Index. Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

Index Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type. A Abdominal examination, of rabbits, for renal disease, 161 162 Abdominal pain, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 Abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 163 aortic calcification, 166 dystrophic calcification, 165 examination of, 167 hyoid bone calcification, 167 normal, 165 osteosclerosis, 167 tracheobronchial calcification, 166 Abdominal radiography, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 163 Abdominocentesis, in ferrets, for liver disease, 126 Acid-base status, in avian patient, 47 69 African Grey parrots and, point-of-care blood gases and electrolytes assessment, 62 67 discussion on, 63, 66 67 materials and methods for, 62 63 results of, 63 65 indications for, 48 introduction to, 47 i-stat analyzer for, 60 62 in African Grey parrots, 62 67 known data regarding, 54 60 arterial blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, 60 61 arterial blood gases and ph in nonanesthetized birds, 54 55 mist net capture and handling impact on, 60 venous blood gases and electrolytes in red-tailed hawks, 56 57 venous blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, 56 venous blood gases and ph in budgerigars and pigeons, 54 55 venous blood gases in falcons, 56, 58 captive, 58 59 critically ill, 57 58 normal, 58, 60 venous blood gases in parrots, 56 57 meaning of numbers, 47 48 physiology of, 48 49 primary disorders of, 51 compensatory responses to, 52 renal contribution to, 49 Vet Clin Exot Anim 16 (2013) 227 260 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(12)00101-6 vetexotic.theclinics.com 1094-9194/13/$ see front matter ª 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

228 Index Acid-base (continued ) step-by-step approach to, 49 54 anion gap determination, 53 54 BE concept, 51 compensating determination, 51 52 summary of responses in, 52 determination of status, 50 52 electrolytes availability, 53 54 HCO 3 - status determination, 51 oxygenation assessment, on room air, 52 53 on supplemental oxygen, 53 P CO2 STATUS DETERMINATION, 50 ph status determination, 50 sampling, 49 50 arterial vs. venous, 50 venous blood assessment, 50, 54 summary of, 67 in rabbits, case examples of, 183 184 markers for, 180 182 point-of-care blood gas analysis of, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in, 186 187 arterial samples for, 176 178 determination of true, 178 179 reference values for, 178 179 disorders identified with, 187 189 interpretation steps in, 178 186 acid-base disorder markers for, 180 181 acidemia vs. alkalemia identification as, 180 AnGap evaluation as, 184 185 compensatory response evaluation as, 181 184 oxygenation evaluation as, 185 186 reference intervals and points for, 178 179 sampling confirmation as, 178 179 introduction to, 175 176 sample collection for, 176 178 venous samples for, 176 arterial samples vs., 178 179 reference values for, 178 reference ranges for, 168 with renal disease, 150, 168 Acidemia, in rabbits, blood gas identification of, 180 case examples of, 183 184 Acidophils, in reptiles, 13, 16 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Acidosis, in avian patient, 50 compensation of, 51 52 in rabbits, case examples of, 183 184 compensation of, 180 182 disorders of, 187 188 uremic, 184 185 Acute phase proteins (APPs), in protein electrophoresis, 213. See also specific species.

Acute renal failure, in rabbits, 158 159 postrenal, 158 159 prerenal, 158 renal, 158 159 Adaptation, physiologic, in reptiles, as hematology influence, 24 26 Adenocarcinoma, biliary, in ferrets, 139 Adrenal carcinoma, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131 African Grey parrots, acid-base status in, point-of-care blood gases and electrolytes assessment for, 62 67 discussion on, 63, 66 67 materials and methods for, 62 63 results of, 63 65 electrophoresis systems for, 91 92 study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96 97, 105 reference ranges for, 98 103 Air sac infections, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 108 109 Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124, 132, 137, 139 Albumin, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in protein electrophoresis, 212 213. See also specific species. in psittacines, diagnostic value of, 103 104, 106 116 reference ranges for, 102 103 Aleutian disease, in ferrets, 215 hepatitis from, 135 Alkalemia, in rabbits, blood gas identification of, 180 Alkaline phosphatases (ALPs), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 Alkalosis, in avian patient, 50 compensation of, 51 52 in rabbits, compensation of, 180 182 disorders of, 188 189 Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, in blood gas analysis, of rabbits, 186 187 Amazon parrots, acid-base status in, arterial blood gas and ph data, 60 61 venous blood gas and ph data, 56 protein electrophoresis in, 219, 221 222 study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, chemistry reference values for, 96, 100 101 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 hematology reference values for, 96, 100 101 reference ranges for, 98 103 Amazona aestiva, protein electrophoresis in, 221 Amazona ochrocephala, protein electrophoresis in, 219 Ammonia, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 in rabbits, with renal disease, 150 Amylase, in psittacines, 88, 93 Anemia, in ferrets, regenerative vs. nonregenerative, 216 in psittacines, 79 regenerative vs. nonregenerative, 79 80 in rabbits, with renal disease, 166 Index 229

230 Index Anemia (continued) in reptiles, 25, 27 regenerative vs. nonregenerative, 27 29 Anion gap (AnGap), in acid-base status, 53, 184. See also Electrolytes. of avian patient, 53 54 of rabbits, 184 185 Anisocytosis, in psittacines, 77 78 in reptiles, 11 12, 27 28 Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, protein electrophoresis in, 219 Anorexia, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 Anticoagulant, for blood samples, blood gas analysis and, 176 in psittacines, 74 in reptiles, 2 3 in protein electrophoresis, 212 Anuclear erythrocytes, in psittacines, 78 Aortic calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 166 Apicomplexa, subclass Coccidiasina, in reptiles, 19 24 Appetite, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 Arterial blood analysis, in ph balance. See Acid-base status. Arterial samples/sampling, for blood gas analysis, in rabbits, 176 178 determination of true, 178 179 reference values for, 178 179 Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124, 134, 137 in psittacines, 88, 90, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 103, 106 116 Atoxoplasmosis, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 42 44 Autopsy. See Postmortem examination. Autumn season, chinchilla sexual hormone fluctuation during, 200 204 average fecal progesterone during, 203 colpocytology and, 202 203 of fecal estrogens, 201 of fecal progesterone, 201 spring season vs., 200 Avian patient, acid-base status in, 47 69 African Grey parrots and, point-of-care blood gases and electrolytes assessment, 62 67 discussion on, 63, 66 67 materials and methods for, 62 63 results of, 63 65 indications for, 48 introduction to, 47 i-stat analyzer for, 60 62 in African Grey parrots, 62 67 known data regarding, 54 60 arterial blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, 60 61 arterial blood gases and ph in nonanesthetized birds, 54 55 mist net capture and handling impact on, 60 venous blood gases and electrolytes in red-tailed hawks, 56 57 venous blood gases and ph in Amazon parrots, 56 venous blood gases and ph in budgerigars and pigeons, 54 55

Index 231 venous blood gases in falcons, 56, 58 captive, 58 59 critically ill, 57 58 normal, 58, 60 venous blood gases in parrots, 56 57 meaning of numbers, 47 48 physiology of, 48 49 primary disorders of, 51 compensatory responses to, 52 renal contribution to, 49 step-by-step approach to, 49 54 anion gap determination, 53 54 BE concept, 51 compensating determination, 51 52 summary of responses in, 52 determination of status, 50 52 electrolytes availability, 53 54 HCO 3 - status determination, 51 oxygenation assessment, on room air, 52 53 on supplemental oxygen, 53 P CO2 STATUS DETERMINATION, 50 ph status determination, 50 sampling, 49 50 arterial vs. venous, 50 venous blood assessment, 50, 54 summary of, 67 canaries as clinical and laboratory practices in, 31 46. See also Canaries and true finches. finches as, clinical and laboratory practices in, 31 46. See also Canaries and true finches. psittacine species as, blood analysis and clinical diagnosis study in, 71 120. See also Psittacines. Avian pox, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 38 histopathology of, 43 Azurophils, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 B Bacterial contamination, of blood samples, from psittacines, 74 Bacterial hepatitis, in ferrets, 133 Bacterial infections, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 37 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 108 109 Bacteriologic tests, prebreeding, for canaries and true finches, 40 41 field test on, 41 42 Base excess, in acid-base status. See BE ecf. Basophils, in psittacines, 81, 83, 97 in reptiles, 13, 16 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28

232 Index Beak disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 115 BE ecf, in acid-base status, of avian patient, 48, 51 of rabbits, 180 182 AnGap and, 185 Behavioral disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 113, 115 Bicarbonate (HCO 3 -), in acid-base status. See HCO 3 - concentration. Bile acids, in ferrets, liver physiology of, 122 with liver disease, 124 in psittacines, 90, 93 Bile duct obstruction, extra-hepatic, in ferrets, 137 138 diagnosis of, 122, 125, 127, 129, 131 Biliary adenocarcinoma, in ferrets, 139 Biliary cystadenoma, in ferrets, 127, 131, 138 Biliary sludge, in ferrets, with liver disease, 129 Biliary tract, in ferrets, with liver disease, 136 137 diagnosis of, 127, 129 131. See also specific pathology. Bilirubin, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 in psittacines, 90 Bilirubinuria, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 Biliverdin, in psittacines, 90 Biliverdinuria, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 Biochemical profiles. See also Electrolyte entries. in canaries and true finches, 33 in ferrets, with liver disease, 123 125 in psittacines, 71 120. See also Psittacines. blood sampling for, 72 74 diagnostic value of parameter changes in, discussion on, 97, 103 104, 106 107, 114 116 results of, 96, 105 106, 108 113 study materials and methods for, 92, 94 96 measurement and results of, 86 92 reference values for, 96, 98 103 in rabbits, with renal disease, 164, 166 conversion factors for, 169 reference ranges for, 168 Birds. See Psittacines. Birds of prey. See Falcons. Blood collection, for protein electrophoresis, 211 212 in avian patient, canaries and true finches, 33, 37 for acid-base status, 49 50 arterial vs. venous, 50 psittacines, 72 74 in rabbits, for point-of-care analysis, 176 178. See also Arterial samples/sampling; Venous samples/sampling. in reptiles, as leukogram influence, 25 26 for hematology, 2 5 venipuncture sites used in, 3 5, 25

Blood gas analysis. See also Acid-base status. in avian patient, 47 69 African Grey parrots as, 62 67 introduction to, 47 48 i-stat analyzer for, 60 62 known data regarding, 54 61 step-by-step approach to, 49 54 in rabbits, 175 195 acid-base disorders identified with, 187 189 alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in, 186 187 arterial samples for, 176 178 determination of true, 178 179 reference values for, 178 179 electrolyte analysis and, 189 191 chloride in, 185, 188, 190 191 ionized calcium in, 191 potassium in, 191 sodium in, 184 185, 189 190 hemoglobin and, 192 interpretation steps in, 178 186 acid-base disorder markers for, 180 181 acidemia vs. alkalemia identification as, 180 AnGap evaluation as, 184 185 compensatory response evaluation as, 181 184 oxygenation evaluation as, 185 186 reference intervals and points for, 178 179 sampling confirmation as, 178 179 introduction to, 175 176 i-stat analyzer for, 176 178, 180 181, 192 packed cell volume and, 192 sample collection for, 176 178 venous samples for, 176 arterial samples vs., 178 179 reference values for, 178 point-of-care, in African Grey parrots, 62 67 in rabbits, 175 195 Blood oxygen (CaO 2 ) content, in acid-base status, 185 Blood smears, for psittacines, preparation of, 74 for reptilian species, collection of, 3 preparation of, 8 10 Blood volume. See Total blood volume. Breeding, of canaries and true finches, laboratory procedure indications for, 39 42. See also Flock testing. of chinchillas, sexual hormone fluctuations and, 200 206 collection of fecal material, 201 execution of vaginal smear, 201 202 in autumn season, 201 204 in spring season, 203 205 of estrogens, 200 201 of progesterone, 200 206 Bubo bubo, protein electrophoresis in, 221 Index 233

234 Index Budgerigars, biochemical profiles of, 93 venous blood gases and ph in, 54 55 C Cacatua moluccensis, protein electrophoresis in, 220 Cachexia, in rabbits, with renal disease, 161 162 Calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disease, aortic, 166 dystrophic, 165 hyoid bone, 167 tracheobronchial, 166 Calcification of kidney, in rabbits, causes of, 154 155 with renal disease, 153 154 Calcium, in acid-base status, of African Grey parrots, 63, 66 67 in psittacines, 89, 93 in rabbits, blood pathology of, 164 dietary, calcification of kidney with, 155 nephrolithiasis related to, 156 ionized, acid-base status and, 191 with renal disease, 150 151, 171 Campylobacter spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 133 Canaries and true finches, breeding of, laboratory procedure indications for, 39 42. See also Flock testing. clinical procedures for, 31 46 cytology as, 34 39 bacterial infections and, 37 candidiasis and, 37 diagnostic effectiveness of, 36 37 epithelial tumors and, 39 feather cysts and, 37 39 inflammation and, 35 36 neoplasms and, 35, 38 39 pox and, 38 principles of, 36 uropygial gland and, 38 utility of, 34 35 examinations in clinic as, 32 37 blood sampling in, 33, 37 cloacal swab sampling in, 32, 35 of external parasites, microscopic imaging in, 33, 36 37 of fecal parasites, microscopic imaging in, 32 34 of feces, 32 33 of gastrointestinal flora, microscopic imaging in, 32, 35 physical, 32 postmortem, 32, 36 imaging as, 33 34 introduction to, 31 32 laboratory practices vs., 39 45

laboratory procedures for, 31 46 breeding as indication for, 39 40 clinical practices vs., 32 34 cytology as, 34 39 excrement specimens in, 40 41 introduction to, 31 32 pathogen-specific tests in, 40 41 prebreeding check scheme in, 40 41 adults protocol for, 42 field trial results, 41 42 most common diseases isolated by, 42 45 nestlings protocol for, 42 Candidiasis, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 37 Capillaria sp., in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32, 34 Capture, of avian patient, impact on acid-base status, 60 Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), in acid-base status. See P CO2 status. Carbonic anhydrase, in rabbits, with renal disease, 150 Carcinoma, hepatic, in ferrets, 138 139 metastatic, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131 Cardiorespiratory disease, in rabbits, with renal disease, 162 Cations, in acid-base status. See Anion gap (AnGap). Cell-Dyn 3500 hematology system, 75 76, 95 Centrifugation, in protein electrophoresis, 211 212 Chemistries, clinical. See Biochemical profiles. Chicken, protein electrophoresis in, 218 219 Chinchillas, protein electrophoresis in, 218 sexual hormone fluctuation in, 197 209 during autumn season, 200 204 average fecal progesterone during, 203 colpocytology and, 202 203 of fecal estrogens, 201 of fecal progesterone, 201 spring season vs., 200 during spring season, 203 206 autumn season vs., 200 average fecal progesterone during, 204 colpocytology and, 204 206 of fecal progesterone, 202 at cytologic estrus, 204 205 cyclic tendency of, 205 206 fecal values and intensive breeding, 200 206 collection of fecal material, 201 execution of vaginal smear, 201 202 in autumn season, 201 204 in spring season, 203 205 of estrogens, 200 201 of progesterone, 200 206 introduction to, 197 reproductive physiology and, 198 200 estrous cycle in, 198 199 Index 235

236 Index Chinchillas (continued) mating in, 199 200 pregnancy in, 200 sexual maturity in, 198 summary of, 206 207 Chlamydophila sp., in canaries and true finches, blood samples for, 33 prebreeding isolation of, 45 in psittacines, 92 93 hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 108 109 Chloride, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 185, 188 analysis of, 190 191 Cholecystitis, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 129, 136 137 Cholesterol, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 in psittacines, 90, 93 Chronic renal failure (CRF), in rabbits, 159 160 advanced stages of, 160 calcification of kidney with, 154 155 causes of, 159, 161, 164, 166 167 early stages of, 160 end-stage, 155, 160 161 Cirrhosis, in ferrets, cytology of, 131 imaging of, 127 inflammatory process of, 130 Clinical chemistry. See Biochemical profiles. Clinical examinations, of canaries and true finches, 32 37. See also Examinations in clinic. of rabbits, for renal disease, 160 163 Clinical laboratory practice. See Laboratory procedures. Clinical procedures, for canaries and true finches, 31 46. See also Canaries and true finches. cytology as, 34 39 examinations in clinic as, 32 37 imaging as, 33 34 introduction to, 31 32 laboratory practices vs., 39 45. See also Laboratory procedures. Cloacal disease, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 110 111 Cloacal swab sampling, in canaries and true finches, 32, 35 Coagulation protein, in blood samples. See Anticoagulant. in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 Coccidiasina subclass, of Apicomplexa, in reptiles, 19 24 Coccidiosis, in ferrets, 138 Cockatiels, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 reference ranges for, 98 103 Cockatoos, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 97, 105 reference ranges for, 98 103 Collecting duct, in rabbits, physiology of, 145 147 Collection tubes, for blood samples, of psittacines, 73 74 Colorimetric methods, for biochemical profiles, 96

Index 237 Colpocytology, in chinchillas, during autumn season, 202 203 during spring season, 204 206 execution of vaginal smear for, 201 202 Compensatory response, to acid-base disorders, in avian patient, 51 52 in rabbits, 181 184 Complete blood count (CBC), in psittacines, 93 Computed tomography, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, 34 Congenital defects, in rabbits, with renal disease, 151 Conures, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 reference ranges for, 98 103 Copper toxicosis, in ferrets, 135 Corneal dystrophy, in rabbits, with renal disease, 162 Coronaviruses, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 135 Cortex, renal, in rabbits, 146, 148 149 CPK, in psittacines, 88, 90 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 106 116 Creatinine, in psittacines, 87, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 103, 106 116 Cryptococcus spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 Crystalloid fluids, for rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Cystadenoma, biliary, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131, 138 Cysts, feather, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 37 39 hepatic, in ferret, 138 with chronic hepatitis, 128 Cytologic estrus, in chinchillas, execution of vaginal smear for, 201 202 spring season and, 204 206 Cytology, in canaries and true finches, 34 39 bacterial infections and, 37 candidiasis and, 37 diagnostic effectiveness of, 36 37 epithelial tumors and, 39 feather cysts and, 37 39 inflammation and, 35 36 neoplasms and, 35, 38 39 pox and, 38 principles of, 36 uropygial gland and, 38 utility of, 34 35 in ferrets, with liver disease, 128, 131 Cytoplasm, in psittacines, 83 84, 86 Cytoplasmic inclusions, of red blood cells, in reptiles, 13, 15 D Diabetes mellitus, in psittacines, 91 Diestrus/metaestrus, in chinchillas, during autumn season, 202 203 Dietary calcium, in rabbits, calcification of kidney with, 155 nephrolithiasis related to, 156 Diet/dietary disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 113, 115

238 Index Diet/dietary (continued) in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 189 calcification of kidney with, 155 Diff Quick stain, in prebreeding check, of canaries and true finches, 42 44 Differential leukocyte count, in psittacines, 82 83 in reptiles, 6 Diseases, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96 97, 103 105 Distemper, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 Dystrophic calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 165 E Echogenicity, of liver parenchyma, in ferrets, with liver disease, 126 131 Effusion, peritoneal, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 126 Egg yolk peritonitis, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 36 37 Electrolyte analysis, point-of-care, in African Grey parrots, 62 67 in rabbits, 175 195, 185, 188 191 blood gas analysis and, 175 187, 192 Electrolytes, in acid-base status, of avian patient, 53 54 African Grey parrots, 62 67 red-tailed hawks, 56 57 in psittacines, 89 90, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96 97, 106 116 in rabbits, blood gas analysis and, 175 187, 192 point-of-care analysis of, 185, 188 191 Electrophoresis. See Protein electrophoresis. Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection, in rabbits, with renal disease, 152 154 clinical pathology of, 167, 169, 215 End-stage chronic renal failure, in rabbits, 155, 160 161 Enteritis, in ferrets, protein electrophoresis of, 216 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 110 111 Enterobacteria, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 40 41 Enzymes, liver and muscle tissue, in psittacine chemistries, 87 Eosinophil system, Unopette, for psittacines, 76 Eosinophils, in psittacines, abnormal, 85 86 normal, 81, 83 in reptiles, 13, 16 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Epithelial tumors, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 39 Erthrypoietin, in renal function, of rabbits, 147 Erythrocyte counts. See Red blood cell (RBC) counts. Erythrocytes. See Red blood cells (RBCs). Erythrocytosis, in psittacines, 79 in reptiles, 29 Erythroplastids, in reptiles, 11 12 Estrogens, fecal, in chinchillas, 200 201 during autumn season, 201 Estrous cycle, in chinchillas, physiology of, 198 199

Index 239 Estrus, in chinchillas, 198 199 cytologic, during spring season, 204 206 execution of vaginal smear for, 201 202 during autumn season, 202 203 Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), for blood samples, in reptiles, 2 3 Examinations in clinic, for canaries and true finches, 32 37 blood sampling in, 33, 37 cloacal swab sampling in, 32, 35 of external parasites, microscopic imaging in, 33, 36 37 of fecal parasites, microscopic imaging in, 32 34 of feces, 32 33 of gastrointestinal flora, microscopic imaging in, 32, 35 physical, 32 postmortem, 32, 36 Excrement specimens. See Feces examinations. Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction (EHBO), in ferrets, 137 138 diagnosis of, 122, 125, 127, 129, 131 Extrinsic factors, of leukogram, in reptiles, 24 26 F Falco jugger, protein electrophoresis in, 223 Falcons, acid-base status in, venous blood gases for, 56, 58 captive, 58 59 critically ill, 57 58 normal, 58, 60 protein electrophoresis in, 222 223 Fatty infiltration of kidney, in rabbits, with renal disease, 152 Feather cysts, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 37 39 Feather disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 115 Fecal hormone values, in chinchillas breeding, 200 206 collection of fecal material, 201 execution of vaginal smear, 201 202 in autumn season, 201 204 in spring season, 203 205 of estrogens, 200 201 of progesterone, 200 206 Feces examinations, for canaries and true finches, by concentration and flotation, 32 33 by microscopic imaging of protozoa, 32 34 in prebreeding check scheme, 40 41 Female chinchillas, in estrus, 198 199 Ferrets, domestic, liver disease in, 121 144 anatomy of, 122 cirrhosis as, 127, 130 131 clinical pathology of, 123 126 biochemistry in, 123 125 hematology in, 125 peritoneal effusion in, 125 126 urinalysis in, 125

240 Index Ferrets (continued ) clinical signs of, 122 123 copper toxicosis as, 135 cytology of, 128, 131 diagnostic imaging of, 126 131 normal appearance in, 126 pathologic findings in, 126 131 hepatic lipidosis as, 127, 135 136 hepatitis as, acute, 127 cytology of, 128, 131 chronic, 127 128 infectious, 133 135 inflammatory process of, 129 130, 132 133 lymphocytic, 130, 132 suppurative, 132 133 toxic, 135 vacuolar, 127, 136 histopathology of, 128 history findings with, 122 inflammatory, 129 130, 132 135 introduction to, 121 neoplasms as, 138 140 diagnosis of, 127, 130 131 physiology of, 122 signalment and, 122 123 summary of, 140 vacuolar hepatopathy as, 127, 136 protein electrophoresis in, 215 217 for liver disease, 125 Finches, true, breeding of, laboratory procedure indications for, 39 42 clinical and laboratory practices for, 31 46. See also Canaries and true finches. Flagellates, family Trypanosomatidae, in reptiles, 23 24 Flock testing, for breeding, of canaries and true finches, adults protocol for, 42 field trial results, 41 42 indications for, 39 40 laboratory tests for, 40 41 most common diseases isolated by, 42 45 nestlings protocol for, 42 Fluid therapy, for rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Foreign bodies, gizzard, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 113, 115 Fungal hepatitis, in ferrets, 134 Fungal infections, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 108 109 G Gallbladder, in ferrets, anatomy of, 122 imaging of, 126 127, 129 131 inflammation of, 127, 129, 136 137 obstruction of, 127

Index 241 rupture of, 122 stones in, 127, 129 Gastrointestinal disease, in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Gastrointestinal flora, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32, 35 prebreeding isolation of, 40 41 g-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), in ferrets, with liver disease, 124 Gizzard foreign bodies, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 113, 115 Globulins, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in protein electrophoresis, 212 214. See also specific species. in psittacines, diagnostic value of, 103 104, 106 116 reference ranges for, 102 103 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in psittacines, 87 in rabbits, 148 149 Glomerulus(i), in rabbits, 145 146, 148 149 Glucose, in African Grey parrots, acid-base status and, 64 66 in psittacines, 90 91, 93 Granulocytes, in psittacines, 95 in reptiles, 13, 16 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 27 28 Guinea pig, protein electrophoresis in, 217 218 H Handling, of avian patient, impact on acid-base status, 60 HCO 3 - concentration, in acid-base status, 48 49, 51 of rabbits, 180 182 AnGap and, 184 185 with renal disease, 150 Heart disease, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 110 111, 114 Helicobacter spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 133 Hemacytometer, in psittacines hematology, 75 76 Hemangiosarcoma, in ferrets, 139 Hematocrit (Hct). See also Packed cell volume (PCV); Red blood cell (RBC) counts. in acid-base status, 48, 61 of African Grey parrots, 63 65 in psittacines, 75 diagnostic value of parameter changes 106 116, 75 Hematology, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in psittacines, 71 120. See also Psittacines. blood sampling for, 72 74 diagnostic value of parameter changes in, discussion on, 97, 103 104, 106 107, 114 116 results of, 96, 105 106, 108 113 study materials and methods for, 92, 94 96 measurement and results of, 75 86 reference values for, 96, 98 103

242 Index Hematology (continued ) in rabbits, i-stat analysis of, 192 with renal disease, 166 reference ranges for, 168 in reptilian species, 1 30. See also Reptiles. introduction to, 1 2 methods of, 6 10 parameters for, 6 7 qualitative sample evaluation of, 10 24 cell evaluation in, 10 18 hemoparasites in, 18 24 quantitative sample evaluation of, 24 29 influencing factors in, intrinsic vs. extrinsic, 24 26 red blood cells in, 25, 27 29 thrombocytes in, 29 white blood cells in, 28 29 sample collection for, 2 5 summary of, 29 venipuncture sites used in, 3 5, 25 Hemic cell counts, in psittacines, 75 76 diagnostic value of parameter changes 106 116, 75 76, 115 116 Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, in acid-base status, 60 61 of African Grey parrots, 63 65 in psittacines, 75, 78 in rabbits, i-stat analysis of, 192 in reptiles, 6 oxygen binding to. See Oxygenation (SatO 2 ) saturation. Hemogregarines, in reptiles, 20 21, 23 Hemoparasites, in reptiles, 18 24 Apicomplexa, subclass Coccidiasina as, 19 24 flagellates, family Trypanosomatidae as, 23 24 hemogregarines as, 20 21, 23 intestinal species as, 23 lainsonia as, 22 leishmania as, 24 microfilaria as, 24 morphologic description and localization of, 19, 21 overview of, 18 19 piroplasmodids as, 22 plasmodids as, 21 22 schellackia as, 22 Heparin, impact on blood samples, in psittacines, 74 Hepatic carcinoma, in ferrets, 138 139 Hepatic congestion, in ferrets, with liver disease, 127, 131 Hepatic cyst, in ferret, 138 with chronic hepatitis, 128 Hepatic disease. See Liver disorders. Hepatic lipidosis, in ferrets, 127, 135 136 Hepatic metastasis, in ferrets, with liver disease, 140

Index 243 Hepatic vein, in ferret, congestion of, 127 128 with chronic hepatitis, 127 128 Hepatitis, in ferrets, acute, 127 cytology of, 128, 131 chronic, 127 128 infectious, 133 135 inflammatory process of, 129 130, 132 133 lymphocytic, 130, 132 suppurative, 132 133 toxic, 135 vacuolar, 127, 136 Hepatitis E, in ferrets, 135 Hepatocellular carcinoma, in ferrets, 138 139 Hepatoma, in ferrets, 138 Heterophils, in psittacines, abnormal, 84 85, 97, 103 eosinophils vs., 83 normal, 80 81 toxic, 80 81, 83, 85 in reptiles, 14, 16, 18 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 toxic changes of, 15, 19 Heteroxenous life cycle, of Trypanosomatidae, 23 24 Histopathology, in ferrets, with liver disease, 128 white blood cells (WBCs), heparin impact on, in blood samples, 74 Hormonal activity, in renal function, of rabbits, 146 147 parathyroid. See Parathyroid hormone (PTH). sexual, in chinchillas, 197 209. See also Sexual hormone fluctuation. Human urethral swab, in canaries and true finches, 32, 35 Hyalurolan, in rabbits, nephrolithiasis related to, 156 157 Hydronephrosis, in rabbits, 163 renal failure related to, 158 159 Hydrostatic pressure, in kidney, of rabbits, 148 149 Hyoid bone calcification, in abdominal radiographs, of rabbits, with renal disorders, 167 Hypochromasia, in psittacines, 79 Hystricomorph rodents, protein electrophoresis in, 217 218 I Icterus, in ferrets, 122 123, 130 Iguana, protein electrophoresis in, 223 224 Imaging, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, 33 34 of renal disorders, in rabbits, 153, 163 164 Immunoglobulins, in protein electrophoresis, 213 214. See also specific species. Infarct, kidney, in rabbits, acute renal failure with, 158 159 Infections, in ferrets, protein electrophoresis of, 216 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 97, 103 105 diagnostic significance of, 108 109 in rabbits, protein electrophoresis of, 215 with renal disease, 152 153

244 Index Infections (continued) in reptiles, leukocytosis associated with, 27 28 thrombocytopenia associated with, 29 Infectious hepatitis, in ferrets, 133 135 bacterial, 133 fungal, 134 parasitic, 133 134 viral, 134 135 Inflammation, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 35 36 in psittacines, 116 in reptiles, leukocytosis associated with, 27 28 Inflammatory liver disease. See also Cholecystitis; Cirrhosis; Hepatitis. in ferrets, 129 130, 132 135 Influenza, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 Inorganic phosphorus, in rabbits, with renal disease, 166 Inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ), in acid-base status, 185 186 Intestinal hemoparasites, in reptiles, 23 Intravenous pyelography, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 163 164 Intrinsic factors, of leukogram, in reptiles, 24 26 Ionized calcium, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 191 Isopora sp., in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32 33 i-stat analyzer, for acid-base status, in avian patient, 60 62 in African Grey parrots, 62 67 for blood gas analysis, in rabbits, 176 178, 180 181 for hematology, in rabbits, 192 J Jaundice, in ferrets, with liver disease, 122 123, 130 Jugular vein, as venipuncture site, in canaries and true finches, 33, 37 in psittacines, 73 K Kidney anatomy/structure, in rabbits, circulatory, 145 146, 148 gross, 147 148 physiological, 147 148 Kidney disease. See Renal disease. Kidney infarct, in rabbits, acute renal failure with, 158 159 Kidney stones, in rabbits, 155 158, 163 L Laboratory procedures, electrophoresis as. See Protein electrophoresis. for acid-base analysis. See Acid-base status; Blood gas analysis. for canaries and true finches, 31 46 breeding as indication for, 39 40 clinical practices vs., 32 34. See also Clinical procedures. cytology as, 34 39 excrement specimens in, 40 41 introduction to, 31 32

pathogen-specific tests in, 40 41 prebreeding check scheme in, 40 41 adults protocol for, 42 field trial on, 41 42 most common diseases isolated by, 42 45 nestlings protocol for, 42 for chemistries. See Biochemical profiles. for ferrets, with liver disease, 123 126 for hematology. See Hematology. for rabbits, with renal disease, 164, 166 171 conversion factors for, 169 reference ranges for, 168 169 significant parameters for, 170 for reptilian species, hematology in, 1 30. See also Reptiles. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), in psittacines, 88, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 103, 106 116 Lactate level, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 184 Lainsonia, in reptiles, 22 Leishmania, in reptiles, 24 Leukocyte counts. See White blood cell (WBC) counts. Leukocytes. See White blood cells (WBCs). Leukocytosis, in psittacines, 84 86, 97, 103 in reptiles, 27 29 Leukogram, in reptiles, intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 24 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 27 29 Leukopenia, in psittacines, 85 86 Lice, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 33, 36 37 Lipidosis, hepatic, in ferrets, 127, 135 136 Listeriosis, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 41, 44 45 Liver, anatomy and physiology, in ferrets, 122 Liver disorders, in ferrets, 121 144 anatomy of, 122 cirrhosis as, 127, 130 131 clinical pathology of, 123 126 biochemistry in, 123 125 hematology in, 125 peritoneal effusion in, 125 126 urinalysis in, 125 clinical signs of, 122 123 copper toxicosis as, 135 cytology of, 128, 131 diagnostic imaging of, 126 131 normal appearance in, 126 pathologic findings in, 126 131 hepatic lipidosis as, 127, 135 136 hepatitis as, acute, 127 cytology of, 128, 131 chronic, 127 128 infectious, 133 135 inflammatory process of, 129 130, 132 133 lymphocytic, 130, 132 Index 245

246 Index Liver (continued ) suppurative, 132 133 toxic, 135 vacuolar, 127, 136 histopathology of, 128 history findings with, 122 inflammatory, 129 130, 132 135 introduction to, 121 neoplasms as, 138 140 diagnosis of, 127, 130 131 physiology of, 122 protein electrophoresis of, 216 summary of, 140 vacuolar hepatopathy as, 127, 136 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 110 111, 114 leukocytosis associated with, in reptiles, 27 28 Liver enzymes, in ferrets, with liver disease, 124, 132, 134, 137 in psittacines, 88, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 103 Liver parenchyma, in ferrets, with liver disease, echogenicity of, 126 131 Liver pathology, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 42 44 Locomotor problems, in rabbits, with renal disease, 162 Lungs, oxygen loading in, 185 186 Lymph, in hematology samples, of reptilian species, 3 Lymphocytes, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 in psittacines, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Lymphocytic hepatitis, in ferrets, 130, 132 Lymphoma, hepatic, in ferrets, 131, 139 140 renal, in rabbits, 151 152 M Macaws, study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, 93 chemistry reference values for, 96, 100 101 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 97, 105 hematology reference values for, 96, 100 101 reference ranges for, 98 103 Macrohabdus ornithogaster, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32, 35 prebreeding isolation of, 42 Magnetic resonance imaging, in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, 34 Male chinchillas, penis of, 199 200 Manual cell-counting, in hematology, for reptilian species, 8 9 Masses. See Tumors. Mating. See also Breeding. in chinchillas, physiology of, 199 200 MCH concentration (MCHC), in psittacines, 79 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), in psittacines, 79

Index 247 Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), in psittacines, 79 in reptiles, 6, 26, 28 Medulla, renal, in rabbits, 148 149 Metabolic acidosis, in avian patient, 51 52 in rabbits, 180 182 primary, 187 188 Metabolic activities, in renal function, 145 146 Metabolic alkalosis, in avian patient, 51 52 in rabbits, 180 182 compensated, 188 189 primary, 188 Metabolites, in acid-base status, of African Grey parrots, 64 66 in psittacines, 90 92 Metaestrus/diestrus, in chinchillas, during autumn season, 202 203 Metastatic carcinoma, in ferrets, with liver disease, adrenal, 127, 131 hepatic, 140 Microfilaria, in reptiles, 24 Microhematocrit centrifugation, in hematology, for reptilian species, 6 7 qualitative aspects of, 10 in protein electrophoresis, 212 Mist net capture, of avian patient, impact on acid-base status, 60 Mites, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 33, 36 Mitosis, erythrocyte, in psittacines, 78 in reptiles, 11 12 Monocytes, in psittacines, abnormal, 85, 97, 103 normal, 82 83 in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Mononuclear WBCs, in reptiles, 13, 17 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 26 pathologic conditions affecting, 27 28 Muscle tissue enzymes, in psittacines, 88, 93 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 96, 103 Mycobacterium spp., in ferrets, hepatitis from, 133 Myopsitta monachus, protein electrophoresis in, 220 N Natt and Herrick solution, for leukocyte count, in reptiles, 7, 9 Necrotic infections, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 43 44 Needles, for blood samples, of psittacines, 73 Neoplasms. See also Tumors. in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 35, 38 39 in ferrets, with liver disease, 138 140 diagnosis of, 127, 130 131 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96, 104 105, 116 in rabbits, with renal disease, 151 152 Nephrocalcinosis, in rabbits, 153 154 causes of, 154 155

248 Index Nephrolithiasis, in rabbits, 155 158, 163 Nephrons, in rabbits, 145 146, 148 149 Neubauer hemocytometer, 8 Neurologic disorders, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96, 104 105, 114 Nitrogenous waste products, in psittacines, 86 87 O Oliguria, in rabbits, with renal disease, 160 Organic-related diseases, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 110 111, 114 Organ-specific chemistry profiles, in psittacines, 92 93 Osteomalacia. See also Calcium. in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 96 97, 114 Osteosclerosis, in rabbits, with renal disease, 160 161 abdominal radiographs of, 167 Oxygen, inspired, in acid-base status, 185 186 Oxygen content, of blood, in acid-base status, 185 Oxygen dissociation curve, 48 Oxygen gradient, alveolar-arterial, of rabbits, 186 187 Oxygen loading, in lungs, 185 186 Oxygenation (SatO 2 ) saturation, in acid-base status, CaO 2 vs., 185 of avian patient, 48 African Grey parrots, 67 on room air, 52 53 on supplemental oxygen, 53 of rabbits, 185 186 on supplemental oxygen, 186 P Packed cell volume (PCV). See also Hematocrit (Hct). in psittacines, 75, 78 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 94, 97, 116 in rabbits, i-stat analysis of, 192 in reptiles, 6 7 pathologic conditions affecting, 25, 27 Paramyxovirus sp., in canaries and true finches, blood samples for, 33 Parasites, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, external, 33, 36 37 fecal, 32 33 prebreeding isolation of, 40 42, 45 in ferrets, coccidiosis from, 138 hepatitis from, 133 134 in reptiles, vascular system, 18 24. See also Hemoparasites. Parasitic hepatitis, in ferrets, 133 134 Parasitologic examinations, prebreeding, for canaries and true finches, 40 41, 45 field test on, 41 42 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), in rabbits, ionized calcium and, 191 renal function and, 146 147 Parenchyma, liver, in ferrets, echogenicity of, 126 131 renal, in rabbits, 148, 153

Parrots. See also specific species. acid-base status in, arterial blood gas and ph data, 60 61 i-stat analyzer for, 62 67 venous blood gas and ph data, 56 venous blood gas data, 56 57 biochemical profiles of, 86 93 electrophoresis systems for, 91 92 hematology analysis in, 75 76 study of parameter changes in blood analysis of, chemistry reference values for, 96, 100 101 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 105 hematology reference values for, 96, 100 101 reference ranges for, 98 103 Pathogen-specific tests, for canaries and true finches, in prebreeding check scheme, 40 41 P CO2 STATUS, IN ACID-BASE STATUS, OF AVIAN PATIENT, 48 49 normal vs. abnormal, 50 51 of rabbits, 180, 182 Pediatric pathologies, in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 112 113 Penile ring, for male chinchillas, 199 200 Penis, of male chinchillas, 199 Peritoneal effusion, in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 126 Peritonitis, egg yolk, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 36 37 P/F ratio, in acid-base status, 185 186 ph status, in acid-base status, of avian patient, 48, 50 African Grey parrots, 66 of urine, in rabbits, with renal disease, 169 170 Phloxine B solution, for leukocyte count, in reptiles, 7, 9 Phosphorus, in psittacines, 90, 93 in rabbits, with renal disease, calcification of kidney, 155 inorganic, 166 Physical examination, of canaries and true finches, 32 Physiologic adaptation, in reptiles, as hematology influence, 24 26 Pigeons, venous blood gases and ph in, 54 55 Piroplasmodids, in reptiles, 22 Plasma cells, in reptiles, 13, 17 pathologic conditions affecting, 28 Plasma proteins, in protein electrophoresis, 212. See also Protein electrophoresis. different fractions in circulating, 213 214 in psittacines, 91, 96 Plasma samples, for clinical chemistry, in psittacines, 86 Plasmodiosis, in canaries and true finches, prebreeding isolation of, 43 in reptiles, 21 22 Pneumocystis carinii, in ferrets, hepatitis from, 134 PO 2, in acid-base status, 185 Pogona vitticeps, protein electrophoresis in, 224 Poikilocytosis, in psittacines, 78 in reptiles, 11 12 Point-of-care blood gas and electrolyte analysis, in African Grey parrots, 62 67 in rabbits, 175 195. See also Rabbits. Index 249

250 Index Polychromasia, in psittacines, 77, 83 84 in reptiles, 11 12 Polycythemia, in psittacines, 79 in reptiles, 29 Polydypsia/polyuria, in rabbits, with renal disease, 160 Polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), in prebreeding check scheme, for canaries and true finches, 40, 42 43, 45 in psittacine blood analysis, 116 Postmortem examination, of canaries and true finches, 32, 36 of rabbits, for nephrocalcinosis, 153 154 Postrenal acute renal failure, in rabbits, 158 159 Potassium, in acid-base status, of rabbits, 191 in psittacines, 89 Pox, in canaries and true finches, cytology of, 38 histopathology of, 43 Prealbumin, in protein electrophoresis, 213. See also specific species. Prebreeding check scheme, for canaries and true finches, adults protocol for, 42 excrement specimens in, 40 41 field trial results, 41 42 most common diseases isolated by, 42 45 nestlings protocol for, 42 pathogen-specific tests in, 40 41 Pregnancy, in chinchillas, physiology of, 200 in rabbits, acid-base regulation and, 188 Prerenal acute renal failure, in rabbits, 158 Progesterone, fecal, in chinchillas, 200 during autumn season, 201, 203 during spring season, 202, 204 at cytologic estrus, 204 205 cyclic tendency of, 205 206 Protein electrophoresis, 211 225 different fractions in circulating plasma protein, 213 214 in falconiformes, 222 223 in ferrets, 215 217 for liver disease, 125 in hystricomorph rodents, 217 218 in psittaciformes, 218 222 in psittacines, 90, 93, 96 commercial systems for, 91 92 study of parameter changes in, diagnostic value of, 103 reference ranges for, 96, 102 103 in rabbits, 214 215 in reptiles, 223 224 overview of, 211 protein assessment method in, 211 213 Protein fractions, total, in protein electrophoresis, 212 Proteins, acute phase, in protein electrophoresis, 213. See also specific species. in ferrets, with liver disease, 125 coagulation, 125

total, in protein electrophoresis, 212 in psittacines, 91 93 Protozoa, fecal, in canaries and true finches, microscopic imaging of, 32 33 Psittacines, blood analysis and retrospective study of clinical diagnosis in, 71 120 blood analysis guidelines, 72 blood sampling for, 72 74 devices for, 73 74 heparin impact on, 74 sites for, 73 volume guidelines, 72 73 for clinical chemistry, 86 92 amylase in, 88 aspartate aminotransferase in, 88 bile acids in, 90 bilirubin in, 90 biliverdin in, 90 calcium in, 89 cholesterol in, 90 CPK in, 88 creatinine in, 87 electrolytes in, 89 90 glucose in, 90 91 lactate dehydrogenase in, 88 liver enzymes in, 88 metabolites in, 90 92 muscle tissue enzymes in, 88 nitrogenous waste products in, 86 87 organ-specific profiles of, 92 93 phosphorus in, 90 plasma in, 86 potassium in, 89 sodium in, 89 species-specific profiles of, 92 93 total proteins in, 91 92 urea in, 87 uric acid in, 87 for hematology, 75 86 cell types in, 75 differential leukocyte count in, 82 83 erythrocyte morphology in, 76 78 erythrogram response and abnormalities in, 79 80 hematocrit in, 75 hemic cell counts in, 75 76 hemoglobin in, 75 leukocyte morphology in, 80 82 leukogram response and abnormalities in, 83 86 measurement techniques for, 75 PCV in, 75 RBC indexes in, 78 79 thrombocyte morphology and abnormalities in, 77, 86 Index 251

252 Index Psittacines (continued) introduction to, 71 72 study of parameter changes in, 92 116 discussion on, 97, 104, 106 107, 114 116 diseases diagnosed within, 96, 104 materials and methods for, 92, 94 96 results of, 96, 105 106, 108 113 species selected for, 92, 95 number of specimens for each, 92, 96 tests performed and evaluated, 92, 94 chemistry reference values for, 96, 98 99 chemistry reference values in macaws and Amazon species, 96, 100 101 hematology reference values for, 96, 98 99 hematology reference values in macaws and Amazon species, 96, 100 101 protein electrophoresis reference ranges for, 96, 102 103 protein electrophoresis in, 90, 93, 96 commercial systems for, 91 92 species-specific, 218 222 study of parameter changes in, diagnostic value of, 103 reference ranges for, 96, 102 103 Pyelography, intravenous, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 163 164 R Rabbits, point-of-care analysis in, 175 195 i-stat analyzer for, 176 178, 180 181, 192 of blood gases, acid-base disorders identified with, 187 189 alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient in, 186 187 arterial samples for, 176 178 determination of true, 178 179 reference values for, 178 179 interpretation steps in, 178 186 acid-base disorder markers for, 180 181 acidemia vs. alkalemia identification as, 180 AnGap evaluation as, 184 185 compensatory response evaluation as, 181 184 oxygenation evaluation as, 185 186 reference intervals and points for, 178 179 sampling confirmation as, 178 179 introduction to, 175 176 sample collection for, 176 178 venous samples for, 176 arterial samples vs., 178 179 reference values for, 178 of electrolytes, 189 191 chloride in, 185, 188, 190 191 ionized calcium in, 191 potassium in, 191 sodium in, 184 185, 189 190 of hemoglobin, 192 of packed cell volume, 192

protein electrophoresis in, 214 215 renal disease in, 145 174 acid-base regulation and, 150 calcification of kidney as, 153 154 causes of, 154 155 clinical pathology of, 164 171 anemia in, 166 blood calcium in, 164 blood urea in, 164 conversion factors for biochemical data, 169 creatinine in, 164 E cuniculi in, 167, 169 inorganic phosphorus in, 166 laboratory test parameters for, 170 laboratory test reference ranges in, 168 urinalysis in, 169, 171 collecting duct physiology in, 145 147 congenital defects as, 151 diagnosis of, 160 171 clinical examination in, 160 163 clinical pathology in, 164 171 imaging in, 163 164 E cuniculi infection as, 152 154 fatty infiltration of kidney as, 152 glomerular filtration and, 148 149 hormonal activity and, 146 147 introduction to, 145 146 kidney anatomy/structure and, circulatory, 145 146, 148 gross, 147 148 physiological, 147 148 neoplasia as, 151 152 nephrocalcinosis as, 153 154 causes of, 154 155 nephrolithiasis as, 155 158 renal failure as, 158 171 acute, 158 159 chronic, 154 155, 159 160 renal tubule physiology in, 145 147 summary of, 171 renal function in, acid-base status and, 181 diseases that affect, 151 158 metabolic activities in, 145 146 Radiography, abdominal, of renal disorders, in rabbits, 163, 165 167 in clinical examination, of canaries and true finches, 33 34 of nephrocalcinosis, in rabbits, 153 Red blood cell (RBC) counts, in psittacines, 75 diagnostic value of parameter changes, 97 in reptiles, manual method for, 8 9 qualitative aspects of, 10 15 quantitative aspects of, 25 29 total, 6 Index 253

254 Index Red blood cells (RBCs), heparin impact on, in blood samples, 74 in psittacines, atypical, 78 immature, 77 indexes of, 78 79 morphology of, 76 78 polychromatic, 83 84 response and abnormalities of, 79 80 in reptiles, 10 15 cytoplasmic inclusions of, 13, 15 ghosts from, 13 14 immature forms of, 13 intrinsic vs. extrinsic factors of, 24 26 morphologic alteration of, 11 12, 15 normal, histology and physiology of, 10 13 old, 13 14 pathologic conditions affecting, 25, 27 29 Red-tailed hawks, venous blood gases and electrolytes in, 56 57 Refractometry, in protein electrophoresis, 212 Renal acute renal failure, in rabbits, 158 159 Renal cortex, in rabbits, 146, 148 149 Renal disease, in ferrets, protein electrophoresis of, 217 in psittacines, hematologic and biochemical profile changes with, 104 105, 110 111, 114 in rabbits, 145 174 acid-base regulation and, 150, 188 calcification of kidney as, 153 154 causes of, 154 155 clinical pathology of, 164 171 anemia in, 166 blood calcium in, 164 blood urea in, 164 conversion factors for biochemical data, 169 creatinine in, 164 E cuniculi in, 167, 169 inorganic phosphorus in, 166 laboratory test parameters for, 170 laboratory test reference ranges in, 168 urinalysis in, 169, 171 collecting duct physiology in, 145 147 congenital defects as, 151 diagnosis of, 160 171 clinical examination in, 160 163 clinical pathology in, 164 171 imaging in, 163 164 E cuniculi infection as, 152 154 fatty infiltration of kidney as, 152 glomerular filtration and, 148 149 hormonal activity and, 146 147 introduction to, 145 146