Toxocara malaysiensis in domestic cats in Vietnam an emerging zoonosis?

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EID DISPATCHES Toxocara malaysiensis in domestic cats in Vietnam an emerging zoonosis? Thanh Hoa Le, Khue Thi Nguyen, Nga Thi Bich Nguyen, Do Thi Thu Thuy, Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, Robin Gasser Author affiliations: Institute of Biotechnology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam (TH Le, KT Nguyen, NTB Nguyen); Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Hanoi, Vietnam (DTT Thuy, NTL Anh); The University of Melbourne, Australia (R Gasser). Address for correspondence: 1. Thanh Hoa Le, Institute of Biotechnology; Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam, 18. Hoang Quoc Viet Rd, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam, email: imibtvn@gmail.com ; 2. Nguyen Thi Lan Anh, National Institute of Veterinary Research, 86 Truong Chinh, Hanoi, Vietnam, email: lananhnivr@yahoo.com.vn We report, for the first time, the occurrence of Toxocara malaysiensis, but not T. cati in domesticated cats in Vietnam; and T. canis was commonly found to infect dogs. The finding of T. malaysiensis infection is likely of public health concern and warrants investigations of this ascaridoid in Vietnam and other countries. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Toxocariasis is a globally distributed infection of carnivores, primarily dogs and cats caused by species of the Toxocara genus (Nematoda: Toxocaridae), including Toxocara canis, T. cati and T. malaysiensis (McGuinness, Leder, 2014). T. canis and T. cati in pets are of the significant zonootic ascaridoid nematodes infecting humans reported worldwide (Moreira et al., 2014; Fisher, 2003), while the recently described species, T. malaysiensis (Gibbons et al., 2001), contributes less prevalence in cats and humans (Macpherson, 2013). In humans, Toxocara larvae can migrate in any organs, causing three major clinical forms of disease: visceral larva migrans/toxocariasis (VLM/VT), ocular larva migrans/toxocariasis (OLM/OT), covert or common toxocariasis (CT) and neurotoxocariasis (NT) (Macpherson, 2013). Human toxocariasis is usually not a fatal disease, but can be associated with asthma, neurodegenerative disorders, myocarditis, pleural effusion, hypereosinophilia, endophthalmitis and hepato-splenomegaly (Macpherson, 2013; Woodhall et al., 2014; Fan et al., 2015). In Vietnam, almost nothing is known about the epidemiology of Toxocara species in dogs, cats and humans, and only one human case of ocular toxocariasis due to T. canis was molecularly confirmed (De et al., 2014). Presently in Vietnam, T. canis is believed to be predominant in dogs and T. cati in cats, but no taxonomic study has yet been conducted in pets in Vietnam. Previous studies showed that cats in Malaysia and China were infected by T. malaysiensis, a species that is distinct from T. cati (Zhu et al., 18; Gibbons et al., 2001; Li et al., 2006), suggesting that investugations are needed in other geographical origins of the world. In the present study, we which investigated Toxocara from dogs and cats to establish whether T. malaysiensis is present in Vietnam. The Study

A total of 29 morphologically identified Toxocara samples were randomly selected from a collection from a parasitoogical survey of dogs and cats from domestic households in two communes in Hanoi and in a village in Nam Dinh province of Vietnam, in 2014. These samples were used for a genetic study using PCR-coupled sequencing. Expelled adult worms and eggs combed from the fur of dogs and cats were fixed in 70% ethanol for subsequent DNA analysis (Table 1). We used the mitochondrial atp6 gene or the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA for molecular identification (Zhu et al., 18; Li et al., 2006; Wickramasinghe et al., 2009). Total genomic DNA was isolated from adults and eggs by using the QiaAmp DNA extraction Kit (Qiagen). PCR and direct nucleotide sequencing were performed using pairs of primers designed by us: TON2F (5 -GCTTACCCKCGTTTTCGTTATGA-3 ) and TOSER (5 - CCCAWAAYAGATTTAGAAGACCT-3 ) for atp6, and U3SF (5'- GGTACCGGTGGATCACTCGGCTCGTG-3') and U28S2R (5 - ACAACCCGACTCCAAGGTC-3 ) for ITS-2. DNA template (10-50 ng) were added to a 50 µlvolume containing 25 µl PCR Master Mix (Promega), 2 µl of each primer (10 pmol/µl), 2 µl DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and 17 µl pure water. PCR was carried out in a MJ thermal cycler PTC- (MJ Research, Watertown, MA, USA) with an initiation at 94 C for 5 min, then 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 C for 30 sec, annealing at 52 C for 30 sec, extension at 72 C for 2 min, followed by a final cycle of 10 min at 72 C. Amplicons of 598 nucleotides (atp6) and/or 322-323 (ITS-2) were obtained from direct sequencing were used in multiple alignment. Sequences for T. canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis, T. vitulorum (36 ITS-2 and 14 atp6) and for a closely related Toxascaris leonina (5 ITS-2 and one atp6) in the GenBank database; and sequences obtained in this study from the Vietnamese samples (8 ITS2 and 29 atp6) were used for analysis (Table 1; Figure 1-2). Phylogenetic analyses (multiple alignment by GENEDOC2.7; genetic distance calculation by Kimura 2-parameter model; neighbor-joining analysis by 1,000 bootstrap tests) were conducted by using the MEGA6.06 package (Tamura et al., 2013). As shown in Table 2, all 15 Toxocara samples from cats (designated: Tspcat group) from Vietnam showed.7-% identity in the mitochondrial atp6 sequence with that of T. malaysiensis of China (Li et al., 2006) (GenBank Accession No. AM412316), whereas their identities were 89.6-90.1% to two T. cati sequences, one from China (AM411622) and another from India (KJ777175); and, identities were 86.7-87.9% to 6 T. canis reference sequences from China, India, Sri Lanka and Australia. Four ITS-2 sequences representing the Tspcat group from Vietnam showed.7% identity to that of T. malaysiensis of Malaysian origin (AJ002440) (Zhu et al., 18; Gibbons et al., 2001), and 97.8% to T. malaysiensis from Guangdong in China (AM231609) (Li et al., 2006); by contrast, the four sequences from Vietnam had only 83.5-89.9% to reference sequences for T. cati from Iran, India, China, Japan and Malaysia; and 78.6-81.9% to those of T. canis sequences (Li et al., 2006; Wickramasinghe et al., 2009; Khademvatan et al., 2014). These molecular findings show that T. malaysiensis was the only ascaridoid nematode to be found in all 15 Toxocara samples from Toxocara-infected cats, and no T. cati was detected in this study. Toxocara sequences from dogs (designated: Tspdog group of 14 samples) in Vietnam showed identities 86.8-87.5% in the atp6 sequence compared with the reference sequence for T. malaysiensis; 88.5-89.1% to T. cati; and 98.2 -.7% to T. canis (Table 2). ITS-2 sequences representing the Tspdog group had 95.6 - % sequence identity to sequences for 8 T. canis specimens from Iran (egg samples) (Khademvatan et al., 2014) and two T. canis (adult) from China (Li et al., 2006), compared with 79.3% - 81.9% to T. malaysiensis and 76.7% - 79.7% to T. cati. Thus, T. canis was molecularly identified in Toxocara-infected dogs in Vietnam. Between Tspcat and Tspdog groups of Toxocara spp, Vietnam, pairwise identities varied from 86.5% -

87.5% for atp6 and 81.9% for ITS-2 (Table 2), clearly confirming the presence of T. malaysiensis in cats and T. canis in dogs in Vietnam (Table 1). Phylogenetic analysis based using atp6 and ITS-2 sequence data revealed 5 distinct groups of Toxocara: T. malaysiensis, T. canis related to Vietnamese samples; and T. cati, T. vitulorum (reference strains) and Toxascaris leonina as an outgroup (Figure 1 and 2). Phylogenetic construction showed that all the Vietnamese Toxocara samples from cats grouped with T. malaysiensis, but none with T. cati, supporting the proposal that T. malaysiensis is the only ascaroidoid nematode in house cats in Vietnam. The Toxocara samples from dogs from Vietnam clustered with T. canis reference samples, indicating dogs were infected with T. canis, which is commonly found throughout the world. Conclusions We report for the first time, the existence of T. malaysiensis (Gibbons et al., 2001), but not T. cati, in house cats in Vietnam, following previous studies in Malaysia and China (Zhu et al., 18; Li et al., 2006). The ascaridoid samples from dogs were shown to be T. canis. Because domestic dogs and cats are commonly kept as pets in Vietnamese households, there is a possible risk that humans, particularly children, could become infected with T. malaysiensis. Toxocara eggs can tolerate relativey high temperatures (XX-XX C; REF) and can remaining for long on vegetables and in soil in the environment, posing a high for transmission and circulation of Toxocara spp. (Fan et al., 2015). The finding of T. malaysiensis infection in cats sends a warning to public health authorities and draws our attention to this ascaridoid as a possible zoonotic pathogen in other geographical region in Asia and other parts of the world. It also calls for nationwide investigations of toxocariasis of animals and humans in Vietnam. References De N V, Trung NV, Duyet LV, Chai JY (2013). Molecular diagnosis of an ocular toxocariasis patient in Vietnam. Korean J Parasitol 51(5):563-7. Fan CK, Holland CV, Loxton K, Barghouth U (2015). Cerebral Toxocariasis: Silent Progression to Neurodegenerative Disorders? Clin Microbiol Rev 28(3):663-686. Review. Gibbons LM, Jacobs DE, Sani RA (2001). Toxocara malaysiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) from the domestic cat (Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758). J Parasitol 87:660-665. Khademvatan S, Abdizadeh R, Tavalla M (2014). Molecular characterization of Toxocara spp. from soil of public areas in Ahvaz southwestern Iran. Acta Trop 135:50-4. Li MW, Zhu XQ, Gasser RB, Lin RQ, Sani RA, Lun ZR, et al (2006). The occurrence of Toxocara malaysiensis in cats in China, confirmed by sequence based analyses of ribosomal DNA. Parasitol Res :554-557. Macpherson CN (2013). The epidemiology and public health importance of toxocariasis: a zoonosis of global importance. Int J Parasitol 43:9 8. McGuinness SL, Leder K (2014). Global Burden of Toxocariasis: A Common Neglected Infection of Poverty. Curr Trop Med Rep 1:52 61 Moreira GM, Telmo Pde L, Mendonça M, Moreira AN, McBride AJ, Scaini CJ, Conceição FR (2014). Human toxocariasis: current advances in diagnostics, treatment, and interventions. Trends Parasitol. 30(9):456-64. Tamura K, Stecher G, Peterson D, Filipski A, and Kumar S (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 6.0. Mol Biol Evol, 30: 2725-2729. Wickramasinghe S, Yatawara L, Rajapakse RP, Agatsuma T (2009). Toxocara canis and Toxocara vitulorum: molecular characterization, discrimination, and phylogenetic analysis

based on mitochondrial (ATP synthase subunit 6 and 12S) and nuclear ribosomal (ITS-2 and 28S) genes. Parasitol Res 104(6):1425-30. Woodhall DM, Eberhard ML, Parise ME (2014). Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: toxocariasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 90(5):810-3. Zhu XQ, Jacobs DE, Chilton NB, Sani RA, Cheng NA, Gasser RB (18). Molecular characterization of a Toxocara variant from cats in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Parasitol 117(2):155-164. Acknowledgments This work was supported by National Foundation of Science and Technology of Vietnam, grant number =====. Dr Le, TH is a biomedical scientist at the Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam. His research interests involved in mitogenomic study of helminths, molecular studies of zoonotic emerging infectious diseases. Dr. Anh NTL, a veterinary parasitologist, is head of Parasitology Department of National Institute of Veterinary Research (NIVR) in Hanoi. Her major research interests is parasitic diseases of livestock, epidemiology of animal diseases in Vietnam. -----------------------------------------------------------------

Tables Table 1: List of Toxocara samples, their geographic origin, markers used in this study and their final taxonomic identification No Sample designations Locality (province) Host Sample status Marker used ITS2 atp6 Final taxonomic identification 1 Tspcat-Hctt(egg)-VN Ha Noi cat eggs* T. malaysiensis 2 Tspcat-Tctt1B(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 3 Tspcat-Tctt2B(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 4 Tspcat-Tctt9B(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 5 Tspcat-Tctt11(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 6 Tspcat-Tctt12(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 7 Tspcat-Tctt13(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 8 Tspcat-Tctt14(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 9 Tspcat-Tctt202(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 10 Tspcat-Tctt289(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 11 Tspcat-Tcto25(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 12 Tspcat-Tcto27(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 13 Tspcat-Tcto(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 14 Tspcat-Tcto115(adu)-VN Ha Noi cat adult T. malaysiensis 15 Tspcat-ND(adu)-VN Nam Dinh cat adult T. malaysiensis 16 Tspdog-Hdtt(egg)-VN Ha Noi dog eggs* T. canis 17 Tspdog-Tdtt11(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 18 Tspdog-Tdtt202(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 19 Tspdog-Tdtt208(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 20 Tspdog-Tdtt273(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 21 Tspdog-Tdto14(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 22 Tspdog-Tdto15(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 23 Tspdog-Tdto102(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 24 Tspdog-Tdto106(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 25 Tspdog-Tdto114(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 26 Tspdog-Tdto202(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 27 Tspdog-TcanLL(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 28 Tspdog-TcanVN(adu)-VN Ha Noi dog adult T. canis 29 Tspdog-ND(adu)-VN Nam Dinh dog adult T. canis Note: *eggs and (egg): eggs collected from the hair of the pets (cat and dog) by combing; (adu): adult worms collected from dogs and cats; Tspcat or Tspdog: groups of Toxocara samples collected from cat or dog, respectively; VN: Vietnam. Abbreviation of the designated samples is in the between. Table 2: Pairwise identity (%) of the atp6 and ITS2 nucleotide sequences between Toxocara samples ot Vietnam from cats (Tspcat group) and dogs (Tspdog group) and compared with Toxocara malaysiensis, T. cati and T. canis in this study Tspcat group (Vietnam) (n = 15) Tspdog group (Vietnam) (n = 14) Species/group atp6 ITS2 atp6 ITS2 T. malaysiensis.7% - % 98.1% -.7% 86.8-87.5% 79.3% - 81.9% T. cati 89.6% - 90.1% 83.5% - 89.9% 88.5-89.1% 76.7% - 79.7% T. canis 86.7% - 87.9% 78.6% - 81.9% 98.2% -.7% 95.6% - % Tspcat group 86.5% - 87.5% 81.9%

atp6 NJ 65 88 65 67 Tspcat-Hctt(egg)-VN Tspcat-Tctt1B(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tctt14(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tctt202(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tctt13(adu)-VN 88 Tspcat-Tctt12(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tcto115(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tctt9B(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tctt2B(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tctt289(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tcto25(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tcto27(adu)-VN Tspcat-Tcto(adu)-VN Tspcat-ND(adu)-VN Tmal-CN-AM412316 Tspcat-Tctt11(adu)-VN Tcat-IN-KJ777175 Tcat-CN-AM411622 72 Tvit-LK-FJ418793 Tvit-LK-FJ664617 Tvit-IN-KJ777178 Tvit-IN-KJ777177 Tvit-IN-KJ777176 Tspdog-Tdtt273(adu)-VN 61 Tspdog-Tdto14(adu)-VN 72 Tspdog-Tdtt11(adu)-VN Tspdog-TcanVN(adu)-VN Tcan-IN-KJ777174 63 Tspdog-TcanLL(adu)-VN 60 Tspdog-Hdtt(egg)-VN 42 87 Tcan-LK-JN593098 Tcan-LK-FJ418787 Tcan-IN-KJ777173 61 73 97 T. cati Tspdog-Tdto102(adu)-VN Tspdog-Tdtt208(adu)-VN Tspdog-Tdto15(adu)-VN T. malaysiensis T. vitulorum T. canis 82 Tspdog-Tdto106(adu)-VN Tcan-AU-EU730761 96 Tcan-CN-AM411108 74 Tspdog-Tdto114(adu)-VN 72 Tspdog-Tdtt202(adu)-VN 70 Tspdog-ND(adu)-VN Tspdog-Tdto202(adu)-VN Toxascaris Tleo-CN-KC902750 leonina 0.02 Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of Toxocara atp6 nucleotide sequences (598 bp) constructed by MEGA6.06 with neighbor-joining method and 0 bootstrap replication (Tamura et al., 2013). Forty four atp6 sequences were included showing the taxonomic relationship of 15 Toxocara samples from cats (circle) and 14 from dogs (square) of Vietnam origin. Toxascaris leonina is used as an outgroup. Abbreviation of the Vietnamese samples are indicated in Table 1. Reference taxonomic sequences used in tree construction were obtained from GenBank: T. malaysiensis (China (CN): AM412316), T. cati (China (CN): AM411622; India (IN): KJ777175), T. canis (Australia (AU): EU730761; China (CN): AM411108); India (IN): KJ777173, KJ777174; Sri Lanka (LK): FJ418787, JN593098), T. vitulorum (Sri Lanka (LK): FJ664617, FJ418793; India (IN): KJ777176, KJ777177, KJ777178), Toxascaris leonina (China (CN): KC902750). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Country abbreviation (2-letter) according to https://countrycode.org/ and accession number is in bracket.

ITS-2 NJ 0.05 58 Tcat-AhvTCATI5(egg)-IR(AB819326) 98 58 Tcat-AhvTCATI2(egg)-IR(AB819323) 64 92 Tcat-AhvTCATI4(egg)-IR(AB819325) Tcat-KHuzTcat14(egg)-IR(AB743611) Tcat-KHuzTcat2(egg)-IR(AB7435) Tcat-MTT4(adu)-MY(AJ002441) 41 Tcat-KHuzTcat3(egg)-IR(AB743600) 88 Tcat-KHuzTcat4(egg)-IR(AB743601) Tcat-KHuzTcat1(egg)-IR(AB743598) Tcat-KHuzTcat10(egg)-IR(AB743607) T. cati Tcat-Tc1(adu)-JP(AB571303) 46 64 Tcat-LaCONESTcati07(egg)-IN(JN391473) 62 Tcat-LaCONESTcati06(egg)-IN(JN391472) Tcat-KHuzTcat5(egg)-IR(AB743602) 57 Tcat-LaCONESTcati05(egg)-IN(HQ389350) 43 Tcat-LaCONESTcati04(egg)-IN(HQ389349) Tcat-LaCONESTcati03(egg)-IN(HQ389348) Tcat-LaCONESTcati02(egg)-IN(HQ389347) Tcat-LaCONESTcati01(egg)-IN(HQ389346) Tcat-4(adu)-CN(JF837172) 98 Tcat-5(adu)-CN(JF837173) Tcat-3(adu)-CN(JF837171) Tspcat-Tctt14(adu)-VN 68 61 Tspcat-Tcto(adu)-VN Tspcat-Hctt(egg)-VN Tspcat-ND(adu)-VN Toxocara cf. canis-mtc2(adu)-my(aj002440) Tmal-GD(adu)-CN(AM231609) Tvit-calf(egg)-CA(JQ083352) Tvit-cattle(egg)-UK(EU189085) T. vitulorum Tspdog-Tdtt15(adu)-VN Tspdog-Tdto202(adu)-VN 81 Tspdog-Hdtt(egg)-VN Tspdog-ND(adu)-VN Tcan-2(adu)-CN(JF837170) Tcan-1(adu)-CN(JF837169) Tcan-KHuzTcan2(egg4)-IR(AB743614) 64 Tcan-KHuzTcan2(egg3)-IR(AB743615) Tcan-KHuzTcan2(egg2)-IR(AB743616) 63 T. canis Tcan-AhvTCAN1(egg)-IR(AB819327) Tcan-AhvTCAN3(egg)-IR(AB819329) 54 Tcan-AhvTCAN2(egg)-IR(AB819328) 60 Tcan-AhvTCAN4(egg)-IR(AB819330) Tcan-KHuzTcan2(egg1)-IR(AB743617) Tleo-7(adu)-CN(JF837175) Tleo-9(adu)-CN(JF837177) Tleo-10(adu)-CN(JF837178) Tleo-11(adu)-CN(JF837179) Tleo-6(adu)-CN(JF837174) Toxascaris leonina T. malaysiensis Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree of Toxocara nuclear ITS2 nucleotide sequences (322-323 bp) constructed by MEGA6.06 with neighbor-joining method and 0 bootstrap replication (Tamura et al., 2013). Forty nine ITS2 sequences were included showing the taxonomic relationship of 4 represenative Toxocara samples of Vietnam from each infected group (cats and dogs) indicated by a square. Toxascaris leonina sequences are used as an outgroup. Abbreviation of the Vietnamese samples are indicated in Table 1. Reference taxonomic sequences are: T. malaysiensis (Malaysia (MY): AJ002440; China (CN): AM231609;), T. cati (Iran: AB819326, AB819323, AB819325, AB743611, AB7435, AB743600, AB743601, AB743598, AB743607, AB743602; India (IN): JN391473, JN391472, HQ389350, HQ389349, HQ389348, HQ389347, HQ389346; China (CN): JF837172, JF837173, JF837171; Japan (JP): AB571303; Malaysia (MY): AJ002441), T. canis (China (CN): JF837170, JF837169; Iran (IR): AB743614, AB743615, AB743616, AB819327, AB819329, AB819328, AB819330, AB743617), T. vitulorum (Canada (CA): JQ083352; United Kingdom (UK): EU189085), and Toxascaris leonina (China (CN): JF837175, JF837177, JF837178, JF837179, JF837174). Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Country abbreviation (2-letter) is according to https://countrycode.org/ and accession number is in bracket.

Minerva Access is the Institutional Repository of The University of Melbourne Author/s: Thanh, HL; Nguyen, TLA; Khue, TN; Nga, TBN; Do, TTT; Gasser, RB Title: Toxocara malaysiensis infection in domestic cats in Vietnam - An emerging zoonotic issue? Date: 2016-01-01 Citation: Thanh, HL; Nguyen, TLA; Khue, TN; Nga, TBN; Do, TTT; Gasser, RB, Toxocara malaysiensis infection in domestic cats in Vietnam - An emerging zoonotic issue?, INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION, 2016, 37 pp. 94-98 Persistent Link: http://hdl.handle.net/11343/123785 File Description: Submitted version

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