TICKS AND TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS

TICKS AND TICK-BORNE PATHOGENS Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens The Banff Centre Banff, Alberta, Canada 21-26 July 2002 Editors FRANS JONGEJAN Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands University of Pretoria, South Africa W. REUBEN KAUFMAN University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada Reprinted from Experimental and Applied Acarology Volume 28 Numbers 1-4,2002 Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data International Conference on Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens (4th: 2002 : Banff. Alta.) Ticks and tick-borne pathogens : proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens. the Banff Centre. Banff. Alberta. Canada / editors. Frans Jongejan and W. Reuben Kaufman. p.cm. "Special issue."' ISBN 978-90-481-6355-7 ISBN 978-94-017-3526-1 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-3526-1 I. Ticks-Congresses. 2. Ticks as carriers of disease-congresses. I. Jongejan. Frans. II. Kaufman. W. Reuben. III. Title. Cover photograph: Mouthparts of an Ixodes ricinus female tick. Courtesy Dr C.J.A.H. V. van Vorstenbosch. Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University. The Netherlands Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying. recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface K.M. Kocan, 1. De La Fuente, E.F. Blouin and J.e. Garcia-Garcia / Adaptations of the tick-borne pathogen, Anaplasma marginale, for survival in cattle and ticks I.G. Horak, J.-L. Camicas and J.E. Keirans I The Argasidae, Ixodidae and Nuttalliellidae (Acari: Ixodida): a world list of valid tick names S.e. Barker and A. Murrell I Phylogeny, evolution and historical zoogeography of ticks: a review of recent progress Q. Fang, 1.E. Keirans and T. Mixson I The use of the nuclear protein-encoding gene, RNA polymerase II, for tick molecular systematics RD. Madden, J.R Sauer and 1.w. Dillwith I A proteomics approach to characterizing tick salivary secretions M.N. Aljamali, 1.R Sauer and Re. Essenberg / RNA interference: applicability in tick research M. Kazimirova, V. JanCinova, M. Petrikova, P. Takac, M. Labuda and R Nosal' / An inhibitor of thrombin-stimulated blood platelet aggregation from the salivary glands of the hard tick Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) 1-7 9-25 27-54 55-68 69-75 77-87 89-96 97-105 AJ. Ullmann, J. Piesman, M.e. Dolan and w.e. Black, IV I A preliminary linkage map of the tick, hades scapillaris 107-126 D.E. Sonenshine, S.M. Ceraul, W.E. Hynes, K.R. Macaluso and A.F. Azad / Expression of defensin-like peptides in tick hemolymph and midgut in response to challenge with Borrelia burgdolferi, Escherichia coli and Bacillus sllbtilis 127-134 Y. Nakajima, D. Taylor and M. Yamakawa / Involvement of antibacterial peptide defensin in tick midgut defense 135-140 J. Piesman and B.S. Schneider I Dynamic changes in Lyme disease spirochetes during transmission by nymphal ticks 141-145 I. Uspensky I Preliminary observations on specific adaptations of exophilic ixodid ticks to forests or open country habitats 147-154 J.F. Carroll / How specific are host-produced kairomones to host-seeking ixodid ticks? 155-161

V.N. Belozerov, L.l. Fourie and D.1. Kok / Photoperiodic control of developmental diapause in nymphs of prostriate ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) 163-168 V. Punda-Polic, M. Petrovec, T. Trilar, D. Duh, N. Bradaric, Z. Klismanic and T. Avsic-Zupanc / Detection and identification of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected in southern Croatia 169-176 L. Bell-Sakyi, E. Paxton, P. Wright and K. Sumption / Immunogenicity of Ehrlichia ruminantillm grown in tick cell lines 177-185 M. Postigo, L. Bell-Sakyi, E. Paxton and K. Sumption / Kinetics of experimental infection of sheep with Ehrlichia ruminantium cultivated in tick and mammalian cell lines 187-193 N.H. Ogden, A.N.1. Casey, N.P. French and Z. Woldehiwet / A review of studies on the transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep: implications for the force of infection in endemic cycles 195-202 P. Zeman, 1. Cinatl and H. Kabickova / Sodium valproate facilitates the propagation of granulocytic ehrlichiae (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) in HL-60 cells 203-208 S. Stuen, K. Bergstrom and E. Palmer / Reduced weight gain due to subclinical Anaplasma phagocytophilum (formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila) infection 209-215 P.A. Mbati, M. Hlatshwayo, M.S. Mtshali, K.R. Mogaswane, T.D. De Waal and 0.0. Dipeolu / Ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock belonging to resource-poor farmers in the eastern Free State of South Africa 217-224 E.I. Korenberg, Y.v. Kovalevskii and N.B. Gorelova / Tick-host-Borrelia population interactions: long-term records in Eastern Europe 225-229 S.E. Randolph and D.1. Rogers / Remotely sensed correlates of phylogeny: tick-borne flaviviruses 231-237 A. Estrada-Pena / Understanding the relationships between landscape connectivity and abundance of Ixodes ricinus ticks 239-248 S. Subak / Analysis of weather effects on variability in Lyme disease incidence in the northeastern United States 249-256 F.D. Guerrero, 1.H. Pruett and A.Y. Li / Molecular and biochemical diagnosis of esterase-mediated pyrethroid resistance in a Mexican strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) 257-264 M.A. Villarino, G.G. Wagner and le. George / In vitro detection of acaricide resistance in Boophilus micropllls (Acari: Ixodidae) 265-271

R.G. Pegram and C. Eddy / Progress towards the eradication of Amblyomma variegatum from the Caribbean 273-281 G. Gindin, M. Samish, G. Zangi, A. Mishoutchenko and I. Glazer / The susceptibility of different species and stages of ticks to entomopathogenic fungi 283-288 J.F. Carroll, P.c. Allen, D.E. Hill, J.M. Pound, J.A. Miller and J.E. George / Control of Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum through use of the '4-poster' treatment device on deer in Maryland 289-296 R.H.C. Van Den Bos and R.J. Curtis / The use of a 4% (w/w) deltamethrin collar (Scalibor ProtectorBand) in the extended control of ticks on dogs 297-303 List of Participants 305-324

Experimental and Applied Acarology 28: 1-7,2002. 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Preface This special issue contains the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens (TTP-4), held at The Banff Centre in Banff Alberta, Canada, from 21 to 26 July 2002. The meeting continued the tradition established in 1992 at the first Conference in St. Paul Minnesota, USA, and developed subsequently at Kruger National Park, South Africa (1995) and the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia (1999). The excellent conference facilities for TTP 4 at the Banff Centre, situated in the heart of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, provided a perfect venue for the 170 participants from 27 countries. At the meeting, there were 166 oral or poster presentations divided over 12 sessions. The 31 papers published in this special issue reflect the high scientific quality of TTP-4. The papers begin with a keynote address and are grouped into six sessions. We are pleased to add a paper on the most recent world list of valid tick names to the session on Biosystematics, Genomics and Proteomics of Ticks. Moreover, a hardbound spin-ott book based on this special issue of Experimental and Applied Acarology, simultaneously published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, will make these Proceedings more widely available. The papers are further divided into sessions concerning the tick-pathogen interface (three papers), tick-host interface (3), tick-host-pathogen interface (8), remote sensing and mapping of tick-borne pathogens (3) and finally session six containing six papers dealing with various aspects of tick control. In closing, we wish to acknowledge the following for having contributed to such a successful conference: Our sponsors (see opposite page) for their most generous financial support. The local organizing committee, students, technicians, spouses and others who provided advice at all stages of organizing the conference, and who attended to the numerous details required for any conference to run smoothly. We are particularly grateful to Dr Allen Shostak, who managed our finances, created and maintained the user-friendly website, produced the 2nd Announcement, Program! Abstracts Book, and took extra measures to ensure that the Powerpoint presentations rolled without a hitch! The International Consortillm all Ticks alld Tick-Borne Diseases (ICTTD-2) and especially Mrs Jona Verbeek, for facilitating many aspects of the Conference.

2 The next International Conference (TTP 5) is being organized by our colleagues at the Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchatel, Switzerland, and will take place in 2005. We anticipate another very successful conference! Frans Jongejan Scientific Program Chair TTP 4 Utrecht University and University of Pretoria W. Reuben Kaufman Conference Chair University of Alberta

We are most grateful to the following organizations and two anonymous individuals for their most generous financial support of TTP 4 3 Agriculture and Agriculture at Agri-Food Canada Agroalimentaire Canada griculture and Agrifood Canada Canadian Society of Zoologi t Entomological ociety of Albelia International Con 'orlium on Tick and Tick-Borne Di ea e Intervet International B.V. The Wellcome Trust University of Albelia

4 International Executive Prof. W. Reuben Kaufman (Conference Chair, Canada) Prof. Frans Jongejan (Scientific Program Chair, The Netherlands and South Africa) Dr. Milan Labuda (Conference Chair TTP-3, Slovakia) Prof. Patricia Nuttall (President TTP-3, UK) Scientific Committee Prof. Frans Jongejan (Chair, The Netherlands and South Africa) Dr. William C. Black IV (USA) Dr. Agustin Estrada-Pefia (Spain) Prof. Albert Neitz (South Africa) Prof. Guy Palmer (USA) Dr. Michael Samish (Israel) Prof. Sarah Randolph (UK) Prof. Daniel Sonenshine (USA) Dr. DeMar Taylor (Japan) Local Organizing Committee Prof. W. Reuben Kaufman (Chair, U. Alberta) Prof. Miodrag Belosevic (U. Alberta) Dr. Tim Lysyk (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge) Prof. Bill Samuel (U. Alberta) Dr. Allen Shostak (TTP 4 Treasurer, U. Alberta) Mr. Warren Ward (Edmonton, Alberta)

John Douglas Gregson A personal tribute by Reuben Kaufman 5 I was greatly pleased that colleagues allowed me the opportunity to dedicate our conference to Jack Gregson, indisputably Canada's leading authority on ticks and tick-borne pathogens, and so commemorated in the name of a tick from Eastern Canada: Ixodes gregsoni (Lindquist et al., 1999, Can. Entomol. 131: 151-170). Jack was born in Blackfalds (near Red Deer) Alberta on 17 June 1910. He developed an early passion for butterflies, and he recalls that "Anosia plexippus" (the Monarch butterfly) were among his first spoken words! Marvelling at Jack's elaborate butterfly collection, a science fair judge encouraged him to pursue entomology as a career. And so in 1934 Jack earned his BSc (University of British Columbia), and in 1936 he presented a thesis, "A Preliminary Study of Tick and Host in Relation to Western Canadian Tick-Borne Diseases", for an MSc (University of Alberta). From there he went directly to Agriculture Canada's Medical and Veterinary Entomology Laboratory in Kamloops, British Columbia. He became Officer-in-Charge in 1944, holding that position until his retirement in 1971. He and Barbara still make their home in Kamloops. Jack's interests in ticks, recorded in over 80 publications, are very broad, and include feeding dynamics, host immunity, taxonomy, natural history, morphology/histology, tick-borne viruses, and tick paralysis, the last being the area for which he is perhaps best known. I began my doctoral studies at the University of British Columbia very shortly after Jack proposed (1967, Parasitology 57: 1-8) and Roger Tatchell proved (1967, Nature 213: 940-941) that the salivary glands of ixodid ticks function as major osmoregulatory organs. As my PhD supervisor had no previous experience with ticks, it was Jack who introduced me to these fascinating beasts, showed me how to find them, rear them, dissect them and, most important, to coax saliva out of them! But to appreciate the full scope of Jack's personality, one has to look beyond his professional life. Jack is one of those remarkably talented individuals who seem to be able to do everything well. In addition to building their home ("Grenehalghe": "green nook of land on the bend of a river") in the 1940s and, along with Barbara, landscaping their extensive grounds, he is also a keen naturalist, photographer and artist. Some years ago Grenehalghe was designated a "Heritage Garden Site" in Kamloops, and one experiences there a type of tranquillity that is hard to match anywhere.

6 Jack and Barbara are beloved "local heroes" in Kamloops, having spearheaded the development of a Waterway Park, and a butterfly garden (naturally!). The bicycle path there is named 'The Jack Gregson Trail", and he was named a freeman of the City of Kamloops in 1990. In 2000, Jack was awarded a Doctor of Letters (honoris causa) from the University College of the Cariboo. Jack's tireless efforts in environmental advocacy over the years was among the citations for his honorary degree. Once, when a local group claimed the right to develop a ski village because they "owned" the land, Jack composed the following poem, which he regrets was never published. TTP 4 is delighted to correct that oversight here! Territorial Claims (Jack Gregson) Said a cricket to an ice-bug as they sat 011 Mt. Paul's slide, "Don't you love my rocky talus - it's the topmost of my pride ". "But yours it's not ", the ancient bug reprovingly replied, "Three hundred million.years I've lived, and you have just arrived". Said an eagle to a ground-squirrel as it soared 0 'er peaks sublime, "Be careful how you dig the earth and spoil this land of mine ". But the rodent queried rightly, as the best he could define - "You birds were not around at all when mammals had their time ". The moral of this issue is, as far as I can see, This land belongs to none of us, /lot even you and me! We're all just lucky tenants on all earth that came to be. Signed: Grylloblatta, the Ice-bug

Barbara and Jack Gregson, 16 June 2002.