Medicina pediátrica en pequeños animales Presentation brochure ESSENTIAL G IDES ON CATTLE FARMING Bovine mastitis Maria E. Prado
Bovine mastitis Author: Maria E. Prado. Format: 17 x 11 cm. Number of pages: 70. Binding: Paperback, wire-o. RETAIL PRICE 30 Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and represents a major endemic disease of dairy cattle. Sometimes permanent damage to the udder occurs. Severe acute cases can be fatal and lactations may be compromised despite of the apparent recovery of the mammary tissues. This condition is a very complex disease affected by several factors and it is usually presented subclinically in herds. Moreover, mastitis treatment and control supposes large costs and losses to the industry. In accordance with the current situation, an updated review has been carried out using graphic resources such as photos, tables, flowcharts, etc. The author, a specialist in this field, has developed an accurate handbook analyzing the most highlighted features of this condition and pointing out the main control measures to prevent it as maximum as possible.
CreativeNature.nl/shutterstock.com
Bovine mastitis Presentation of the book Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and represents a major endemic disease of dairy cattle. It occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of the teat canal by variety of bacterial sources present on the farm or as a consequence of chemical, mechanical, or thermal injury to the cow s udder. There is sometimes permanent damage to the udder. Severe acute cases can be fatal and lactations may be compromised despite of the apparent recovery of the mammary tissues. This condition is a very complex disease affected by several factors and it is usually presented subclinically in herds. Mastitis treatment and control supposes large costs to the industry and there are lots of losses due to this illness (reduction in yields, milk thrown away, extra labour, veterinary care and medicines, reduced longevity). In accordance with the current situation, an updated review has been carried out using graphic resources such as photos, tables, flowcharts, etc. The author, a specialist in this field, has developed an accurate handbook analyzing the most highlighted features of this condition and pointing out the main control measures to prevent it as maximum as possible. An interesting chapter referred to case investigation has been included to illustrate this topic in a more practical way.
hkeita/shutterstock.com
Bovine mastitis The author Maria E. Prado MV, PhD, DACVIM. Dr. Maria E. Prado obtained her veterinary medicine degree (MV) from the University of Zulia in Maracaibo, Venezuela in 1987. Following two years of bovine private practice, she came to the United States to further her education. She completed a one year internship in Food Animal Medicine and Surgery and Equine Theriogenology at Oklahoma State University (1993-1994) followed by a residency in Food Animal Medicine and Surgery (1995-1998) and board certification in the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (2000). Dr. Prado performed graduate studies in Veterinary Pathobiology and obtained a PhD at Oklahoma State University in 2003 and a postdoc in Molecular Virology. Since 2005, she has been employed by the University of Tennessee where she conducts research in the areas of bovine mastitis and respiratory disease as well as teaching.
Communication services Web site Online visualisation of the sample chapter. Presentation brochure in PDF format. Author s CV. Sample chapter compatible with ipad. www.grupoasis.com/promo/bovine_mastitis
Table of contents 1. The bovine mammary gland Macroscopic anatomy Microscopic anatomy Physiology of the lactation Mammary gland growth (mammogenesis) Milk production and lactation Milk ejection reflex Defense mechanisms Physical barriers Cellular defenses Noncellular defenses 2. Epidemiology Prevalence and incidence Distribution and frequency of isolation of pathogens from clinical mastitis Source and transmission of infection 5. Diagnosis Subclinical mastitis SCC Clinical mastitis Physical exam Milk culture and sensitivity 6. Treatment 7. Control and prevention 8. Case investigation Herd goals Mastitis problem investigation 9. References Risk factors 3. Pathogenesis Infectious aetiology 4. Clinical presentation
1 The bovine mammary gland Bovine mastitis Macroscopic anatomy» The bovine udder consists of four separate glands or quarters and each drains into a teat.» A medial suspensory ligament separates the udder into two halves and provides its major support.» Fibers from lateral ligaments extend from the medial ligament to each side of the gland providing support via a sling of connective tissue. 4» Blood, nerves and lymph vessels supply the mammary glands from the abdominal cavity through inguinal canals.» The fore teats are morphologically longer but the rear quarters have larger capacity (ratio 40:60) and tend to have one or more supernumerary teats (~ 40 %). THE BOVINE MAMMARY GLAND Pelvis Lateral suspensory ligament Pelvis Median suspensory ligament (separates left from right quarters) Left Front Right 5 Rear Connective tissue (attaches udder to the abdominal wall) Teat Skin Fine connective membranes (separate front and rear quarters) Figure 1. Anatomical attachments of the bovine udder.
1 The bovine mammary gland Bovine mastitis Milk ejection reflex» Mechanical stimulation of receptors in the teat skin, either by suckling or manipulation of the gland, triggers an impulse that travels to the posterior hypothalamus which acts on the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin.» Milk letdown occurs about 1 minute from first stimulus. Peak oxytocin levels occur within 2 minutes and return to basal levels by 10 minutes. 12» Oxytocin binds receptors on the myoepithelial cells stimulating their contraction and increasing alveolar intraluminal pressure with subsequent expulsion of milk. THE BOVINE MAMMARY GLAND Hypothalamus Oxytocin Lobe Milk Alveoli Oxytocin Contraction of myoepithelial cells Pituitary Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Mammary quarter Duct Milk 13 Brain Heart Udder Suckling Milking machine sound or touch of gland by milker Figure 6. Milk ejection reflex (milk let-down).
2 Epidemiology Bovine mastitis Source and transmission of infection Healthy cow Cow with mastitis The infected cow is the source of infection for contagious pathogens. Transmission usually occurs during milking by exposing the healthy gland to contaminated milking equipment, towels and/or milker s hands. Environmental pathogens are ubiquitous to the cow s environment and infections may develop anytime as the mammary gland is continuously being challenged. Between milkings Environment Manure Contaminated bedding Soil Water During milking Contaminated equipment Towels Hands Figure 11. Transmission of mastitis in dairy cows. Adapted from Dr. Jerry Roberson. 22 a b EPIDEMIOLOGY c d Figure 12. (a) Milk residue in milking liner is a good source for transmission of contagious mastitis pathogens from cow to cow; (b) unsanitary bovine udder and improper placement of teat cups (hanging low); (c) worker spraying udder with water (this practice favours the development of environmental mastitis); (d) milker s hands and towels are good sources of contagious mastitis pathogens. Courtesy of Dr. Jerry Roberson. 23
5 Diagnosis Bovine mastitis Table 6. Current methods for detecting subclinical mastitis in the lab, on-farm and/or on-line (where available). Somatic cells (SC) Changes in milk composition Method Flow cytometer (FC)* Portable counters California mastitis test (CMT) Electrical conductivity Sensors What it does Quantify SC concentration Relative estimate of SC concentration Determines increases in conductivity of milk samples caused by alteration of ionic concentration (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and chloride) Monitor milk components (i.e. fat, protein, lactose, NAGase) 38 Advantages Accurate, rapid, precise Low cost Some counters have good correlation with FC Performed onfarm Some available for on-line detection Practical, rapid, simple, user-friendly Performed on-farm Minor equipment needed Low cost Available for on-line detection Relatively inexpensive Performed on-farm Most commonly used method for on-line detection during each milking Low cost Potential for on-line adaptation * Gold standard. w DIAGNOSIS Somatic cells (SC) Changes in milk composition Disadvantages False positives (colostrum, early or late lactation, sudden drop milk production) Must send to lab for analysis Results not available immediately See false positives for FC On-line system uses composite milk sample High cost, need counter and cartridges (expiration date) See false positives for FC On-line system uses composite milk sample Correlation with FC is low Subjective scoring system may vary between individuals Scores based on range of SC in sample and not on actual count False positives as ionic concentration is also affected by inflammation Ionic concentration may also be affected by milk sample physical characteristics (viscosity, temperature, fraction) Sensitivity and specificity for this method can be improved with consistency of sampling or by combining with production data Accuracy might fluctuate and thus the need for routine calibration Time required to complete assay Mostly used as a research tool 39
5 Diagnosis Bovine mastitis a b c 44 Figure 22. Proper method to collect a milk sample from a cow for bacteriological culture. (a) The opening of the teat canal is cleaned with an alcohol swab; (b) strip teat 2-3 times to remove the fore milk; (c) aseptically collect milk sample into sterile tube taking care to not contaminate the lid or the edges of the tube. Courtesy of Mr. Mark Lewis. DIAGNOSIS a b 45 Figure 23. Bacteriological culture of milk sample. (a) Blood plate agar demonstrating Streptococcus aglactiae colonies. Courtesy of Mr. Mark Lewis. (b) Antibiogram. Courtesy of Dr. David Bemis.
6 Treatment Bovine mastitis» Goals:» Curing the infection.» Speeding the recovery to a clinical cure.» Saving the affected quarter and the cow.» Severity of each case will dictate the order in which these goals are prioritised. 46» When possible, therapy should be based on culture results as there are no other methods that accurately predict aetiology. This would ensure appropriate therapy towards a specific pathogen(s) of those cases that need it, resulting in the overall reduction of the use of antimicrobials and decrease chances of residue violations. Cultures should be available within 24 hours to be of benefit. TREATMENT Table 8. Intramammary (IMM) therapy for clinical mastitis based on severity. Severity Mild Moderate Severe Frequency 60-90 % 10-30 % 10-15 % Presentation Abnormal milk Abnormal milk and/or quarter + one systemic sign Abnormal milk and/or quarter and more than one systemic sign Treatment Culture-based decision to treat ± Wait for culture results Treat immediately 47 Not an emergency Examine again later on. If worse, then start treatment Do not wait for culture results IMM antibiotics* Only treat culture-positive cases with approved products Most products are effective against Gram+ pathogens. Their use enhances clinical cure and prevents spread and/or chronic infections Regarding Gram-, ceftiofur is approved for E. coli but mild infections will probably self-cure. Klebsiella sp. can become chronic so treat No effective treatment for Mycoplasma, Prototheca and yeast Use best judgment. Most severe cases are due to Gram- but Gram+ are capable as well * Use approved products: amoxicillin, ampicillin/hetacillin, ceftiofur, cephapirin, cloxacillin, erythromycin, novobiocin, penicillin and pirlimycin.
7 Control and prevention Bovine mastitis a b 56 c d CONTROL AND PREVENTION e 57 Figure 28. Udder preparation for milking process. (a) First a pre-dipping solution is applied to the each teat and allowed to remain for 30 seconds. (b) Next, the milker wearing clean gloves, cleans and dries each teat with disposable towels. (c) Then each teat is stripped to check for abnormalities in the milk. (d) If everything is normal, the milking cups are properly attached. (e) After the cow is done milking, a post-dipping teat disinfectant is evenly applied to each teat, ensuring that it covers the whole teat. Courtesy of Mr. Mark Lewis.
8 Case investigation Bovine mastitis Clinical mastitis outbreak SCC mature cow, early lactation = dry cow management problem Identify cows by SCC 2 or CMT 3 Bulk tank SCC Bacterial count in bulk tank Reflects equipment problems Identify by SPC 1 Milk culture Reflects subclinical mastitis Bull tank SCC values may be affected by season, region, herd size and could be normal despite mastitis levels Must use routinely for surveillance 64 CASE INVESTIGATION Identify pathogens Identify cows by SCC or CMT Contagious: Infected cows are the main source Environmental: Inadequate milking routine Defective milking equipment 65 Cull or treat cows 1 SPC = Standard Plate Count. 2 Most reliable aid to estimate prevalence, incidence and evaluate efficacy of mastitis control measures. Most obtain monthly from testing service. 3 The only reliable, user-friendly, economical, cow-side test for detecting subclinical mastitis. Read results within 15 seconds. Figure 30. Common case scenarios that would require an investigation at the problem farm.
The publishing strength of Grupo Asís Editorial Servet, a division of Grupo Asís, has become one of the reference publishing companies in the veterinary sector worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publishing of contents about veterinary medicine guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many different countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Portuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese. Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and graduates in Veterinary Medicine and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design and excellent contents. Servet works with the most renowned national and international authors to include the topics most demanded by veterinary surgeons in its catalogue. In addition to its own works, Servet also prepares books for companies and the main multinational companies in the sector are among its clients.
Servet (División de Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L.) Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 50002 Zaragoza (España) Tel.: +34 976 461 480 Fax: +34 976 423 000 www.grupoasis.com