Activities of OIE Collaborating Centre for Surveillance and Control of Animal Protozoan Diseases and Protozoan Diseases in wildlife Prof. Ikuo Igarashi National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
Today s topics 1. Introduction of protozoan diseases 1. Activities of OIE collaborating centre for surveillance and control of animal protozoan diseases 2. Protozoan diseases in wildlife 1. SFTS in Japan
What are protozoa? A single animal cell Capable of performing 3 primary functions -nutrition, -locomotion, -reproduction There are over 65,000 species of protozoa, mostly microscopic, mostly NOT parasitic Several hundreds protozoa causes serious diseases in human and for many animals.
Top 20 global animal diseases in developing countries 1. Theileria parva (East Coast Fever) 2. Tick infestation 3. Theileria annulata 11. Babesiosis 16. Trypanosoma evansi Theileria Trypanosoma Babesia Ticks Protozoan diseases cause a great economical losses world wide
Comparison of viruses, bacteria and protozoa Genomic size Gene number Viruses 0.2Mb several tens Bacteria Protozoa 1 10Mb 10 50Mb 1,000 2,000 1,000 10,000 Prevention & treatment antiviral drugs vaccine, antibiotics vaccine, very few anti-protozoa drugs (strong side-effects, drug resistance) Fewer effective drugs and vaccines International collaborations is essential for the control of protozoan diseases
Chronology National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases 1990, June Established as The Research Center for Protozoan Molecular Immunology 1995, Oct. JICA training Advanced research course on Protozoan Diseases had started 2000, April Reorganized as National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases 2002, Oct. Selected as Center of Excellence (COE) 2007, May OIE reference laboratories (Equine piroplasmosis, bovine babesiosis and Surra) 2008, April Global COE 2008, May OIE collaborating centre for Surveillance and control of animal protozoan diseases 2015 Cerebrate the 25 th anniversary
Missions of NRCPD 1) Advanced Researches on Protozoan infections 2) International collaboration 3) Human Resources Development
Structure of NRCPD Director 3 Departments Infection and Immunity Disease Control Global Cooperation 3 Research Units Functional Genomics Vector Biology Host Defence 3 Research Units Molecular Diagnosis Advanced Preventive Medicine Infection and Pathology 3 Research Units Global Infection Control Global Surveillance International Animal Health Professors: 12 Supporting staff : 15 Postdoctoral fellows: 25 Graduate students: 24 Undergraduate students: 30
International Research Center for Control of Protozoan Diseases Basic and applied research on Protozoa, Hosts and Vectors Protozoa Developmental research from Bench to Field Development of diagnostics, drugs and vaccines DNA sequence, genomic analysis Field(endemic area) Bench(Laboratory) Hosts(animal & human) Invasion mechanism, Pathogen Vectors Pesticides 1) Global surveillance 2) treatment, 3) and prevention of spread of protozoan diseases
Research Achievements (1) Development of novel diagnostics for the field Rapid, simple serological and molecular tests Immunochromatographic test (ICT) Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification(LAMP) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Control line Test line 1. Pre-test 2. Negative 3. Positive Negative Positive
Research Achievements (2) Development of cultivation and their applications In vitro cultivation of protozoan parasites Trypanosoma, Babesia, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Plasmodium Drug screening 8 B. bovis Gene manipulation Parasitmia (%) 6 4 2 * * * + + + + + + + - Control DMSO 5 M 50 M 200 M 500 M 1000 M 4000 M 0 0 1 2 3 4 Days of culture GFP-expressing Babesia bovis
Research Achievements (3) Vaccine development Global epidemiological survey
International collaborations Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute (South Africa) International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya) Intervet Research Center (Netherlands) Beijing Agricultural Univ. (China) Institute of Veterinary Medicine (Mongolia) University of the Philippine Manila (Philippine) Mahidol Univ, (Thailand) Texas A&M Univ. (USA) Washington State Univ. (USA) Munich Univ, (Germany) Cologne Univ. (Germany) Etc
(OIE:Office International des Epizooties) ( World Organisation for Animal Health ) OIE Reference Laboratories for (May, 2007) (1) Equine piroplasmosis, bovine babesiosis Expert: Dr. Ikuo Igarashi (2) Surra (Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum) Expert: Dr. Noboru Inoue OIE Collaborating Center for (May, 2008) Surveillance and Control of Animal Protozoan Diseases (Developments of diagnostic methods, chemotherapy, vaccine and epidemiological survey )
Human Resources Development Graduate students JICA Training course
JICA training courses Advanced Studies on Protozoan Diseases (1995-2004) Advanced Research Course on Control of Zoonoses for Food Safety (2005~2009) Advanced Research Course on International Animal Health (2010~2012) Advanced Training Course on for Protozoan and Food-borne Diseases (2013~current) Number of participants: 10 participants / year Duration: 10 months Certificate and Diploma: Certificate by JICA, Diploma by NRCPD Mid-term and Final Reports and Presentations
Certificate and Diploma
Research network NRCPD Center of Protozoan Research in the world OIE Collaborating Center OIE Reference Laboratories Munich Univ. Cologne Univ. Washington State Univ. Texas A&M univ. JICA Training Course Participants (1995-2014)171 from 33 countries C & S America 28 Bolivia 6 Brazil 4 Colombia 3 Argentina 4 Panama 2 Mexico 2 Paraguay 2 Uruguay 1 Guatemala 1 Peru 3 Asia Pacific 86 Thailand 21 China 12 Philippines 6 Sri Lanka 8 Cambodia 5 India 6 Vietnam 6 Mongolia 14 Indonesia 4 Others 4 Africa 57 Kenya 13 Tanzania 7 Ghana 6 Zambia 8 Swaziland 3 Burkina 7 Faso Uganda 5 Others 8
Protozoan diseases in wildlife Climate change Pollution Population expansion Poverty & starvation Food security Food supply Problems of 21 st century Infectious diseases
Malaria Plasmodoium falciparum, P. vixax, P. ovale, P. malariae Transmitted by mosquito Fever, anemia, splenomagaly 2~3 hundred million patients More than one million deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa Endemic areas of malaria Anopheles Malaria parasite
Zoonotic primate malaria parasites
Plasmodium knowlesi Identified by Prof. P. Knowles and Das Gupt in Calcutta in 1903 Host: Macaca fascilaris (primate) Similar morphology to P. falciparum (early blood stage) and P. malariae (mature blood stage and gametocytes) 24-h asexual blood stage cycle, no hypnozoites Dr. S. Kawai (Dokkyo Univ.)
The first human infection: An USA citizen from Malaysia in 1965 Eastern Malaysia in 2004: 120/208 (58%) were positive by PCR. Recognized as the fifth human malaria Spread of human infection in other regions: Thailand(2004), Myanmar/China border(2006), the Philippines(2008), Singapore(2008), Finland (2009),Vietnam(2009), Sweden (2009), USA (2009),.
Clinical symptoms: Patients: Workers at plantation, residents in forest Symptoms: Head ache, fever(39-40c), chill Fatal cases: Respiratory distress, sequestration in brain, mortality 1-2% Treatment: chloroquine Epidemiology in Malaysia: All malaria cases; 2000: 12,705 cases, 2010: 4,725 cases Primate malaria in humans; 1992: 1% of all malaria cases 2011: 35% of all malaria cases Destroy of forests due the development is suggested to be associated with the increase of primate malaria in humans.
Plasmodium cynomolgi Natural hosts:macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina, M. cyclopis Vector: Anopheles leucophyrus P. cynomolgi P. vivax Reproduction time: 48hrs Similar morphology to P. vivax Known to be iefective to humans
Babesiosis Babesia Parastize erythrocytes Transmitted by ticks Cause similar symptoms to malaria Eighty percent of cattle are at risk for the infection Distribution of babeisosis Hemoglobiurea (left) Vector ticks Cerebral babesiosis (downs)
Human babesiosis The first human infection was found in 1957. B. microti; North America, B. divergens : Europe B. microti B. divergens Emerging Babesia parasites: Babesia duncani: USA Babesia venatorum (EU1): Austria, Italy, Germany
Epidemiology USA: more than 500 human cases since 1957 Europe: Around 30 human cases since 1969 The first human infection was found in Kobe in 1999
Transmission of B. microti
Treatment:
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) The disease was emerged in China in 2009. SFTS bunyavirus (STFSV) was initially reported in China in 2011. 10,000 SFTS case-patients have been reported. Clinical symptoms: high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, and multiple organ failure. Mortality: 6% 30%, mainly in the eastern provinces of China Life cycle of the: Ticks (R. miroplus, H. longicornis) appear to transmit the SFTSV. Humans Ticks Animals
Epidemiology of SFTS in eastern Asia
Distribution of SFTS in Japan Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks
Case No. Emerging of SFTS in Japan Total number 33: male 12, female 21 Age distribution median 73 ~40s 1 50s 4 60s 6 70s 9 80s 10 90s~ 3 Fetal cases 11 March April May June July Aug. Sep. in 2013
Clinical course of SFTS Fatal case Virus burden Recovered case Fever Organ failure Recover Affected organs Spleen bone marrow Kidneys liver
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