasietoetse In Fase D toetse kan jong bulle, volgens die teler se keuse, onder intensiewe- (voerkraal), semi-intensiewe- (byvoorbeeld op aangeplante weiding) of ekstensiewe (natuurlike weiding) toestande getoets word. As gevolg van die feit dat voerkrale n groot rol in die vleisbeesbedryf in Suid-Afrika speel, word n aansienlike persentasie bulle in SA in intensiewe Fase D toetse getoets. Intensiewe toetse duur, afhangend van die voedingspeil en gevolglike groeitempo, van 84 tot 112 dae na n aanpassingstydperk van minstens 21 dae. Semi-intensiewe toetse duur gewoonlik 112 tot 140 dae. Die belangrikste toets vir bulle in intensiewe toetse is dat hulle aanpasbaarheid en groeivermoë onder voerkraaltoestande geëvalueer word Om n Fase D toets te kan doen, moet daar ten minste 10 bulkalwers van dieselfde ras wees wat nie meer as 100 dae in ouderdom verskil nie. Dit is verkieslik om n Fase D toets te begin so gou moontlik nadat die bulle gespeen is, dit wil sê op ongeveer 7 8 maande ouderdom. By ekstensiewe toetse begin die toets gewoonlik eers met die aanvang van die volgende reënseisoen en is die bulle dan ongeveer 12 maande oud. Die maksimum ouderdom waarop n bul n Fase D toets kan begin, is 425 dae (15 maande). Ekstensiewe toetse kan tot n maksimum periode van 270 dae (9 maande) duur. Normaalweg strek hierdie toetse oor die somer groeiseisoen van die veld waartydens die bulle in n groeifase is. Die belangrikste voordeel van veldtoetse behalwe vir die feit dat dit moontlik goedkoper is as intensiewe toetse is natuurlik dat die aanpasbaarheid (insluitende bosluisweerstandbiedendheid) en groeivermoë van bulle onder veldtoestande geëvalueer word. Die belangrikste moontlike nadeel aan veldtoetse is dat die groeitempo grootliks bepaal word deur die reënval. Aangesien daar n minimum groeitempo (sien hieronder) verlang word, kan dit beteken dat n toets gekanselleer mag word indien die groeitempo nie voldoende is nie. Fase D toetse met bulle van dieselfde eienaar word Fase D1 toetse genoem. Waar twee of meer eienaars saam bulle toets, word dit Fase D2 toetse genoem en geld daar strenger vereistes as by Fase D1 toetse onder andere wat betref die maksimum toelaatbare gewigsvariasie tussen die bulle. Die waarde van Fase D toetse Fase D toetsing bied heelwat voordele bo Fase B toetsing. Alhoewel Fase D in wese n groeitoets is, bied dit die teler die geleentheid om heelwat meer eienskappe te evalueer. Hierdie data is dan beskikbaar aan beide die teler en bulkopers. Toetse word beplan en uitgevoer onder die toesig van n goedgekeurde tegnikus van die LNR-Diereproduksie-instituut wat kontroleer dat die toets uitgevoer word volgens die neergelegde riglyne en reëls van toepassing op Fase D toetse van die Skema. Die betrokke tegnikus is ook persoonlik teenwoordig tydens die afsluit van die toets om die bulle te weeg en ander metings te neem. Dit verseker onder andere dat die toets en al die betrokke eienskappe wat geëvalueer word voldoen aan die wetenskaplike beginsels van prestasietoetsing. Verder verleen die betrokkenheid van hierdie onafhanklike persoon addisionele kredietwaardigheid aan die resultate van Fase D toetse. n Minimum van 10 bulle per toets word vereis om te verseker dat sinvolle evaluasie moontlik is. Die meeste telers maak gebruik van teelseisoene en al 93

die bulkalwers wat gespeen word (behalwe miskien die heel swakstes) word normaalweg saam getoets. Dit verseker dat kontemporêre groepe gewoonlik heelwat groter is as die minimum van 10 bulle, wat natuurlik beter vergelyking van bulle verseker. n Minimum gemiddelde groeitempo asook minimum totale gewigstoename word vereis gedurende die toetstydperk om te verseker dat groeitempo doeltreffend geëvalueer kan word. Vir mediumraamrasse word byvoorbeeld n minimum GDT van 500-550g per dag vereis en n minimum totale gewigstoename van 110 120kg. Die bulle in n Fase D toets word met gereëlde tussenposes geweeg gedurende die toets om hul groeitempo te monitor en moontlike probleme vroegtydig te identifiseer. Die skrotumomtrek van die bulle word by afsluit van die toets deur die tegnikus teenwoordig gemeet. Dit verseker dat hierdie baie belangrike vrugbaarheidseienskap geëvalueer word by alle Fase D getoetsde bulle. Verder word die testikels ook ondersoek vir enige afwykings, byvoorbeeld hipoplasie, swellings of ander beserings. Skouerhoogte (of heuphoogte) en liggaamslengte van die bulle word ook deur die tegnikus gemeet (opsioneel) aan die einde van die toets. Hierdie mates gee inligting betreffende die raamtipe van die betrokke bul. Ultrasoniese skandering (RTU) van die bulle word ook gedoen (opsioneel) aan die einde van die toets. Onderhuidse vetneerlegging, binnespierse vetneerlegging (marmering) asook oogspieroppervlakte is die eienskappe wat gemeet word. Slegs RTU metings van geakkrediteerde tegnici word aanvaar, aangesien hierdie metings gespesialiseerde tegniese vaardigheid en toerusting vereis. Pelviese mates (pelvisopening hoogte en -breedte) van die bulle word ook gedoen (opsioneel) aan die einde van die toets deur n die tegnikus of n ander geakkrediteerde persoon. Met behulp hiervan kan daar geselekteer word vir bulle wat verse sal teel met n voldoende grootte pelviese opening wat maklik sal kalf. In veld Fase D toetse kan die aantal bosluise (op bepaalde areas op die dier) op n gereëlde basis getel en aangeteken word gedurende die toets. Hierdie bosluistellings word dan verwerk in n indeks wat aandui watter diere meer bosluisweerstandbiedend is. Bulle wat in Fase C of D getoets is se groeitoetsdata word natuurklik ingesluit in die BLUP ontledings wat die LNR doen vir die betrokke ras (mits daar natuurlik voldoende data beskikbaar is) en sodoende kry sulke bulle betroubare teelwaardes vir die betrokke eienskappe wat in Fase C en D getoets word. Dit beteken dat beide die telers en bulkopers betroubare teelwaardes tot hul beskikking het om te gebruik vir die seleksie van hul diere. 95

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2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 TOTALS 6yr AVE Nr. of Auctions 2 3 4 4 8 9 30 5 Y on Y % Growth 50% 33% 0% 100% 13% Sale Numbers SP Bulls 27 59 76 92 118 156 528 88 SP Cows 18 48 79 24 13 41 223 37 SP Heifers 9 28 64 157 180 257 695 116 EC Bull & Heifer 0 19 49 8 0 0 76 13 Totals 54 154 268 281 311 454 1522 254 Y on Y % Growth 185.19% 74.03% 4.85% 10.68% 45.98% Rand Turnover SP Bulls R869,000 R1,415,500 R3,774,50 R5,328,000 R7,650,000 R8,374,080 R27,411,080 R4,568,513 Y on Y % Growth 63% 167% 41% 44% 9% SP Cows R526,500 R1,102,000 R4,638,000 R1,223,000 R1,252,000 R3,273,030 R12,014,530 R2,002,422 Y on Y % Growth 109% 321% -74% 2% 161% SP Heifers R165,500 R502,000 R2,687,000 R8,677,500 R10,355,000 R16,403,539 R38,790,539 R6,465,090 Y on Y % Growth 203% 435% 223% 19% 58% EC Bull & Heifer R - R389,000 R1,348,500 R266,000 R - R - R2,003,500 R333,917 Y on Y % Growth 247% -80% Totals R1,561,000 R3,408,500 R12,448,000 R15,494,500 R19,257,000 R28,050,649 R80,219,649 R16,043,930 Y on Y % Growth 118.35% 265.20% 24.47% 24.28% 45.66% Average Prices SP Bulls R32,185 R23,992 R49,664 R57,913 R64,831 R53,680 R51,915 Y on Y % Growth -25% 107% 17% 12% -17% SP Cows R29,250 R22,958 R58,709 R50,958 R96,308 R79,830 R53,877 Y on Y % Growth -22% 156% -13% 89% -17% SP Heifers R18,389 R17,929 R41,984 R55,271 R57,528 R63,827 R55,814 Y on Y % Growth -3% 134% 32% 4% 11% EC Bull & Heifer R - R20,474 R27,520 R33,250 R - R - R26,362 Y on Y % Growth 34% 21% Total Averages R28,907 R22,133 R46,448 R55,141 R61,920 R61,786 R52,707 Y on Y % Growth -23.43% 109.86% 18.72% 12.29% -0.22% Highest Prices SP Bulls R60,000 R50,000 R370,000 R350,000 R900,000 R360,000 R348,333 SP Cows R50,000 R38,000 R200,000 R95,000 R240,000 R350,000 R162,167 SP Heifers R26,000 R37,000 R100,000 R270,000 R210,000 R290,000 R155,500 EC Bull & Heifer R - R41,000 R60,000 R52,000 R - R - R25,500 105

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Atjan Boran Stoet Beaufort Wes - Karoo Opgeteel deur noukeurige seleksie sedert 1998. Optimale produksie vanaf Karooveld met minder as 200mm reën per jaar. Jannie Arnoldi 023-413 1621 meyerspoort@vodamail.co.za Attie Arnoldi 082 668 2786 atarnoldi@telkomsa.net

FNJ 07-254 (NDA 9 x VID 304) Very correct young bull with excellent breeding FNJ 09-676 : PM14R heifer calf at 6 months (Dam KPO 794 x KPO 2430) Eddie Boon Farm Zandfontein P O Box 55 Boons 0334 Cell: 082 852 4581 e-mail: edboon@mweb.co.za FNJ 09-677 : Bull calf PM14R x 2459 (TLM 02-08) & FNJ 09-676 : Heifer calf PM14R x KPO794 (FNJ 06-194) Both 6 months old. FNJ 06-141 : Well muscled F2 bull, great cross breeding potential (HVT 02-13 x Brahman type F1 Dam)

The Boran cow is God s gift to cattlemen (PW Smith, Senior Boran Society Inspector - Kenia, January,1999): Het hierdie slagspreuk van die Boran Telersgenootskap sy ontstaan uit dankbaarheid of is dit n bron van hoogmoed? Beeste en dan in besonder ook Boran beeste is voorwaar n geskenk van God aan die mens. Toe God beeste geskape het, het Hy dit so bedoel. In die skeppingsverhaal lees ons dat God die mens geskape het, na sy beeld en gelykenis, as verteenwoordiger om te heers oor alles wat Hy geskep het. Dit sluit al die diere in d.w.s ook beeste (Gen 1:28). Later hoor ons dit ook in Psalm 8:7-8 U laat hom heers, oor die werk van U hande. U het alles aan hom onderwerp skape en beeste, alles, selfs die diere in die veld. In Psalm 24 lees ons Die aarde en alles wat daarop is, die wêreld en die wat daar woon, alles behoort aan die Here. Ons moet altyd maar altyd onthou, dat beeste oor die algemeen, maar met name Boran beeste in besonder, as geskenke aan beesboere gegee is, eintlik die Here s n is. Ons is net as tydelike rentmeesters aangestel oor n deeltjie van Sy wonderlike skepping. Dawid het immers gebid: - Here, alles in die hemel en op die aarde behoort aan U. ( 1 Kron 29:11) Alles kom tog van U af en ons gee aan U wat ons van U gekry het. (vers 14). Beeste as n geskenk van God aan cattlemen was besonders en nuttig. Dit was as voedsel gebruik. Vir gaste is die beste voorgesit. By die terugkeer van die verlore seun is die vetgemaakte kalf geslag (Jak 15:23). Met die besoek van die drie 122

gaste aan Abraham en Sara, het Abraham na sy beeste toe gedraf, n mooi jong kalf gevat en vir n slaaf gegee om dit gou voor te berei. Dit was as offers aan die Here gebruik. Vir die Here was net die beste as offers gebring. Toe Abel wat n veeboer was n offer uit sy beeskudde gebring het, het hy van die eerstelinge van sy kudde van hulle vet vir die Here geoffer. Hy het net die beste vir die Here geoffer. Omdat sy gesindheid teenoor die Here reg was, het hy net die beste van wat hy gehad het vir die Here geoffer. Hy het onthou dat sy kudde n geskenk van die Here aan hom was, waaroor hy moes heers en wat hy moes oppas. (Genesis). Die Here spreek telkemale Sy seën uit oor sy kinders en dan ook oor hulle vee. As julle al die gebooie wat ek julle vandag gee, stiptelik gehoorsaam en die Here julle God liefhet en dien met hart en siel, sal Hy vir julle land Sy reën gee op die regte tyd, lenteen somerreëns, en julle sal koring en wyn oes. Die Here sal sorg vir groen gras op julle veld vir julle vee, en julle sal oorgenoeg hê om te eet. (Deut 11:13-15). Vir die wat die Here liefhet gee Hy dit in hulle slaap (Psalm 127:2) Die moeitevrye wyse waarmee ons met die Boran kan boer is beslis deel van God se geskenk aan ons. Ons word egter baie streng gewaarsku teen hoogmoed. As jy nie gehoorsaam is nie, kan dit gebeur dat jy genoeg eet, mooi huise bou en rustig woon, dat jou grootvee en jou kleinvee baie word en dat jy hoogmoedig word en die Here jou God vergeet (Deut. 8 : 12) Ons moenie verwaand wees nie (Gal :5:26). Dit is altyd belangrik om wanneer n mens met geskenke van die Here boer (daaroor heers, dit oppas) Hom daarmee te eer deur dit verantwoordelik en dit op die beste moontlike manier te doen. Dit is immers God s gift to cattlemen Francois Smit 123

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