Name: Project RECEIVED: Project DUE: Project is worth total points

Name: Project RECEIVED: _ Project DUE: Project is worth total points Our third quarter project will be based on the concepts of iosis and Genetics. During this project we will specifically look at the effect of genes on the outward appearance of an organism. After this project, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype? Do some traits require more than one gene to be fully expressed? How is there so much variation in the way children look even if they come from the same parents? How many chromosome pairs does each human parent have? How many chromosomes does each parent "donate" to the next generation? Are some genes and gene characteristics expressed over others... are dominant and recessive genes responsible for how a baby looks? Project Procedure: Check Here After completing each step 125 points Use the key to analyze your genes on each chromosome. While doing this, you will need to analyze your parents traits (to determine if you are homozygous or heterozygous for a particular trait). Note: If you live with 1 parent, are adopted, etc., you may assume your parents genotypes are heterozygous (if you want to prove that your mom/ dad is homozygous dominant (RR rather than Rr), you must investigate your grandparents also (no, I will not be giving extra credit for grandparents genetic make-up). Complete the Phenotype and Genotype trait analysis for yourself, your parents, and your spouse (100 points). Complete the Questions at the end of this section (25 points). 125 points Complete Punnett squares to predict your offspring s potential traits, including the genotypic and phenotypic Ratio for your potential child (you and your spouse are the parents). (100 points) Complete the Questions at the end of this section (25 points). 25 points Make chromosomes for you and for your spouse, and complete MEiosis. 25 points Complete all Karyotype Charts and Tables. Have your baby; and determine your baby s genotypes and phenotypes. 50 points Draw your offspring or use pictures to make him/her and INCLUDE A KEY for at least 10 traits. 10 points attempt to draw your child as a 12-13 year old boy or girl 10 points 10 traits are picked (any 10) and listed on a key 30 points the 10 traits you picked are clearly shown (or labeled) on your drawing 3 points per trait. 50 points Complete the Questions at the end of this section and turn in your completed project! 1

Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple ndelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #1 Face Shape Round Square Chromosome #2 Chin Prominence Very Prominent Less Prominent A round face is dominant over a square face RR, Rr rr A prominent jaw (you can feel the bone) is dominant over a less prominent jaw. II, Ii ii Chromosome 1: Face Shape Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Round/Square RR, Rr, rr Round/Square RR, Rr, rr Round/Square RR, Rr, rr Round/Square RR, Rr, rr Chromosome 2: Chin Prominence Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Very/Less II, Ii, ii Very/Less II, Ii, ii Very/Less II, Ii, ii Very/Less II, Ii, ii Chromosome #3 Chin Shape A round chin is dominant over a square chin (if your chin is pointed at all, it is square) Round SS, Ss Square ss Chromosome #4 Chin Cleft A chin cleft is dominant over a smooth chin. If your chin sweeps upward in the middle, you have a cleft. Present CC, Cc Absent cc Chromosome 3: Face Shape Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Round/Square SS, Ss, ss Round/Square SS, Ss, ss Round/Square SS, Ss, ss Round/Square SS, Ss, ss Chromosome 4: Chin Cleft Circle the correct phenotype and genotype Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc Present/Absent CC, Cc, cc Chromosome #5 Mid-digital hair Hair on the second (middle) joint of the fingers is dominant to hairless fingers. HAIR Hair NN, Nn NO HAIR No Hair nn Chromosome 5: Mid-digital hair 2

Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple ndelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #6 Rounded Pointed Chromosome 6: Nose Shape Nose Shape A rounded nose is dominant over a pointed nose. UU, Uu uu Chromosome #7 LEFT RIGHT Chromosome #8 Thick Thin HAND CLASPING When clasping your hands together (without thinking about it!), left thumb on top of their right is dominant over right thumb. QQ, Qq qq Lip Size Thick lips are dominant over thin lips. JJ, Jj jj Chromosome 7: Hand Clasping Chromosome 8: Lip Size Chromosome #9 Lobed Attached Chromosome #10 Hairy Hairless Ear Attachment Ear Hair Lobed ears are dominant to attached ears. Hairy ears are dominant over hairless ears. ZZ, Zz zz DD, Dd dd Chromosome 9: Ear Attachment Chromosome 10: Ear Hair 3

Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple ndelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #11 Present Absent Chromosome #12 Thick Thin Dimple Presence Eyelashes The presence of dimples are dominant over not having dimples. Thick eyelashes are dominant over thin eyelashes. KK, Kk kk MM,Mm mm Chromosome 11: Dimple Presence Chromosome 12: Eyelashes Chromosome #13 BENT LITTLE FINGER Little fingers that bend dramatically towards the 4th finger are dominant to straight little fingers. BENT STRAIGHT LL, Ll ll Chromosome #14 Eye Shape Almond shaped eyes are dominant over round eyes. Almond VV, Vv Round vv Chromosome 13: Bent little finger Chromosome 14: Eye Shape Chromosome #15 STRAIGHT HH THUMB Chromosome 15: Hitch-hiker s thumb HITCHHIKER S THUMB A straight thumb is dominant to hitchhiker s thumb. OO, Oo oo 4

Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple ndelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome 16: Eyebrow type Chromosome #16 Thick Thin Eyebrow Type Thick eyebrows are dominant over thin eyebrows. TT, Tt tt Chromosome #17 Separate Connected Chromosome #18 LONG SHORT Eyebrow Spacing Separate eyebrows are dominant over connected eyebrows EE, Ee ee LONG SECOND TOE A second toe that is longer than the big toe is dominant over a shorter 2nd toe. WW, Ww ww Chromosome 17: Eyebrow spacing Chromosome 18: Long Second Toe Chromosome #19 Present Absent Chromosome #20 Present Absent Widow s Peak Cheek Freckles A widow s peak is dominant over an absent widow s peak. PP, Pp pp Freckles on cheeks are dominant over no freckles on cheeks. BB, Bb bb Chromosome 19: Widow s peak 5 Chromosome 20: Cheek Freckles

Disclaimer: While we have tried to make the traits and information somewhat realistic, human genetics is an extremely complicated field of research. Most of the traits indicated are controlled by several genes on many chromosomes. We tried to pick traits that reflect simple ndelian inheritance as much as possible. However, the traits in the project are not necessarily the full story, and they are probably NOT located on the chromosomes indicated. Chromosome #21 Curl Can t Curl Chromosome #23 Tongue Roll Gender The ability to curl your tongue is dominant to inability. XX = Female XY = Male FF, Ff ff Chromosome #22 Information for this chromosome is part of the hair color trait. Chromosome 21: Tongue Roll Chromosome 23: Gender Female XX Male XY 1. Explain dominant: 2. Explain recessive: 3. Explain genotype: 4. Explain phenotype: 5. In your project, find an example where you were dominant for a trait. That trait was. 6. Explain the steps you took to figure out whether you were homozygous dominant (2 big letters) or heterozygous (1 big letter, 1 little letter) for the trait in question #5? 7. What does the recessive trait do when your genotype is heterozygous (mixed 1 big and 1 little)? 6

POLYGENIC TRAITS (HONORS) Poly = many, genic = genes Genetics is quite complicated and most traits are actually controlled by more than one gene. In 7th grade, we are not required to talk about concepts such as incomplete dominance, codominance, and polygenic traits, but they are pretty interesting. All traits that involve color and pigment are polygenic and quite complicated. However, we thought you would want to estimate the skin, hair, and eye color of your child. So, you are welcome to use this information, but you will not be tested on it. If you were unable to use the chart in class, use the science 7 website to see the color pictures to determine your polygenic genotype. Chromosome #3, 6, 8, 22 Hair Color The alleles for hair color are found on many chromosomes. Therefore, hair color is said to be polygenic (many genes). The alleles for hair color represent the amount of pigment that is incorporated into the hair as it grows. The greater the number of dominant alleles, the darker the hair. Alleles appear on chromosomes 3,6,8, and 22 in groups of 2. Chromosome #1, 2, 4 Skin Color The alleles for skin color are found on many different chromosomes. Therefore, skin color is said to be polygenic (many genes). The dominant allele (A) translates into a protein called melanin. This is a dark pigment. Greater amounts of melanin = darker skin colors. Alleles appear on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4 in groups of 2. Chromosome #11, 12 Eye Color The alleles for eye color are found on many different chromosomes. Therefore, eye color is said to be polygenic (many genes). Eye color is controlled by two sets of alleles. One pair of alleles (F) control the amount of pigment in the front of the iris. The other pair of alleles (B) control the amount of pigment in the back of the iris. The dominant alleles F and B represent dark pigment. Alleles appear on chromosomes 11 and 12 in groups of two. HOW COMPLICATED DOES IT GET? http://openwetware.org/images/7/79/eyecolor1.pdf **Eye color comes from a combination of two black and yellow pigments called melanin in the iris of your eye. If you have no melanin in the front part of your iris, you have blue eyes. An increasing proportion of the yellow melanin, in combination with the black melanin, results in shades of colors between brown and blue, including green and hazel. ** http:// www.thetech.org/ genetics/ask.php? id=29 Chromosomes 3,6,8,22: Hair color Chromosomes 1, 2, 4: Skin color hmg.oxfordjournals.o rg/content/18/r1/ R9.full.pdf+html; http:// www.as.ua.edu/ant/ bindon/ant570/ topics/skincolor.pdf Chromosomes 11, 12: Eye color Genotype Phenotype 7

Chromosome Number Traits My SPOUSE s Genotype My SPOUSE s Phenotype My Genotype My Phenotype 1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr) 2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii) 3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss) 4 Chin Cleft (CC. Cc, cc) 5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn) 6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu) 7 Hand-clasping (QQ, Qq, qq) 8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj) 9 Ear Lobe Attachment (ZZ. Zz. zz) 10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd) 11 Dimple Presence (KK, Kk, kk) 12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm) 13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll) 14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv) 15 Hitchhiker s Thumb (OO, Oo, oo) 16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt) 17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee) 18 Long Second Toe (WW, Ww, ww) 19 Widow s Peak (PP, Pp, pp) 20 Cheek Freckle Presence (BB, Bb, bb) 21 Tongue Roll (FF, Ff, ff) 22 Part of polygenics 23 Gender (XX, or XY) POLYGENIC POLYGENIC Hair Color (H) Skin Color (A) POLYGENIC Eye Color (B and G) 8

HHHHHHHH HHHHHHHh HHHHHHhh BG Bg bg Bg BG BBGG BBGg BbGG BbGg HHHHHhhh HHHHhhhh Bg BBGg BBgg BbGg Bbgg HHHhhhhh bg BbGG BbGg bbgg bbgg HHhhhhhh Hhhhhhhh bg BbGg Bbgg bbgg bbgg hhhhhhhh Red = special aaaaaa Aaaaaa AAaaaa AAAaaa AAAAaa AAAAAa AAAAAA

Chromosome #1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr) : x Chromosome #2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii) : x Note: By completing Punnett Squares, you are able to determine the probability (likelihood) that your offspring will receive certain versions of each trait. To complete these pages, refer to the traits analysis. You will not be performing Punnett Squares for the polygenic traits (hair color, skin color, eye color). Chromosome #3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss) : _ x _ have a round face? have a prominent chin? have a round chin? Chromosome #4 Chin Cleft (CC, Cc, cc) Chromosome #5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn) Chromosome #6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu) Chromosome #7 Hand clasping (QQ, Qq, qq) : x : x : x : x have a cleft? have mid-digital hair? have a round nose? clasp right over left? 9

Chromosome #8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj) Chromosome #9 Ear Attachment (ZZ, Zz, zz) Chromosome #10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd) Chromosome #11 Dimples (KK, Kk, kk) : x : x : x : x have thin lips? have attached ears? have hairless ears? have no dimples? Chromosome #12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm) Chromosome #13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll) Chromosome #14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv) Chromosome #15 Hitchhiker s thumb (OO, Oo, oo) : x : x : x : x have thin eyelashes? have a straight little finger? 10 have a round eyes? have a HH thumb?

Chromosome #16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt) : x Chromosome #17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee) : x Chromosome #18 Long 2nd Toe (WW, Ww, ww) : _ x _ have thin eyebrows? have a connected eyebrows? have a short second toe? Chromosome #19 Widow s Peak (PP, Pp, pp) Chromosome #20 Cheek Freckles (BB, Bb, bb) Chromosome #21 Tongue Roll (FF, Ff, ff) Chromosome #23 GENDER : x : x : x : x have a widow s peak? have no cheek freckles? be able to curl his/her tongue? be a boy? a girl? 11

Polygenic Eye Color : x Polygenic Skin BONUS: You can use FOIL (like in algebra) to start helping you find all the possible combinations of genes. Your Punnett Square will have up to 64 squares in it!!! : x 12

Sperm and Egg cells are created through the process of iosis. During iosis, the homologous pairs of chromosomes separate, and there is a 50/50 chance per chromosome that the egg/sperm cell will receive a particular allele. Rather than flip a coin, we are flipping your chromosomes to determine which allele is passed on to your child. Chromosome Number Traits My Homologous Chromosome Pair (My Genotype) Homologous Chromosome Pair (My Genotype) EGG After iosis My baby s (Genotype) SPERM After iosis My baby s (Genotype) 1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr) 2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii) 3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss) 4 Chin Cleft (CC. Cc, cc) 5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn) 6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu) 7 Hand-clasping (QQ, Qq, qq) 8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj) 9 Ear Lobe Attachment (ZZ. Zz. zz) 10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd) 11 Dimple Presence (KK, Kk, kk) 12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm) 13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll) 14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv) 15 Hitchhiker s Thumb (OO, Oo, oo) 16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt) 17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee) 18 Long Second Toe (WW, Ww, ww) 19 Widow s Peak (PP, Pp, pp) 20 Cheek Freckle Presence (BB, Bb, bb) 21 Tongue Roll (FF, Ff, ff) 22 Part of polygenics 23 Gender (XX, or XY) POLYGENIC POLYGENIC Hair Color (H) Skin Color (A) POLYGENIC Eye Color (B and G) 13

8. Find an example in your project where the child is recessive (2 little letters) and the parents both show at least one dominant trait. That trait was. 9. How is it possible to have the situation from question #8? (to display recessive traits when one parent has a dominant trait)? HINT: Think about a punnett square if you cross Bb with Bb. 10. Explain how two parents with round noses can have a child with a pointed nose. Use a punnett square and the word probability in your answer. 11. After you made your chromosomes, you had your baby and wrote down your alleles (letters) on a blue or pink piece of paper, making a karyotype. Look at that piece of paper. What is a karyotyping test? 12. What is one abnormal result (disease) that this test can help diagnose (tell you what disease you have)? 13. Although you have two alleles for each trait you only pass on one allele to your offspring. How does this occur mitosis or meiosis? How does your offspring receive the two necessary alleles for each trait? 14. If you use the same chromosomes and have a second child, will all the letters land the same way as your first child?. Based on that information, will the 2nd child look the same? Why or why not (hint: use the word probability)? 14

HELPFUL HINT: Your child should be drawn as if he/she is age 12 or 13. You MUST include a key that indicates which 10 traits you are including in your drawing (you may certainly include more than 10, but no less!. 15

15. In some cases, offspring do not look like their mother nor their father. How might this occur (explain in terms of genetics)? Give an example of a time that this occurred in your project! 16. Each person in our class completed this project. Do any offspring look exactly alike? What might cause these differences (variation) in offspring (kids)? 17. Think back to the difference between an inherited trait and an environmental trait (you may use your notes packet). List 2 inherited traits from your project.,. 18. List 2 possible environmental traits your child might have:,. 19. You drew a final picture of your offspring at the age of 13, how might environmental factors affect how your offspring could look by that age? 20. You were asked by your teacher not to genetically engineer your child. What is genetic engineering? 21. Do you believe humans should be able to decide what traits their children should receive? _ Why or Why not? 16

HELPFUL HINT: The polygenic traits are spread out on a bunch of chromosomes, but you need to put them back together to figure out what the phenotypes are. Instead of writing them twice, just put the eye color (B s and G s from 11 and 12), skin color (A s from 1,2, and 4), and hair color (H s from 3,6,8, and 22) on the bottom under polygenic). Chromosome Number Traits ACTUAL Genotype ACTUAL Phenotype 1 Face Shape (RR, Rr, rr) 2 Chin Prominence (II, Ii, ii) 3 Chin Shape (SS, Ss, ss) 4 Chin Cleft (CC. Cc, cc) 5 Mid-digital hair (NN, Nn, nn) 6 Nose Shape (UU, Uu, uu) 7 Hand-clasping (QQ, Qq, qq) 8 Lip Size (JJ, Jj, jj) 9 Ear Lobe Attachment (ZZ. Zz. zz) 10 Ear Hair (DD, Dd, dd) 11 Dimple Presence (KK, Kk, kk) 12 Eyelashes (MM, Mm, mm) 13 Bent little finger (LL, Ll, ll) 14 Eye Shape (VV, Vv, vv) 15 Hitchhiker s Thumb (OO, Oo, oo) 16 Eyebrow Type (TT, Tt, tt) 17 Eyebrow Spacing (EE, Ee, ee) 18 Long Second Toe (WW, Ww, ww) 19 Widow s Peak (PP, Pp, pp) 20 Cheek Freckle Presence (BB, Bb, bb) 21 Tongue Roll (FF, Ff, ff) 22 Part of polygenics Part of polygenics Part of polygenics 23 Gender (XX, or XY) POLYGENIC POLYGENIC Hair Color (H) Skin Color (A) POLYGENIC Eye Color (B and G) 17

Project Grading Information: 125 points Use the key to analyze your genes on each chromosome. While doing this, you will need to analyze your parents traits (to determine if you are homozygous or heterozygous for a particular trait). Note: If you live with 1 parent, are adopted, etc., you may assume your parents genotypes are heterozygous (if you want to prove that your mom/ dad is homozygous dominant (RR rather than Rr), you must investigate your grandparents also (no, I will not be giving extra credit for grandparents genetic make-up). Complete the Phenotype and Genotype trait analysis for yourself, your parents, and your spouse (100 points). Complete the Questions at the end of this section (25 points). 125 points Complete Punnett squares to predict your offspring s potential traits, including the genotypic and phenotypic Ratio for your potential child (you and your spouse are the parents). (100 points) Complete the Questions at the end of this section (25 points). 25 points Make chromosomes for you and for your spouse, and complete MEiosis. 25 points Complete all Karyotype Charts and Tables. Have your baby; and determine your baby s genotypes and phenotypes. 50 points Draw your offspring or use pictures to make him/her and INCLUDE A KEY for at least 10 traits. 10 points attempt to draw your child as a 12-13 year old boy or girl 10 points 10 traits are picked (any 10) and listed on a key 30 points the 10 traits you picked are clearly shown (or labeled) on your drawing 3 points per trait. 50 points Complete the Questions at the end of this section and turn in your completed project! TOTAL POINTS: 400 = 100% PROJECT DUE DATE: