Explanatory note The current version of the RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) that RSPCA Assured scheme members are required to implement is dated August 2016. As part of the on-going process of reviewing the welfare standards, they have now been amended and updated, which includes the addition of a number of new standards and guidance (information boxes). The review process, which is undertaken in consultation with the farming industry, veterinary profession and welfare research sector, is necessary to ensure that the standards take proper account of the latest scientific research, veterinary knowledge and practical developments, and therefore continue to represent good practice in farm animal care. These changes will be incorporated into a revised edition of the RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens), to be issued in December 2018. All the amendments made to the August 2016 version of the standards are listed below and have been marked with a star (). RSPCA Assured scheme members have three months from the date of this letter to fully implement these changes (i.e. by 5 th December 2018), unless otherwise stated by the standard. RSPCA Farm Animals Department 5 th September 2018 Page 1 of 9
Please note: All standards in the August 2016 edition that are not shown below, or are shown but do not have a star () next to them, remain unchanged in the new edition. Due to the amendment process, some existing standards have been re-ordered and therefore re-numbered. Environment Lighting Light stimulates and encourages positive species specific behaviour, such as dust-bathing, feeding and ground pecking. Development of normal pecking behaviours in rear can help protect against the development of abnormal injurious (feather) pecking behaviour. E 6.2 The lighting system in the pullet house must: a) be designed and maintained in order to give a minimum illumination of 10 lux at pullet head height in the open areas of the house, e.g. over feeders and litter b) only be reduced temporarily, as a last resort, where i. there are signs of an outbreak of injurious pecking or cannibalism, and ii. other solutions to injurious pecking have been employed. Light intensity (lux) measurements should be taken at bird head height at various locations along the feeder lines and across the scratch area. Measurements should be taken in the darker areas, e.g. between lights, to ensure the minimum illumination is achieved in all areas. Where LED lights are used, an LED-specific light meter should be used. There is growing scientific research relating to the lighting needs of pullets. The RSPCA will continue to review any new research and consider updating the standards as required. Page 2 of 9
Perches E 9.1 Raised perches must be: a) provided at not less than 5cm, and preferably at least 8cm, per pullet from 1 st January 2020 at the latest b) introduced by 7 days of age at the latest c) positioned to facilitate the movement of pullets underneath. In relation to standard E 9.1 a), it is recommended that pullets are provided with at least 8cm of raised perch space per bird, which is the minimum amount required for hens under the RSPCA welfare standards for laying hens. Regarding standard E 9.1 c), where perches are positioned at slat edges or over feedtracks, movement underneath the perches is not required. It is recommended that raised perches are winchable to provide optimal perch height as the birds grow. E 9.2 Prior to 1 st January 2020, perches must be provided: a) at not less than 1.75cm per bird for all pullets not destined for multi-tier layer systems b) at not less than 1cm per bird for all pullets destined for multi-tier layer systems. Use of raised perches from an early age can help birds to navigate the more complex environments provided in rear, helping to reduce collisions and the subsequent risk of bone fractures in the laying stage. Research suggests that perches should be positioned at an angle no greater than 45 degrees to one another, to aid navigation. Birds should be able to access perches using small jumps. It is advised that the level and nature of perch provision in rear is equivalent to that which will be provided to the birds in their laying accommodation. Research suggests that the body width of a 12 week old pullet is approximately 70% of its fully grown width. It is therefore recommended that a minimum of 70%, but preferably 100%, of the perch length provided per bird in lay is provided in rear. A minimum of 8cm of raised perching per bird is required under the RSPCA welfare standards for laying hens. However, some producers provide more than this. For example, in Scotland, it is a legal requirement to provide a minimum of 15cm of raised perch per bird. Therefore, where pullets will be provided with an increased level of raised perch provision during lay, they should be provided with the equivalent level of provision in rear. Page 3 of 9
Multi-tier These standards are specific to any system incorporating raised tiers. Systems whereby birds can be placed and held within tiers during the early period of rearing are referred to within these standards as multi-tier rearing aviaries, or aviaries. E 10.3 Where chicks are confined during the initial 2 week brooding period: a) birds must have access to litter (see information box below) b) litter must remain in a friable condition c) birds must not be stocked at a rate any greater than 65 birds/m 2 and, d) birds must not be stocked at a density any greater than 7kg/m 2. In reference to standard E 10.3 a), litter should cover the entire floor area. However, it is acknowledged that this may not always be possible due to system design. The RSPCA will review each system on a case-by-case basis (see standard E 10.22), and will advise on appropriate level of litter to be provided for each system. In relation to standard E 10.3 c), this calculation should be based on the area of slatted floor (e.g. brood section) to which the birds are confined. Additional useable areas within the brood section, such as raised platforms, may not be used to calculate the stocking rate. E 10.5 Pullets must be given access to both raised tiers and the littered floor, at no later than 15 days of age. E 10.12 The maximum number of raised tiers directly above each other must not exceed 3. E 10.16 E 10.18 E 10.19 For all pullets destined for multi-tier laying systems, a minimum of 124cm 2 of slatted (tier) area must be provided per bird. Aviary rearing systems must have a manure belt removal system, which must be run at frequent intervals and, after the initial two week brooding period, at least once a week. In multi-tier rearing aviaries with temporary partitions between brood sections, partitions must: a) be removed by the time the birds are 15 days of age at the latest b) once removed, allow birds free access along the full length of the tier. The RSPCA welfare standards for laying hens require birds have full access along the length of the tier. It is recognised that this is not possible in multi-tier rearing aviaries with permanent partitions. Therefore, we strongly encourage the use of temporary partitions, which allow full movement along tiers. The RSPCA is considering a minimum brood section area in systems where permanent partitions are in place. Page 4 of 9
E 10.20 Where required, producers that are members of a farm assurance scheme must notify the scheme of the date of placement of chicks in aviary rearing systems at least one month, and not more than two months, in advance of flock placement for each flock placed. RSPCA Assured members are required to notify RSPCA Assured of the date of placement of chicks in aviary rearing systems at least one month, and not more than two months, in advance of flock placement for each flock placed. Providing a scheme with advanced notice of bird placement within multi-tier rearing aviaries will enable timely assessment of these systems at critical times, e.g. to check the birds have been provided with full access to the system at 15 days of age. E 10.21 Ramps must be provided: a) to facilitate movement between tiers and between the floor and first tier, and b) in sufficient numbers to prevent crowding and displacements on tiers. The RSPCA is considering the appropriate design and level of ramp provision in multi-tier systems and will review any scientific and practical evidence as it becomes available. Currently it is recommended that ramps are of wire mesh construction and placed at an angle of not more than 45 degrees. In aviary systems, where food and water is available only within tiers, ramps running alongside tiers, rather than away from tiers, may better aid navigation back into the system, particularly in the early rearing period. E 10.22 Any multi-tier aviary rearing system used must be accepted for use by the RSPCA. To find out whether a multi-tier aviary system is accepted for use by the RSPCA, please contact the Farm Animals Department or visit: http://science.rspca.org.uk/sciencegroup/farmanimals/standards/pullets Producers or system manufacturers that would like to have a system accepted should contact the RSPCA Farm Animals Department. Environmental enrichment E 12.1 For every 1,000 birds there must be at least 2 items of environmental enrichment which must be: a) in the form of pecking and/or foraging objects b) permanently available within the house c) provided no later than 15 days of age. E 12.2 Prior to 15 days of age, if any feather pecking is seen, including gentle manipulation of the feathers of another bird, pecking enrichments must be provided as per standard E12.1 immediately to prevent escalation of the behaviour. Page 5 of 9
Protection from other animals M 6.1 A written wild animal control plan (WACP) must: a) be in place, and b) implemented on farm. M 6.2 Levels of potentially harmful wild animals (e.g. rodents and birds) must be managed humanely to avoid: a) the risk of disease spread to livestock b) damage to livestock buildings and the services on which livestock depend c) contamination and spoilage of feed. In England and Wales, the following legislation applies to the management of wildlife: Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 Animal Welfare Act 2006 The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 Protection of Badgers Act 1992 Pests Act 1954 The Spring Traps Approval (England) Order 2012 The Spring Traps Approval (Wales) Order 2012 The Small Ground Vermin Traps Order 1958 Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 The Control of Pesticides Regulations 1986 Animals (Cruel Poisons) Act 1962 Equivalent legislation applies in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Page 6 of 9
M 6.3 The primary means of protecting livestock from wild animals, as documented in the WACP, must be by: a) physical exclusion methods b) the removal of elements in the vicinity that might encourage the presence of wild animals c) maintaining units in a clean and tidy condition to minimise the risk of wild animals gaining access to the unit. Physical exclusion measures are the most humane and effective methods of providing protection from wild animals. Measures should only be applied after the area has been checked and cleared of elements that could encourage the presence of wild animals, as applying some measures can interfere with rodent behaviour and encourage them to spread to other areas. Humane methods of protecting livestock from other animals include: construction/maintenance of fencing appropriate for excluding the wild animals in question removal of shelter/cover (e.g. weeds, heaps of rubble, broken equipment etc.) in the area surrounding the livestock buildings removal/protection of obvious food sources maintenance of drains maintenance/proofing of buildings against wild animals storing bedding away from livestock. In free range systems it is appreciated that elements, such as natural cover, are provided in order to encourage birds onto the range. Some of the methods listed above are intended to remove unnecessary and unintended harbourage sites, as opposed to elements specifically provided for other purposes. Rodents are less likely to inhabit an area if there is no cover or food supply. Reduced food availability will also increase the likelihood of rodents consuming bait, where applied. When stores or livestock buildings are empty, the opportunity should be taken to clean spaces and introduce any necessary controls before restocking. M 6.4 Where any method of lethal control is being considered, a site survey of the unit must be carried out before applying the control, i.e. bait or traps, identifying: a) the type, level and extent of the problem species b) any non-target animals likely to be present (including pets and children) c) any maintenance and proofing issues. M 6.5 M 6.6 Where any lethal method of control is used, its use must have taken into account the results of the site survey (see standard M 6.4). The WACP must include provisions that specifically exclude the following methods of control: a) snaring b) gassing c) vertebrate glue traps. Page 7 of 9
M 6.7 Long-term baiting must not be used as a routine rodent control measure. In relation to standard M 6.7, site plans should therefore highlight potential high risk areas for wild animal activity (rather than permanent baiting locations). Long-term baiting should not be necessary if bait traps are applied effectively. Long-term baiting can contribute to bait resistance in rodents. However, where bait traps are applied effectively and the requirements of standard M 6.3 have been implemented, and there continues to be problems with protecting livestock from wild animals, it is appreciated that continued baiting may be necessary. However, this should be part of a continued review of the need to bait following the requirements of standard M 6.4. The RSPCA is opposed to the use of poisons that cause animal suffering and it is important not to rely solely on the use of rodenticide. The RSPCA is concerned about the welfare of all animals that have the capacity to suffer, and therefore all alternative forms of deterrent and humane control should be exhausted before resorting to the use of poisons for rodents. Any baiting programme should be considered carefully and justified in risk assessments for each location where used. Consideration should be given to using non-toxic baits in order to ascertain the presence of rodents, which may necessitate the use of rodenticide. M 6.8 When bait and/or traps are used, records of their use must be kept and: a) state the location of the bait/traps b) state what bait/traps were used c) state the volume/number of bait/traps placed d) state the name of the person who placed the bait/trap e) be retained for at least two years. M 6.9 Bait and traps must: a) be placed in suitable positions, and b) be sufficiently protected to avoid harming non-target animals. M 6.10 Bait must be used according to the manufacturer s instructions for: a) storage b) usage, including areas of use and replenishment c) disposal. M 6.11 Traps must be: a) used according to the manufacturer s instructions b) maintained in good order c) disposed of appropriately if no longer fit for purpose, e.g. have broken d) stored safely and securely. Page 8 of 9
M 6.12 Bait points must: a) be monitored regularly, and b) records of monitoring must be kept, including: i. levels of any activity at each bait point ii. any missing or disturbed bait iii. the name of the person responsible for monitoring the bait points. M 6.13 Trap points must: a) be monitored at least twice a day, ideally at dawn and dusk, and b) records of monitoring must be kept, including: i. level of activity at each trap ii. any missing or disturbed traps iii. the name of the person responsible for monitoring the traps. M 6.14 Any injured, sick or dying wild animals found that have been targeted for control must be humanely dispatched immediately to prevent further suffering. Regular replenishment of bait will help to prevent sub-lethal doses, which can result in a build-up of resistance to the active ingredient. M 6.15 Where bait is used, dead animals must be disposed of safely, in line with the manufacturer s product label. Safe disposal of wild animals that have died as a result of poisoning reduces the risk of secondary poisoning in non-target species, such as domestic and other wild animals (including birds), that may consume the carcasses. M 6.16 Once treatment is complete, all traps and traces of bait must be: a) removed b) disposed of / stored according to the manufacturer s instructions. M 6.17 Managers must ensure that all stock-keepers: a) have access to a copy of the Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use UK Code of Best Practice: Best Practice and Guidance for Rodent Control and the Safe Use of Rodenticides b) are familiar with its content c) understand and apply its content. Producers are strongly encouraged to complete the free, self-study training course on rodent control available at: http://rodentcontrolonfarms.co.uk/login/index.php. The content of the course is based on a LANTRA course and is approved by the Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use. Further information is available in the AHDB document Rodent Control on Farms: A practical guide to effective and responsible use of bait rodenticides. M 6.18 Farm dogs and cats must not be permitted in the pullet house. Page 9 of 9
AUGUST2016 RSPCA welfare standards for PULLETS (LAYING HENS)
2016 RSPCA No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) (i) August 2016
Contents Introduction (iii) Food and water 1 Food Water Environment 5 Building preparation Buildings Brooder management Floor and litter Lighting Stocking density Air quality and thermal environment Perches Multi-tier Free-range Environmental enrichment Climate change and animal welfare Management 20 Managers Stock-keepers Chick sourcing Inspection Equipment Protection from other animals Health 25 Veterinary Health and Welfare Plan (VHWP) Biosecurity Casualty killing/slaughter Transport 31 Unloading into the pullet house Depopulation of the pullet house Transport Modular systems 2 3 5 6 7 8 10 12 13 14 15 17 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 25 29 30 31 32 35 37 Appendix 1 - Transport standard operating and emergency procedure 39 Appendix 2 - Documents required on-farm 40 Appendix 3 - Depopulation action plan (DAP) 41 Appendix 4 - Explanatory diagram for multi-tier pullets 47 Index 49 RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) (ii) August 2016
Introduction The RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) are used to provide the only RSPCA-approved scheme for the rearing, handling and transport of pullets (laying hens). The RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) take account of legislation, government welfare codes, scientific research, veterinary advice, recommendations of the Farm Animal Welfare Committee (FAWC) and the practical experience of the farming industry. The standards are based upon the Five Freedoms as defined by FAWC (hence the name Freedom Food see page iv). Although these freedoms define ideal states, they provide a comprehensive framework for the assessment of animal welfare on farm and in transit, as well as representing an important element of farm assurance requirements. Freedom from hunger and thirst by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour. Freedom from discomfort by providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. Freedom from pain, injury or disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. Freedom to express normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal s own kind. Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and care which avoid mental suffering. These freedoms will be better provided for if those who have care of livestock practise/provide: caring and responsible planning and management skilled, knowledgeable and conscientious stockmanship appropriate environmental design considerate handling and transport humane culling/euthanasia Guide to the use of the RSPCA welfare standards (i) The numbered requirements are the standards, all of which must be complied with. (ii) Boxed sections (indicated by ) give additional information, including: providing the reasoning behind a standard, expand on a standard, state how a standard can/will be assessed and/or highlight areas where the standards will be reviewed in the future. (iii) (iv) It is expected that all relevant UK legislation regarding farm animal husbandry and welfare on-farm and during transport, will be fully implemented in addition to the RSPCA welfare standards. It is expected that pullet rearers have thorough knowledge of the Defra Code of Recommendations for the Welfare of Livestock: Laying Hens. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) (iii) August 2016
RSPCA Farm Animals Department The RSPCA s Farm Animals Department develops the RSPCA welfare standards for farm animals. These detailed documents are intended to represent best practice in the care and welfare of farm animals. The RSPCA works to continually develop and improve the welfare standards using a range of information, including the latest scientific research and practical farming experience. We regularly consult with other animal welfare and agricultural scientists, veterinary surgeons, and farming industry representatives. This helps to ensure that the RSPCA welfare standards continue to be at the forefront of farm animal care and welfare, and are also achievable on commercial farms. The standards also take account of feedback from RSPCA Farm Livestock Officers, who c arry out monitoring of the Freedom Food scheme, Freedom Food Assessors who audit scheme members, and the scheme members themselves. We always value constructive feedback and ideas for improvement from those who are implementing the RSPCA welfare standards. Comments/feedback can be discussed with: i) RSPCA Farm Animals Department scientific staff, by contacting them on the below details: Address: Farm Animals Department RSPCA Wilberforce Way Southwater Horsham West Sussex RH13 9RS Telephone: 0300 123 0183 Email: farm-animals@rspca.org.uk ii) RSPCA Farm Livestock Officers, who can discuss any issues during farm visits and offer advice, and can provide feedback to the RSPCA Farm Animals Department scientific staff. Freedom Food Ltd Freedom Food is the RSPCA s farm assurance and food labelling scheme. Freedom Food assesses and approves farms, hauliers and abattoirs that meet all of the applicable RSPCA welfare standards. (Please note that Freedom Food does not approve equipment). Products from animals reared under the Freedom Food scheme can be labelled with the scheme s food label: RSPCA Assured. Use of the RSPCA Assured name and mark are strictly subject to Freedom Food membership, traceability, licence fee and artwork approval. Membership of the scheme is subject to an annual fee and successful assessment, as well as monitoring visits by Farm Livestock Officers from the RSPCA s Farm Animals Department. Freedom Food is a charity in its own right and not for profit. Any surplus income goes back into improving farm animal welfare. Any queries relating to the operation of the Freedom Food scheme (e.g. administration, assessments etc.) should be directed to the Freedom Food office (0300 123 0014; info@freedomfood.co.uk). RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) (iv) August 2016
RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) (v) August 2016
Food and water Livestock need to have ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and promote a positive state of well-being. FW 1.1 FW 1.2 FW 1.3 FW 1.4 FW 1.5 Food and water must be provided immediately prior to the placement of chicks to ensure there is no deterioration caused by heat during brooding. Examples of the feeding and watering equipment to be used post-brooding must be included within the brooder area (either the surround or the whole house). Where spot brooding is used, care must be taken to ensure feeders and drinkers do not become hot, especially where metal feeders are used. Stock-keepers must ensure that chicks are feeding and drinking properly and should check the birds crops following placement. Feeders and drinkers must be equally spaced within the house. The use of box lids, new egg box cartons or special chick feeders is permitted. FW 1.6 FW 1.7 FW 1.8 Feeders and drinkers must be hygienically managed. Particular attention must be given to the provision of food and water in areas frequented by subordinate birds. Wire over feeders and drinkers must: a) not be electrified b) be demonstrated not to be ever connected to an electricity source. Where there is a risk of contamination of food and water, producers should use alternative devices, such as roller bars, to discourage the birds from perching over feeding and drinking facilities. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 1 August 2016
Food and water Food FW 2.1 All units must have a written feeding programme to ensure that birds are fed a wholesome diet which: a) is appropriate to their stage of production b) is fed to them in sufficient quantity to maintain them in good health c) satisfies their nutritional needs d) is provided at all times each day, except when required by the attending veterinary surgeon e) includes a written record of the nutrient content of the feed as declared by the feed compounder f) includes provision of insoluble grit designed for use by poultry (e.g. flint) of appropriate size and quantity g) includes provision of insoluble grit no less than once weekly. The provision of insoluble grit for laying hens is considered to be very important to aid digestion, and can be beneficial to young pullets as well as to laying hens. Birds should be provided with an appropriate quantity of insoluble grit from 3 weeks of age and throughout their lives. The recommended size and amount given per bird should be as follows: Age of bird Size of grit Quantity of grit Chicks (from 3 weeks of age) 0.2mm 1g per bird (maximum) given once a week with food. Pullets (6 to 11 weeks old) 3.24 to 4.75mm 2g per bird given once a week with food. Pullets (11 weeks to point of lay) 4.75 to 6.35mm 4 to 5g per bird given once a week with food or placed in a separate feeder. FW 2.2 FW 2.3 FW 2.4 Food must be readily available at all times throughout the lighting period. 2.5cm of (actual) linear track (5cm single side) or 2cm circular feeding space must be provided per bird. No feedstuffs containing mammalian or avian derived protein are permitted. FW 2.5 FW 2.6 FW 2.7 FW 2.8 FW 2.9 FW 2.10 The use of in-feed growth promoters is prohibited. In-feed antibiotics may only be given for therapeutic reasons under the direction of the attending veterinary surgeon. All foodstuffs fed must be safely and hygienically stored, transported and delivered to stock to prevent infestation, contamination or wetting. Food must not be allowed to remain in a contaminated or stale condition. Hand replenished feed systems with no integral store of food are prohibited. Feed distribution must ensure uniform feed availability throughout the entire feeder system. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 2 August 2016
Food and water Water FW 3.1 Pullets must be provided with water: a) that is clean and fresh b) at all times, except when required by the attending veterinary surgeon. Tepid water should be provided for the chicks during the first few days of placement. Care should be taken to ensure that water temperature does not become too hot. FW 3.2 FW 3.3 Provision must be made for supplying water in freezing conditions. The minimum number of drinkers must be provided as follows: nipples bell drinkers cups circular trough space 1/12.5 pullets 1/125 pullets 1/20 pullets 0.8 cm per pullet FW 3.4 Supplementary chick drinkers must be provided for the first 3 to 4 days. Once chicks are using all the drinkers the supplementary supply should be removed to ensure that chicks do not become reliant on them. FW 3.5 FW 3.6 All drinkers must be in working order. The drinking quality of non-mains water must be: a) independently tested b) tested every 6 months c) tested using water samples collected from the source of the supply. FW 3.6.1 The water quality test records relating to Standard FW 3.6 must: a) explicitly state whether the water is considered an acceptable source of drinking water for livestock b) be kept for at least 2 years. It is important to stress that water quality may change over time. Therefore, in between routine tests, one should remain vigilant for signs that indicate deterioration in water quality such as changes in water smell, clarity or taste, or changes in animals eating and drinking habits, loss of performance, or health problems, which should immediately trigger the need for re-testing. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 3 August 2016
Food and water Irrespective of source, drinking water hygiene should be tested regularly at the point where the birds drink it and the results recorded. For methods of hygiene monitoring that involve bacterial culturing, testing should be undertaken at least twice annually. Results of ZERO for total viable counts and for coliforms are desirable and achievable. However, the following are acceptable results: Coliforms: Total viable counts: < 100 colony forming units (cfus) per ml < 1000 cfus per ml Other methods of hygiene monitoring, including acceptable results, are: Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) testing (if using oxidative water sanitisers, such as Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide or Hydrogen Peroxide). Electronic readings of >700 mv, and preferably > 750 mv should be the target. ATP Bioluminescence: Less than 100 = good Between 100 and 500 = needs attention Above 500 = poor Above 1000 = immediate action required Hygiene monitoring by these methods generate more rapid results compared to culturing, and may be undertaken more frequently. FW 3.7 FW 3.8 FW 3.9 Header tanks must be covered at all times. Drinkers must be: a) placed at optimum height for the size and age of the birds b) of an appropriate design. The rearer must provide a drinking system similar to that provided by the laying unit and, if the rearer is not sure, then both systems must be provided. Providing a drinking system in rear that is similar to that provided in lay helps to minimise the stress involved in the transition to the new environment of the laying house. The RSPCA is aware that pullets reared on bell drinkers and subsequently provided with nipples in the laying house may, in particular, experience difficulties. Recent research suggests that the provision of nipple drinkers can help to reduce the risk of injurious feather pecking. FW 3.10 Pullets destined for multi-tier laying units must have access to nipple drinkers. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 4 August 2016
Environment The environment in which livestock are kept needs to take into account their welfare needs and be designed to protect them from physical and thermal discomfort, fear and distress, and allow them to perform their natural behaviour. E 1.0 E 1.1 E 1.2 Where management systems, designs or layout of facilities not covered in the RSPCA welfare standards are being employed or considered, these must be referred to, and discussed with, the RSPCA Farm Animals Department before they can be considered for certification. Buildings must be designed, constructed, maintained and sited to: a) protect birds from thermal discomfort b) be suitable for local weather conditions and withstand expected seasonal extremes of weather. Where changes are being made to existing buildings or new equipment installed that has not previously been assessed, managers must inform Freedom Food at the time the change is being made. It is strongly recommended to discuss any proposed changes, referred to in E 1.2, in relation to the RSPCA welfare standards with the RSPCA Farm Animals Department. Building preparation Rearing pullets in a system which is similar to that of the laying unit can help birds better adjust to the laying environment and minimise stress. E 2.1 E 2.2 All old litter must be cleared from the house before the house is cleaned and disinfected. All poultry buildings must be effectively cleansed and disinfected before chicks are placed in the house. Single age site (all in/all out) rearing is highly desirable. E 2.3 E 2.4 The poultry house must be ready to receive chicks 24 hours before placement. All equipment on which the chicks depend must be properly functional prior to the chicks being placed. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 5 August 2016
Environment Buildings E 3.1 E 3.2 E 3.3 E 3.4 E 3.5 For all accommodation, a notice containing a checklist of the key points relating to welfare (see E 3.2) must be prominently displayed at, or near, the entrance to each building and be amended accordingly. The checklist to satisfy E 3.1 must include: a) total usable area available to the birds b) total number of birds and stocking density c) total number of drinkers and feeders d) target air quality parameters e) lighting levels and regimes f) emergency procedures, i.e. actions in the case of fire, failure of automatic equipment, when temperatures move outside acceptable limits and extremes of weather such as flooding and storm damage. There must be nothing in the pullets environment that is likely to cause injury or distress to the birds that can be avoided. Except where preservatives with an insecticidal role are used, pullets must not come into contact with toxic fumes, for example from paints, wood preservatives or disinfectants. All electrical installations at mains voltage must be maintained in order to be: a) inaccessible to the birds b) well insulated c) safeguarded from rodents d) properly earthed e) tested at least annually by a qualified or competent person f) in good working order (for example, any faults identified during testing to be rectified). By law electrical installations have to be tested every 3 years as part of the Periodic Inspection Report. However, at least once a year, the trip switch should be tested to ensure it is in correct working order. E 3.6 E 3.7 E 3.8 E 3.9 E 3.10 Housing and equipment must be designed so that all the pullets can be clearly seen during inspection. If a droppings pit is provided, birds must not have access to it. The structure and inside of the droppings pit (where present) must be checked: a) at least once daily, and b) a record made of this check, and c) a record made of any birds found, removed, and action taken to prevent further access to this area. The service area must be kept clean and tidy. The apron immediately surrounding the outside of the house must: a) be kept clean and tidy b) not offer shelter to wild birds or rodents c) be well managed with vegetation, if present, kept short. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 6 August 2016
Environment Brooder management E 4.1 E 4.2 E 4.3 E 4.4 E 4.5 Where whole house brooding is used: a) the target brooding temperature at bird level must be reached before chicks are placed b) the temperature of the house taken in at least three areas of the house at chick head height must be recorded throughout the brooding period. Where spot brooding is used: a) brooders must be lit for a sufficient period of time prior to the placement of chicks which ensures they will not be chilled b) the height of the brooder must be adjustable to ensure that the temperature at the level of the litter is maintained at the optimum level c) there must be temperature zones within the brooder surround, accessible to chicks d) the number of chicks per brooder must be based on the brooder manufacturer s recommendations. Brooding temperature must be closely monitored and adjusted accordingly, throughout the brooding period. The layout of the equipment in the brooding area must be such that chicks can find feeders and drinkers at all times. Regular brooder servicing and maintenance must be carried out to ensure that brooders are working effectively. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 7 August 2016
Environment Floor and litter E 5.1 E 5.2 E 5.3 Pullet house flooring must allow effective cleansing and disinfection, preventing significant build up of parasites and other pathogens. All pullets must have access to litter at all times. All houses must have at least one half of the floor area covered by litter. Where possible, the house floor should be concrete that is well maintained. E 5.4 The litter must: a) be of a suitable material and particle size b) be managed to maintain it in a dry, friable condition (and replaced where necessary) c) be of a sufficient depth for dilution of faeces d) allow birds to dust bathe e) be topped up daily, if necessary, with fresh litter f) be managed hygienically g) be stored in dry, hygienic, rodent-proof premises. Small-particle materials, such as peat and sand, are best able to satisfy a pullet s need to dust bathe. Large-particle materials such as long straw and large-sized woodchip are not able to satisfy this need until they are broken down and friable. Before such a point is reached, additional or alternative friable, small-particle materials are required to be included in the litter provision to satisfy Standard E5.4 a). Well-maintained litter promotes birds physical and behavioural well being and has been shown to help minimise the risk of injurious feather pecking. Consideration of factors to help manage litter condition include drinker design and management, stocking density, nutrition, flock health, air change rate and house environment, litter material and depth. Super absorbent litter, such as pelleted bedding material, can be very effective and is strongly recommended for use in areas of the house that are particularly difficult to manage. Encouraging foraging behaviours from an early age is important in helping prevent the development of injurious pecking behaviour at a later age. Regularly enriching the litter with suitable foraging materials such as wheat, oats or alfalfa (at least every other day) can help to encourage foraging behaviours, both reducing the risk of injurious pecking and helping maintain the friability of the litter. The inclusion of foraging materials within the litter should be discussed with a nutritionist prior to implementation. Liaise with your customer(s) so you can try to match as closely as possible the foraging materials provided at rear with those provided at lay. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 8 August 2016
Environment E 5.5 E 5.6 If slatted areas or mesh floors are provided they must provide: a) adequate support for inspections to be carried out b) sufficient depth for the build up of droppings underneath. Where birds have access to litter through internal popholes, including to a veranda, the following applies: a) the popholes must be provided according to the minimum specification required for birds having access to the range (see E 11.4 to E 11.6) b) where the area within the veranda is included in the calculation of usable area, access must be provided between the house and the veranda at all times, as defined in a). A pophole is defined as an opening of more than 45cm in height and 50cm wide and is intended for the use of birds to access the range or litter. The RSPCA is considering an appropriate maximum distance birds should have to travel to reach the litter from any fixed slatted area present. Litter is very important for pullet behaviours such as scratching and dustbathing, in both barn and free-range systems. Houses should allow the birds to easily move around and use all areas fully. As a guide, to minimise the distance to litter by preventing the house from being too long and narrow, a line of access from the slats to the litter should provide at least 1m per 1200 birds. E 5.7 E 5.8 Where a veranda is present the following must be ensured: a) where the calculated floor area for stocking density incorporates litter on a veranda, the sides of the veranda must consist only of solid material from the ground to at least the top of the height of the pophole b) adequate provisions must be made to prevent the area surrounding the veranda from flooding during wet weather c) the roof must be entirely waterproof. Siting of the house must be considered in order to best be able to maintain and manage litter quality. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 9 August 2016
Environment Lighting Lighting requirements apply to all indoor usable areas, which may include verandas. E 6.1 E 6.2 Daytime lighting levels must allow birds to be easily and clearly inspected without needing to increase the light levels. The lighting system in the pullet house must: a) be designed and maintained in order to give a minimum illumination of 10 lux at pullet head height in the open areas of the house, e.g. over feeders and litter b) only be reduced temporarily, as a last resort, where i. there are signs of an outbreak of injurious pecking or cannibalism, and ii. other solutions to injurious pecking have been employed. The RSPCA believes that birds should be given sufficient light to encourage normal behaviours. Scientific research clearly shows that young chicks have a preference for brighter lit conditions compared with older birds, while older birds prefer different levels of light depending on the activity being performed. When kept under very low levels of light for a prolonged period of time, there is a risk of abnormal development of the eye which can lead to both temporary and permanent blindness. E 6.3 Where spot brooding, during the first few days of rearing sufficient light must be provided to attract chicks to the sources of heat, feeders and drinkers. The lighting pattern during the rearing period should ideally be matched to that at the start of the laying period. If necessary rearers and producers should seek advice on rearing and lighting patterns from an advisory body such as ADAS. E 6.4 Where pullets are reared in a multi-tier environment or any system incorporating raised tiers, artificial light must be switched off in a stepped or gradual process. Dimmer switches may be used to achieve this gradual reduction of light. Work on broiler chickens has led to a recommendation that dimming be carried out over a 30 min period. Turning off sequential rows of lights has been reported, in some cases, to increase the risk of smothering. Where there are signs of stress in birds, producers should consider avoiding exposure to prolonged periods of light (i.e. in excess of 15 hours), to reduce the risk of health and behavioural problems developing. E 6.5 Lighting patterns in all houses must be recorded. Where possible the lighting pattern should be set automatically. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 10 August 2016
Environment Where injurious feather pecking or cannibalism is a problem, or to minimise the risk of a problem, ongoing management techniques (such as increasing environmental enrichment) should be put in place. Lighting levels should be maintained to allow and encourage birds to explore their environment. However, as a last resort in an emergency situation, and with the ongoing use of other possible solutions, lighting levels can be reduced or coloured/painted light bulbs can be used (green has been shown to help). This should only be for a short period of time, to help the birds settle. Lighting should then be increased gradually over a few days and returned to normal levels as soon as possible. More information on injurious pecking can be found at www.featherwel.org, and in the Feather Cover Advice Guide leaflet, which is available from the RSPCA Farm Animals Department. Advice should be sought from the attending veterinary surgeon in relation to these issues. E 6.6 Patches of high intensity light (artificial or natural) must be avoided within a house. Varied lighting within the environment can help to encourage certain desired behaviours to take place, for example by increasing the levels of light over the litter area birds can be encouraged to dustbathe. Also, reducing the lighting levels over the perching area can enable birds to rest. E 6.7 In all housing, adequate lighting, whether fixed or portable, must be available to enable them to be thoroughly inspected at any time. Rearing conditions can determine to a large extent the level of welfare achieved in the laying phase, including hens ability to range. Good ranging is important to help prevent injurious pecking and feather loss. Birds with access to range during the rearing period are more likely to range during the laying period. Further, research suggests that pullets reared with access to natural light show a preference for natural light in the laying period and may therefore range more readily at transition. This may be achieved with provision of windows or, preferably, a veranda or winter garden. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 11 August 2016
Environment Stocking density E 7.1 The following applies to the stocking density of pullets: a) birds must not be stocked at a density any greater than 20kg/m 2 at 16 weeks of age b) it must not be likely to exceed 20kg/m 2 at 16 weeks of age. An adequate amount of space should be provided for each bird and the number of birds placed should be adjusted according to the age at which the birds will be transferred to the laying hen unit to provide sufficient space for older birds. As a guide no more than 20% of the pullets should have liveweights in excess of ±10% of the mean weight. The following guidelines should be used when determining the number of birds/m² to be placed at the rearing site: Age of pullets (weeks) No. of pullets/m 2 15 15 16 14 17 13 18 12 E 7.2 Where double brooding/brood and move is practised birds must: a) at all times have sufficient freedom of movement to perform their full range of normal active behaviours b) have sufficient space to be able to perch or sit quietly without repeated disturbance c) be placed at a stocking rate that will not exceed the following stocking densities at the time of split/ whole house access: Age at split/whole house access 5 weeks 6 weeks 7 weeks Maximum planned stocking density (kg/m 2 ) 12 13 14 d) be in accommodation that meets their final liveweight stocking density (based on the 20kg/m 2 at 16 weeks) by 8 weeks at the latest. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 12 August 2016
Environment Air quality and thermal environment E 8.1 Producers must: a) assess air quality at bird height on a daily basis b) ensure that ventilation systems, natural or forced, maintain air quality to ensure that aerial contaminants do not reach a level, at bird height, at which they are noticeably unpleasant to a human observer. Air quality parameters should be maintained under all foreseeable climatic conditions, below the following levels at bird head height: Ammonia 25ppm Carbon dioxide 5,000ppm Carbon monoxide 50ppm (averaged over an 8 hour period) Inhalable dust 10mg/m 3 (averaged over an 8 hour period) The measurement for relative humidity should be between 50 and 70%. Where practically feasible, air quality parameters, i.e. ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc. should be measured and recorded on a weekly basis. Where a level higher than that specified within the standards is recorded, daily recordings should be made until an acceptable level is achieved and maintained. Where possible, these levels should be automatically recorded. E 8.2 Producers must be able to demonstrate that a thermally comfortable environment is maintained at all times, including adequate heating during the brooding period. Additional heat may be required during cold weather to maintain ventilation rates and air quality. E 8.3 Stock-keepers must: a) have access to a copy of the Defra booklet, Heat Stress in Poultry: Solving the Problem (PB 10543, 2005) (see Appendix 2) b) be familiar with its content c) adopt its recommendations, where appropriate. A minimum ventilation rate of 1.6 x 10-4 m 3 /s per kg 0.75 liveweight is recommended. The maximum ventilation capacity should be sufficient to limit a maximum temperature lift of 3 C. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 13 August 2016
Environment Perches These standards apply to all perching provided in a system, including any alighting rails present, such as in a multi-tier system. E 9.1 For all pullets not destined for a multi-tier laying system, perches must be: a) provided at not less than 1.75cm per pullet b) introduced by 10 days of age at the latest c) positioned to facilitate the movement of pullets underneath. The RSPCA is currently assessing whether a greater perch provision is necessary for birds during the rearing phase. Use of raised perches from an early age can help birds to navigate the more complex environments provided in rear, helping to reduce collisions and the subsequent risk of bone fractures in the laying stage. E 9.2 Perches must be positioned to minimise fouling of any pullets below. The inclusion of perches within the pullet rearing unit promotes bird activity, can help to maintain bone strength, can assist with the birds ability to adapt when they are transferred to the laying hen unit and can assist in the reduction of floor eggs in the laying environment. Evidence shows that pullets are more likely to use the perches if they are included in their environment from a young age. In order to avoid accumulation of droppings and litter quality problems beneath perches, extra litter management may be required in these areas. Extra management and attention may be required due to the potential addition of harbourage sites for red mite. Care should be taken to ensure that perches are cleaned effectively between flocks. The RSPCA will review the requirement for the provision of slatted areas for pullets, in light of any further information, for future inclusion within the standards. Whilst some evidence from scientific research indicates that in terms of the perch shape hens have no preference, other studies have demonstrated that rectangular perches are used more than circular perches, on which birds are unsteady. Foot damage has also been shown to be less in birds provided with rectangular perches than with circular perches. In terms of material, birds have been shown to perch most on slightly rough surfaces (e.g. softwood or vinyl-padded), which give more grip for their feet, and the least on smoother, plastic perches. Whilst hygiene is often better on plastic perches, they have been shown to result in increased incidences of bumble foot compared to welded wire and wooden perches. Aerial perch height should be such that birds are prevented from pecking each other in the vent area and birds are able to move underneath (see E 9.1). In order to achieve this, perches should be raised approximately 25cm above the floor and have a top surface of approximately 4cm in width. RSPCA welfare standards for pullets (laying hens) 14 August 2016