Q. (a) Organisms can be classified using features that can be seen. Organisms A, B, C, D and E below all belong to a large group called the arthropods. (i) Suggest two features you can see in the pictures that could be used to classify these organisms. (2) (ii) The arthropod group contains four smaller groups called classes. Three of the organisms in the pictures belong to one of these classes because of the features they share. Draw a ring around the letters of these three organisms. A B C D E () (iii) Explain your answer. () Page of 0
(b) The diagram shows how the number of species in different groups changed between 400 million years ago and 5 million years ago. The wider a block is, the more species there are. (i) Which group had most species 200 million years ago? () (ii) To which group are birds most closely related? () (iii) Complete the following sentence. A study of fossils gives evidence for the theory of.... () (Total 7 marks) Page 2 of 0
Q2. The diagram shows how the number of species in different vertebrate groups changed between 400 million years ago and 5 million years ago. The wider a block is, the more species there are. (a) Which group had most species 200 million years ago?... () (b) To which group are birds most closely related?... () (c) Complete the following sentence. A study of fossils gives evidence for the theory of... () (Total 3 marks) Page 3 of 0
Q3. The drawings show two different species of butterfly. Both species can be eaten by most birds. Amauris has a foul taste which birds do not like, so birds have learned not to prey on it. Hypolimnas does not have a foul taste but most birds do not prey on it. (a) Suggest why most birds do not prey on Hypolimnas. (2) (b) Suggest an explanation, in terms of natural selection, for the markings on the wings of Hypolimnas. (3) (Total 5 marks) Page 4 of 0
## Cepaea nemoralis is a snail which is found on sand dunes. It may have a plain or banded shell. The snails are found on grass stalks and leaves. Plain Banded When a scientist collected snails on the sand dunes he got 450 banded 280 unbanded. Snails are eaten by birds. Sand dunes have clumps of grasses growing on them. Suggest why there were more banded than unbanded snails on the sand dunes...................... (Total 4 marks) Q5. Giraffes feed on the leaves of trees and other plants in areas of Africa. Page 5 of 0
Lamarck explained the evolution of the long neck of the giraffe in terms of the animals stretching their necks to eat leaves from tall trees. Darwin also explained the evolution of the long neck in terms of getting leaves from tall trees. Neither scientist used any evidence to support their explanation. Recently, scientists have tried to explain how the long neck of the giraffe might have evolved. These are some of their observations. Giraffes spend almost all of the dry season, when food is scarce, feeding from low bushes. Only in the wet season do they feed from tall trees when new leaves are plentiful. Females spend over 50 % of their time feeding with their necks horizontal. Both sexes feed faster and most often with their necks bent. Long giraffe necks are very important in male-to-male combat. Males fight each other with their long, powerful necks! Female giraffes prefer male giraffes with longer necks. (a) Do the observations support or reject the explanation that the long neck of the giraffe evolved to get leaves from tall trees? Explain the reasons for your answer. (2) (b) Use the recent observations to give another explanation for the evolution of the long neck of the male giraffe. (2) (Total 4 marks) Page 6 of 0
M. (a) (i) number of legs presence / absence of wings (ii) (iii) A, B, C because they all have 6 legs accept because they all have three distinct body parts (b) (i) amphibians (ii) reptiles (iii) evolution accept natural selection [7] M2. (a) amphibians (b) reptiles (c) evolution accept natural selection [3] M3. (a) wing pattern similar to Amauris birds assume it will have foul taste Page 7 of 0
(b) mutation / variation produced wing pattern similar to Amauris do not accept breeds with Amauris do not accept idea of intentional adaptation these butterflies survived breed / genes passed to next generation [5] M4. idea banded snails camouflaged/less easily seen fewer banded eaten [by birds] more banded survive to breed more genes for banded passed on or more banded snails in population for mark each N.B. Accept reverse of all above for plain snails *All 4 marks may be gained by a relatively short response [4] M5. (a) (reject) if support then zero marks any two from: giraffe spend almost all of the dry season feeding from low bushes only in the wet season do they feed from tall trees, when new leaves are plentiful females spend over 50% of their time feeding with their necks horizontal both sexes feed faster and most often with their necks bent 2 Page 8 of 0
(b) any two from: mutations produce male giraffes with longer necks either male giraffes with longer neck more likely to win fight / more likely to mate with female or females prefer long necks / more likely to mate with long necked male their genes more likely to pass to next generation accept long necks inherited or offspring have long necks 2 [4] Page 9 of 0
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