The Dog of Pompeii / Pompeii / Zlateh Goat / Trial by Fire Introducing Vocabulary Reader/Writer Notebook Use your RWN to complete activities for se selections. Vocabulary Literary Criticism: Evaluating a Story s Credibility One of main tasks of a literary critic is to evaluate wher characters and plot in a story are credible, or believable. Readers expect a story s characters to act way real people do. Even if characters are aliens or young wizards, you want characters actions to make sense. A plot should also be credible, growing naturally out of actions of characters. If a plot has too many coincidences or if chain of causes and effects is weak, n plot is contrived, or artificial, and it won t hold your interest. The Dog of Pompeii ambitious (am BIHSH uhs) adj.: eager to achieve something. The ambitious citizens wanted to make ir city famous. proverb (PRAHV urb) n.: short, wise saying that expresses a truth. Haste makes waste is a proverb. revived (rih VYVD) v.: awakened; brought back to life. The splash of water revived him, and he opened his eyes. Zlateh Goat Making Generalizations A generalization is a conclusion drawn from examples or evidence. You combine evidence in text with prior knowledge to come up with a broad statement that expresses a truth about what you ve read your generalization. Into Action For each selection, use a chart like this to record details that seem (or don t seem) credible and explain why. You ll use your charts to make generalizations about selections. Title of Story: The Dog of Pompeii Detail about character or plot Credible or not credible? Why? (based on my own knowledge) Bimbo takes total care of Tito. Credible Dogs are companions for people who are blind. penetrated (PEHN uh tray tihd) v.: pierced; made a way through. Sunlight penetrated clouds. cleft (klehft) adj.: split; divided. Goats have cleft hooves. chaos (KAY ahs) n.: total confusion or disorder. The storm created chaos outside Aaron s shelter. exuded (ehg ZOO dihd) v.: gave off. The hay exuded warmth. Verb Forms What do words revived, penetrated, and exuded above have in common? Think as a Reader/Writer Find It in Your Reading The Dog of Pompeii and Zlateh Goat both contain realistic details. As you read, list details that add to credibility of characters and plot. Learn It Online For a preview of The Dog of Pompeii, see video introduction on: go.hrw.com L6-399 Go Read aloud Vocabulary words and sample sentences. Then, use this activity to check students understanding. For each of words below, have students identify Vocabulary word with a similar meaning. 1. disorder [chaos] 2. motivated [ambitious] 3. recharged [revived] 4. broke through [penetrated] 5. saying [proverb] 6. radiated [exuded] 7. split [cleft] Language Coach Use Language Coach to help English-language learners acquire word-attack skills. Have students work in small groups to list more words ending in ed. Possible responses: grimaced, plunged, consoled. [They are all past tense verb forms.] Literary Focus As you read and discuss selection with students, have m note details that add credibility to story. Reading Focus Give students a copy of Reading Focus graphic organizer before y read. (See Collection 4 Resources.) Tell m to use ir responses to answer questions on Applying Your Skills page. Writing Focus Differentiating Instruction, modified lesson plans and leveled assessment e9nas6_c04cmt_01.inddholt 399 English Language Development, systematic instruction and scaffolded content Supporting Instruction in Six Languages, selection summary Transparencies, p. 34 Resources for Teaching Advanced Students, lesson plans ThinkCentral Online Assessment, Selection Test ThinkCentral Online Remediation 2/7/08 6:02:09 PM Have students record realistic details in ir Reader/Writer Notebook. Students can use ir notes to complete Writing Focus activity. Learn It Online The PowerNotes presentation for this lesson includes a short video that introduces selection. The video is also available online. Preview at go.hrw.com. go.hrw.com L6-399 Go Preparing to Read 399
Selection Introduction More About Writers When many people believed that poetry was only for rich and educated, Louis Untermeyer argued that anyone could appreciate literature. He once said, What most of us don t realize is that everyone loves poetry. Robert Silverberg wanted to write books that would make young people interested in science. In addition to his writings about Pompeii, he wrote books for children about Antarctica, space, and medicine. Isaac Bashevis Singer spent two years studying to be a rabbi in a seminary. Eventually, he left to devote his life to writing. Still, many of his stories are set in shtetels, or Jewish ghettos, from his childhood in Poland. Think About Writers Ask students to think of an event from past that is significant to today. Discuss reasons students think event is still important. For Independent Reading Students who like tales of bonds between humans and animals might enjoy Never Cry Wolf*, Farley Mowat s account of his summer living among wolves in Arctic. Anor heartwarming story about pets and survival is The Incredible Journey by Sheila Burnford. In this novel, animals travel across wilderness to find ir way home. MEET THE WRITERS Louis Untermeyer (1885 1977) Reviving an Old World Louis Untermeyer described writer s job as struggle somehow to revive an old world, or create a new one. As a child, he loved to read, but he dropped out of high school to work in his family s jewelry business. He didn t become serious about writing until he met poet Robert Frost in 1915. They became lifelong friends, and it was Frost who encouraged Untermeyer to write. Robert Silverberg (1935 ) The Future and Past Robert Silverberg has written hundreds of works in many genres. One of world s most famous science fiction writers, Silverberg has also written nonfiction about archaeology and history especially history of people and places long vanished. Nobel Prize WINNER Isaac Bashevis Singer (1904 1991) Time Does Not Vanish Isaac Bashevis Singer was born in a village like one in Zlateh Goat. As a boy, he read constantly and was curious about everything. Both of his parents were skilled storytellers. Singer watched and listened, carefully storing in his memory scenes, people, and incidents he would write about later in his life. His stories earned him Nobel Prize for Literature in 1978. Why do you think se writers write about people and places that used to be? Learn It Online Get more on Singer s life at: go.hrw.com L6-400 Go Preview Selections In short story The Dog of Pompeii, you ll meet Tito, a boy who is blind, and his faithful dog Bimbo. Both characters live in ancient Pompeii, Roman city that was buried by eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. Next, you ll read Pompeii, a nonfiction historical account of same event eruption of Vesuvius. In Zlateh Goat, you ll read about a boy, Aaron, and his adventure when he takes family goat, Zlateh, to market. Finally, you ll read Trial by Fire, a nonfiction article that tells story of a brave mor cat, Scarlett, who saves her kittens from a fire. *This title is available in HRW library. Learn It Online Writers Lives offers more information on life of author as well as Holt s interactive resources pertaining to author. Preview at go.hrw.com. go.hrw.com L6-400 Go 400 Unit 1 Collection 4
SHORT STORY THE DOG Think About/Talk About Read with a Purpose Have students read Read with a Purpose statement. Draw students attention to word bond in statement. Explain that word can be a synonym for friendship or relationship. As students read, tell m to pay special attention to details that describe Tito and Bimbo s relationship. OF POMPEII by Louis Untermeyer Cave Canem (Beware of Dog). Ancient Roman floor mosaic from Pompeii.? Extend Discussion Read with a Purpose Build Background Read The Dog of Pompeii to find out how bond between a boy and his dog is tested during one of greatest natural disasters in history. The setting of this story is Pompeii, an ancient Roman city that was buried by a volcanic eruption in A.D. 79. The story combines fictional story of Tito and his dog Bimbo with facts about actual historical event. The volcano that destroyed city of Pompeii also preserved it. In eighteenth century, archaeologists began excavating Pompeii. As y uncovered city captured in time by ash that buried it, y brought past to life. Today, you can visit Pompeii and see city as it was nearly two thousand years ago. T ito and his dog Bimbo lived (if you could call it living) under wall where it joined inner gate. They really didn t live re; y just slept re. They lived anywhere. Pompeii was one of gayest of old Latin towns, but although Tito was never an unhappy boy, he was not exactly a merry one. The streets were always lively with shining chariots and bright red trappings; open-air aters rocked with laughing crowds; sham1 battles and athletic sports were free for asking 1. sham: make-believe. in great stadium. Once a year Caesar2 visited pleasure city and fireworks lasted for days; sacrifices3 in forum were better than a show. But Tito saw none of se things. He was blind had been blind from birth. He was known to everyone in poorer quarters. But no one could say how old he was, no one remembered his parents, no one could tell Monitoring Your Reading Reread first two paragraphs of story. Why is Tito not as merry as he could be? Possible response: He has been blind since birth and cannot see any of lively events happening in Pompeii. Evaluating a Story s Credibility Do you think details about Pompeii in first paragraph of story are believable? Why or why not? Possible response: Yes, because when important people come to visit a town nowadays we have parades and ceremonies. For this reason I think it is realistic that city had several days of fireworks when Caesar visited Pompeii. 2. Caesar (SEE zuhr): Roman emperor. The word Caesar comes from family name of Julius Caesar, a great general who ruled Rome as dictator from 49 to 44 b.c. 3. sacrifices: offerings (especially of slaughtered animals) to gods. Selection Readability e9nas6_c04cmt_01.indd Easily Accessible Accessible Challenging 401 Lexile historical context; accessible me; familiar genre 9/28/07 10:28:37 AM 910 Selection Summary The Dog of Pompeii is fictional account of a young blind boy whose dog helps him survive real-life natural disaster at Pompeii. It is a story of courage and friendship between a boy and his dog. The Dog of Pompeii 401
Guided Practice Model and Apply Remind students that when y evaluate credibility of a story y decide if story seems logical and believable. Explain that a credible story has realistic characters and a plot that unfolds in a way that makes sense. Model evaluating credibility of The Dog of Pompeii. Read aloud last paragraph on p. 402 and first four paragraphs on p. 403. Point out how author describes Tito s ability to hear and smell things that few ors would notice. Explain that this detail seems credible because Tito is blind, and it makes sense that his or senses would be finely attuned to compensate for his lack of vision. Listen-Talk-Write Read aloud final paragraph on p. 403. Ask students to discuss with a partner if y find description of forum to be credible. Then have students write a few sentences summarizing ir thoughts. Possible response: Students may say that y find description credible because it seems to contain many historically accurate details. where he came from. Bimbo was anor mystery. As long as people could remember seeing Tito about twelve or thirteen years y had seen Bimbo. Bimbo had never left his side. He was not only dog but nurse, pillow, playmate, mor, and far to Tito. A Did I say Bimbo never left his master? (Perhaps I had better say comrade, for if anyone was master, it was Bimbo.) I was wrong. Bimbo did trust Tito alone exactly three times a day. It was a fixed routine, a custom understood between boy and dog since beginning of ir friendship, and way it worked was this: Early in morning, shortly after dawn, while Tito was still dreaming, Bimbo would disappear. When Tito awoke, Bimbo would be sitting quietly at his side, his ears cocked, his stump of a tail tapping ground, and a fresh-baked bread more like a large round roll at his feet. Tito would stretch himself; Bimbo would yawn; n y would breakfast. At noon, no matter where y happened to be, Bimbo would put his paw on Tito s knee and two of m would return to inner gate. Tito would curl up in corner (almost like a dog) and go to sleep, while Bimbo, looking quite important (almost like a boy), would disappear again. In half an hour he d be back with ir lunch. Sometimes it would be a piece of fruit or a scrap of meat, often it was nothing but a dry crust. But sometimes re would be one of those flat rich cakes, sprinkled with raisins and sugar, that Tito liked so much. At suppertime same thing happened, although re was a little less of everything, for things were hard to snatch in evening, with streets full of people. Besides, Bimbo didn t approve of too much food before going to sleep. A heavy supper made boys too restless and dogs too stodgy4 and it was business of a dog to sleep lightly with one ear open and muscles ready for action. B But, wher re was much or little, hot or cold, fresh or dry, food was always re. Tito never asked where it came from and Bimbo never told him. There was plenty of rainwater in hollows of soft stones; old egg woman at corner sometimes gave him a cupful of strong goat s milk; in grape season fat winemaker let him have drippings of mild juice. So re was no danger of going hungry or thirsty. There was plenty of everything in Pompeii if you knew where to find it and if you had a dog like Bimbo. As I said before, Tito was not merriest boy in Pompeii. He could not romp with or youngsters and play hare and hounds and I spy and follow your master and ball against building and jackstones and kings and robbers with m. But that did not make him sorry for himself. If he could not see sights that delighted lads of Pompeii, he could hear and smell things y never noticed. He could really see more with his ears and nose than y could with ir eyes. When he and Bimbo went out walking, he knew just where y were going and exactly what was happening. A Read and Discuss What s author telling you in se B Literary Focus Literary Criticism Are characters in this story Tito and Bimbo believable so far? Why or why not? opening paragraphs? What s his attitude toward his characters? 4. stodgy (STAH jee): heavy and slow in movement. Differentiating Instruction English-Language Learners To help students develop ir cultural associations e9nas6_c04cmt_01.indd 402 with pets, make a concept map for dog with phrases like man s best friend, loyal, and seeing-eye dog, that describe relationships between people and dogs in American culture. Have students read to find out if story confirms se generalizations with evidence. See Differentiating Instruction for lesson plans and strategies for teaching English-language learners. 402 Unit 1 Collection 4 Readers Gaining Proficiency Model reading skill of making generalizations. Read first page of The Dog of Pompeii aloud. Say: I ve learned that Tito is blind and homeless. I know that se are major challenges. Thus, I can make generalization Tito has a difficult life. See Differentiating Instruction for lesson plans and strategies for teaching readers gaining proficiency. Advanced Learners Acceleration After students read se selections, 9/28/07 10:28:43 AM
SHORT STORY Ah, he d sniff and say, as y passed a handsome villa,5 Glaucus Pansa is giving a grand dinner tonight. They re going to have three kinds of bread, and roast pigling, and stuffed goose, and a great stew I think bear stew and a fig pie. And Bimbo would note that this would be a good place to visit tomorrow. C Or, H m, Tito would murmur, half through his lips, half through his nostrils. The wife of Marcus Lucretius is expecting her mor. She s shaking out every piece by Louis Untermeyer Cave Canem (Beware of Dog). of goods inancient house; she s going to use Roman floor mosaic from Pompeii. best clos ones she s been keeping in pine needles and camphor6 and re s an Read with a Purpose Build Background extra kitchen.tocome, Bimbo, Readgirl The in Dog of Pompeii find out how let s The setting of this story is Pompeii, an ancient Roman city that was get outbetween of adust! Interpreting The story and combines fictional buried by a volcanic eruption in A.D. 79. Viewing bond boy and his dog is tested during Or, as y passed a small but elegant What does this illustration show about relationship between story of Tito and his dog Bimbo with facts about actual historical one of greatest natural disasters in history. Titovolcano and Bimbo? event. The that destroyed city of Pompeii also preserved it. dwelling opposite public baths, Too bad! The tragic poet is ill again. It must be a In eighteenth century, archaeologists began excavating Pompeii. As captured time by and ash that buriedonions, it, y bad fever this time, for y re trying smoke y uncovered cuttlefi sh,cityand newin honey, sweet brought past to life. Today, you can visit Pompeii and see city as fumes instead of medicine. Whew! I m glad and ugh! water-buffalo steaks. Come, let s it was nearly two thousand years ago. I m not a tragic poet! see what s what in forum. And Bimbo, Or, as y neared forum, Mm-m! just as curious as his comrade, hurried on. 7 What good things y have in macellum Being dog,stadium. he trustedonce his ears and nose (like in agreat a year ito and his dog Bimbo lived (if you today! could (It really was a sort of butcher-grocertito) more than his eyes. And so 2 Caesar visited pleasure city andtwo of call it living) under wall marketplace, but Tito didn t know any betentered for center of Pompeii. fim reworks lasted days; sacrifices3 ind where it joined inner gate. They ter. He called it macellum.) Dates from Th e forum was part of town to forum were better than a show. really didn t live re; y just slept re. Africa, and salt oysters from sea caves, and which everybody came at least once during But Tito saw none of se things. He was They lived anywhere. Pompeii was one day. It was central square, and blind had been blind from birth. Heeverywas of gayest of old Latin towns, but thing happened here. Th ere were no private 5. villa: large house. known to everyone in poorer quarters. although Tito was never an unhappy boy, 6. camphor (KAM fuhr): strong-smelling substance houses; all was public chief But no one could say how old hetemples, was, no one he was not exactly a merry one. Th e streets used to keep moths away from clothing. Camphor is gold and red bazaars, silk shops, tell town remembered his parents, no one could were always with shining chariots and still used forlively this purpose. hall, booths belonging to weavers and 7. macellum (MUH sehl uhm): market, especially a bright red trappings; open-air aters 2. Caesar (SEE zuhr): emperor. The word jewel merchants, Roman wealthy woolen market, meat with market. rocked laughing crowds; sham1 battles THE DOG OF POMPEII T and athletic sports were free for asking C Read and Discuss Why does Bimbo think this villa would be a good place to visit tomorrow? 1. sham: make-believe. Caesar comes from family name of Julius Caesar, a great general who ruled Rome as dictator from Focus Generalizations From what Tito D Reading 49 to 44 b.c. is describing, what generalizations can you make about life in 3. sacrifices: offerings (especially of slaughtered Pompeii? animals) to gods. Think About/Talk About Comprehension A Read and Discuss Possible response: Bimbo dog is like a nurse, a parent, and a playmate to blind boy named Tito. They live toger in ancient, busy city of Pompeii. The author conveys a positive attitude by focusing on good things about Tito and Bimbo s relationship. C Read and Discuss Possible response: The people in villa are having a grand feast, so Bimbo will probably be able to steal some leftovers tomorrow. D Reading Focus Possible response: Pompeii is a bustling city with elegant villas, public baths, and a marketplace. Analysis B Literary Focus Possible response: I think Tito is believable, but sometimes Bimbo acts too much like a human for me to believe that he is real.? Extend Discussion Making Inferences Based on information in in paragraph on p. 402 that begins As I said before, what can you infer about Tito s sensory abilities? Possible response: Tito s or senses are heightened because he is blind; he has a better sense of hearing and smell than people of Pompeii who have ir sight. have m research newspaper or magazine stories about people and ir pets. Do stories y find e9nas6_c04cmt_01.inddmake 403 401 ones from this collection more or less credible? Have students share ir findings with rest of class. Viewing and Interpreting: This illustration shows that Tito and Bimbo are loyal friends. 9/28/07 10:28:43 10:28:37 AM Learners with Diverse Needs Have students preview illustrations in story. What generalizations can y make about clothing and buildings? Where might story take place? The Dog of Pompeii 403
Guided Practice Model and Apply Explain to students that a generalization is a broad conclusion or universal truth based on evidence. Remind students that y should use textual evidence and ir own prior knowledge to make generalizations as y read. Model making a generalization based on evidence in The Dog of Pompeii. Read aloud p. 404 and top of p. 405. Point out how everyone has a different explanation for cause of earthquakes. Tell students that you can combine this evidence with your own knowledge to make generalization that people always strive to understand and explain world around m no matter how incomprehensible it seems. Have students read first full paragraph on p. 405. Ask m to make a generalization based on description of forum and ir prior knowledge. Possible response: Students may make generalization that people enjoy socializing in groups. Think as a Reader/Writer Find It in Your Reading Point out concrete details about forum in first full paragraph on p. 405. Explain that se details add to credibility of story because y are specific, historically accurate, and probably based on research. Use It in Your Writing Have students write two sentences describing a place y know well. Tell students to use concrete details in ir descriptions. Viewing and Interpreting What scene in story does this picture illustrate? shrine of household gods. Everything glittered here. The buildings looked as if y were new which, in a sense, y were. The earthquake of twelve years ago had brought down all old structures and, since citizens of Pompeii were ambitious to rival Naples and even Rome, y had seized opportunity to rebuild whole town. And y had done it all within a dozen years. There was scarcely a building that was older than Tito. E Tito had heard a great deal about earthquake, though being about a year old at time, he could scarcely remember it. This particular quake had been a light one as E Read and Discuss What details have you learned about life in ancient Pompeii from this account of Tito and Bimbo s walk through city? Vocabulary ambitious (am BIHSH uhs) adj.: eager to achieve something. Developing Oral Fluency Sound is especially important in The Dog of Pompeii because main character is blind and relies on sounds e9nas6_c04cmt_01.indd 404 to tell him what s going on around him. Point out to students that stories often describe how certain characters voices sound. Good readers are able to recognize and follow se cues when y read aloud. 404 Unit 1 Collection 4 earthquakes go. The weaker houses had been shaken down, parts of outworn wall had been wrecked; but re was little loss of life, and brilliant new Pompeii had taken place of old. No one knew what caused se earthquakes. Records showed y had happened in neighborhood since beginning of time. Sailors said that it was to teach lazy city folk a lesson and make m appreciate those who risked dangers of sea to bring m luxuries and protect ir town from invaders. The priests said that gods took this way of showing ir anger to those who refused to worship properly and who failed to bring enough sacrifices Whole-class activity Write following sentences on board: 1. Let s go, she said happily. 2. Let s go, she grumbled. Ask students what speakers in sentence one and sentence two might sound like. Have volunteers read each sentence aloud. Read aloud dialogue between Rufus and stranger, which begins in second full paragraph on p. 405. 9/28/07 10:28:49 AM
to altars and (though y didn t say it in so many words) presents to priests. The tradesmen said that foreign merchants had corrupted ground and it was no longer safe to traffic in imported goods that came from strange places and carried a curse with m. Everyone had a different explanation and everyone s explanation was louder and sillier than his neighbor s. F They were talking about it this afternoon as Tito and Bimbo came out of side street into public square. The forum was favorite promenade 8 for rich and poor. What with priests arguing with politicians, servants doing day s shopping, tradesmen crying ir wares, women displaying latest fashions from Greece and Egypt, children playing hide-and-seek among marble columns, knots of soldiers, sailors, peasants from provinces 9 to say nothing of those who merely came to lounge and look on square was crowded to its last inch. His ears even more than his nose guided Tito to place where talk was loudest. It was in front of shrine of household gods that, naturally enough, householders were arguing. I tell you, rumbled a voice which Tito recognized as bath master Rufus s, re won t be anor earthquake in my lifetime or yours. There may be a tremble or two, but earthquakes, like lightnings, never strike twice in same place. 8. promenade (prahm uh NAYD): public place where people stroll. 9. provinces: places far from capital, under Roman control. F Read and Discuss What is going on at forum? What didn t people at this time understand about earthquakes? Ask students what it might sound like if someone rumbled when y spoke. Ask what a thin voice or an edged voice might sound like. Have students practice reading this same dialogue in pairs, playing close attention to cues that describe how voices might sound. Do y not? asked a thin voice Tito had never heard. It had a high, sharp ring to it and Tito knew it as accent of a stranger. How about two towns of Sicily that have been ruined three times within fifteen years by eruptions of Mount Etna? And were y not warned? And does that column of smoke above Vesuvius mean nothing? That? Tito could hear grunt with which one question answered anor. That s always re. We use it for our wear guide. When smoke stands up straight, we know we ll have fair wear; when it flattens out, it s sure to be foggy; when it drifts to east Yes, yes, cut in edged voice. I ve heard about your mountain barometer. 10 But column of smoke seems hundreds of feet higher than usual and it s thickening and spreading like a shadowy tree. They say in Naples Oh, Naples! Tito knew this voice by little squeak that went with it. It was Attilio cameo cutter. 11 They talk while we suffer. Little help we got from m last time. Naples commits crimes and Pompeii pays price. It s become a proverb with us. Let m mind ir own business. Yes, grumbled Rufus, and ors, too. Very well, my confident friends, responded thin voice, which now sounded curiously flat. We also have a proverb and 10. barometer (buh RAHM uh tuhr): instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. Barometers are used in forecasting changes in wear. 11. cameo cutter: artist who carves small, delicate pictures on gems or shells. Vocabulary proverb (PRAHV urb) n.: short, wise saying that expresses a truth. Viewing and Interpreting: This picture shows Tito overhearing householders arguing about earthquakes. Think About/Talk About Comprehension E Read and Discuss Possible response: Pompeii experienced a devastating earthquake. The town was rebuilt after earthquake. Pompeii tried to compete with or ancient cities like Naples and Rome. F Read and Discuss Possible response: People are offering explanations for earthquake that occurred twelve years ago. People at this time did not understand that earthquakes are a natural phenomenon.? Extend Discussion Interpreting Details What does phrase everyon e explanation was louder and sillier than his neighbor s on p. 405 reveal about towns people? Possible response: The townspeople s explanations for earthquakes are not reliable or correct. They are more interested in hearing mselves speak than actually uncovering scientific cause of phenomena. Making Predictions Read paragraph on p. 405 that begins Yes, yes, cut in edged voice. What bearing do you think stranger s words will have on rest of story? Possible response: The stranger mentions smoke at top of Mount Vesuvius changing. He begins to mention something similar that happened in anor town, but is cut off. I predict that something bad will happen involving mountain and city and that people will not be prepared for it. The Dog of Pompeii 405
Guided Practice Model and Apply Remind students that many past tense verbs end in -ed. These verbs are regular verbs. Some verbs do not take on -ed ending when y are written in past tense. These verbs are irregular verbs. Write selection words shouted and wondered on board. (See paragraph on p. 406 that begins Tito wondered too. ) Explain that se are regular verbs. These words are already in past tense form, so y end in -ed. Tell students that when changing regular verbs that end in -e into past tense, y only need to add letter -d. Have students find some examples from text. Possible responses: increased, exchanged, excited, revived. Tell students that when changing regular verbs that end in -y into past tense, y need to change -y to an -i and n add -ed. Write selection word cried on board. (See paragraph on p. 406 that begins They visited uncovered ater. ) Explain that verb cry has been changed into past tense using this method. Tell students that this rule only applies to words that end in -y when -y comes after a consonant. If -y comes after a vowel, -y stays and -ed is added to end of word. Ask students if y can think of any examples where this occurs. Possible responses: obey, stay, portray. it is this: Those who will not listen to men must be taught by gods. I say no more. But I leave a last warning. Remember holy ones. Look to your temples. And when smoke tree above Vesuvius grows to shape of an umbrella pine, look to your lives. Tito could hear air whistle as speaker drew his toga about him, and quick shuffle of feet told him stranger had gone. G Now what, said cameo cutter, did he mean by that? I wonder, grunted Rufus. I wonder. Tito wondered, too. And Bimbo, his head at a thoughtful angle, looked as if he had been doing a heavy piece of pondering. By nightfall argument had been forgotten. If smoke had increased, no one saw it in dark. Besides, it was Caesar s birthday and town was in a holiday mood. Tito and Bimbo were among merrymakers, dodging charioteers who shouted at m. A dozen times y almost upset baskets of sweets and jars of Vesuvian wine, said to be as fiery as streams inside volcano, and a dozen times y were cursed and cuffed. But Tito never missed his footing. He was thankful for his keen ears and quick instinct most thankful of all for Bimbo. They visited uncovered ater, and though Tito could not see faces of actors, he could follow play better than most of audience, for ir attention wandered y were distracted by scenery, costumes, byplay,12 even by mselves while Tito s whole attention was centered in what he heard. Then to city walls, where people of Pompeii watched a mock naval battle in which city was attacked by sea and saved after thousands of flaming arrows had been exchanged and countless colored torches had been burned. Though thrill of flaring ships and lighted skies was lost to Tito, shouts and cheers excited him as much as any, and he cried out with loudest of m. H The next morning re were two of beloved raisin-and-sugar cakes for his breakfast. Bimbo was unusually active and thumped his bit of a tail until Tito was afraid he would wear it out. The boy could not imagine wher Bimbo was urging him to some sort of game or was trying to tell him something. After a while, he ceased to notice Bimbo. He felt drowsy. Last night s late hours had tired him. Besides, re was a heavy mist in air no, a thick fog rar than a mist a fog that got into his throat and scraped it and made him cough. He walked as far as marine gate13 to get a breath of sea. But blanket of haze had spread all over bay and even salt air seemed smoky. He went to bed before dusk and slept. But he did not sleep well. He had too many dreams dreams of ships lurching in forum, of losing his way in a screaming crowd, G Literary Focus Literary Criticism What attitudes among men does this conversation reveal? How does this scene contribute to development of plot? H Reading Focus Generalizations Based on what you ve learned in se last two paragraphs, what generalization can you make about Tito? Differentiating Instruction Readers Gaining Proficiency To help students attach significance to Bimbo s behavior e9nas6_c04cmt_01.indd 406 explain that this story is partially about in this section, experiencing world through five senses: sight, taste, touch, smell, and hearing. Remind students that Tito is blind, and so he relies on his or senses to describe Pompeii. A dog also relies on sense, but cannot describe things he sees, smells, hears or feels. Instead, readers will have to rely on Bimbo s actions to find out what he is sensing. 406 Unit 1 Collection 4 12. byplay: action taking place outside main action of a play. 13. marine gate: gate in a city wall leading to sea. Have students reread paragraph on p. 406 that begins The next morning. Ask m to make a list of words and phrases that describe what Tito hears, smells, or feels. Possible responses: hears Bimbo thumping his tail, feels drowsy, feels mist in his throat, feels or smells smoky air. Point out sentence, The boy could not imagine... Ask students, How do animals, or even babies, who cannot talk tell you something? Using information y wrote down about Tito s senses and what 9/28/07 10:28:52 AM
of armies marching across his chest, of being pulled over every rough pavement of Pompeii. He woke early. Or, rar, he was pulled awake. Bimbo was doing pulling. The dog had dragged Tito to his feet and was urging boy along. Somewhere. Where, Tito did not know. His feet stumbled uncertainly; he was still half asleep. For a while he noticed nothing except fact that it was hard to brea. The air was hot. And heavy. So heavy that he could taste it. The air, it seemed, had turned to powder a warm powder that stung his nostrils and burned his sightless eyes. Then he began to hear sounds. Peculiar sounds. Like animals under earth. Hissings and groanings and muffled cries that a dying creature might make dislodging stones of his underground cave. There was no doubt of it now. The noises came from underneath. He not only heard m he could feel m. The earth twitched; twitching changed to an uneven shrugging of soil. Then, as Bimbo half pulled, half coaxed him across, ground jerked away from his feet and he was thrown against a stone fountain. I The water hot water splashing in his face revived him. He got to his feet, Bimbo steadying him, helping him on again. The noises grew louder; y came closer. The cries were even more animal-like than before, but now y came from human throats. A few people, quicker of foot and more hurried by fear, began to rush by. A family or two n a section n, it seemed, an army I Read and Discuss What is causing se peculiar sounds? Why is Bimbo reacting like this? y already know about story, ask students what y think Bimbo might be trying to tell Tito. Advanced Learners Acceleration Have students research life in ancient Pompeii. From ir research, do y find story credible or not? Have students support or discredit specific lines in story with information y have found. Visual Learners To help students visualize events in story, show m pictures of Mount Vesuvius and photographs of an broken out of bounds. Tito, bewildered though he was, could recognize Rufus as he bellowed past him, like a water buffalo gone mad. Time was lost in a nightmare. It was n crashing began. First a sharp crackling, like a monstrous snapping of twigs; n a roar like fall of a whole forest of trees; n an explosion that tore earth and sky. The heavens, though Tito could not see m, were shot through with continual flickerings of fire. Lightnings above were answered by thunders beneath. A house fell. Then anor. By a miracle two companions had escaped dangerous side streets and were in a more open space. It was forum. They rested here awhile how long, he did not know. J Tito had no idea of time of day. He could feel it was black an unnatural blackness. Something inside perhaps lack of breakfast and lunch told him it was past noon. But it didn t matter. Nothing seemed to matter. He was getting drowsy, too drowsy to walk. But walk he must. He knew it. And Bimbo knew it; sharp tugs told him so. Nor was it a moment too soon. The sacred ground of forum was safe no longer. It was beginning to rock, n to pitch, n to split. As y stumbled out of square, earth wriggled like a caught snake and all columns of temple of Jupiter 14 came down. It was end of world or so it seemed. To walk was not enough now. They must run. 14. Jupiter: supreme god in religion of Romans. J Read and Discuss What is happening now? Vocabulary revived (rih VYVD) v.: awakened; brought back to life. actual volcanic eruption. Students may also be interested to see pictures of preserved objects that were discovered during 18th and 19th century excavations of Pompeii. Auditory/Musical Learners Have pairs make a list of sound effects that would be necessary to dramatize action on pages 406 and 407. Then have m discuss what instruments or tools might be used to create se sounds. For example, what might be used for hissings and groanings and muffled cries described on p. 407? A violin or tuba? A rusty hinge? Invite pairs to share ir ideas with class. Think About/Talk About Comprehension H Reading Focus Possible response: Tito is with Bimbo even at night when y go to an outdoor ater performance. Blind Tito is attentive to sounds around him and is thankful for his dog s quick instinct that keeps him out of harm s way. I Read and Discuss Possible response: The earth, reacting to erupting volcano, is causing sounds. Bimbo is trying to move Tito out of harm s way. J Read and Discuss Possible response: People are fleeing from erupting volcano. Bimbo is helping Tito escape. Analysis G Literary Focus Possible response: The men s attitude is dismissive and unconcerned and y ignore stranger s warnings. The scene adds suspense to plot, it foreshadows dangerous events to come, and it shows how little people in Pompeii knew about earthquakes and or natural disasters.? Extend Discussion Drawing Conclusions In paragraph on p. 406 that begins The next morning... Tito walks as far as marine gate. From information in this paragraph what conclusion can you draw about ancient cities? Possible response: The author mentions marine gate as if it is a common feature in a city. I know that people need water to survive. These details lead me to conclusion that ancient cities were often built along bodies of water. The Dog of Pompeii 407
Guided Practice Model and Apply Provide students with copies of Reading Focus graphic organizer for The Dog of Pompeii. (See Collection 4 Resources.) Remind students that making generalizations can help m evaluate credibility of a text. Explain that y should use ir prior knowledge to make generalizations about plot details. Point out that a credible story has realistic details and a logical plot. Model adding a generalization to graphic organizer. Point out how, on p. 408, Bimbo goes to extreme measures to rescue Tito. Explain that this detail seems credible because you know from experience that dogs are intensely loyal creatures. Detail about character or plot Credible or not credible? Why? (based on my own knowledge) Bimbo saves Tito. Yes Dogs are intensely loyal. Turn-and-Talk Have students read through end of story. Have m discuss with a partner wher or not ending seems credible based on generalization that dogs are intensely loyal. Invite pairs to share ir thoughts with class. Possible response: Students are likely to say that fact that Tito went to fetch food for Bimbo in middle of volcano seems credible because he knew Tito was starving and as a loyal friend, put Tito s needs above his own. 408 Unit 1 Collection 4 Tito was too frightened to know what to do or where to go. He had lost all sense of direction. He started to go back to inner gate; but Bimbo, straining his back to last inch, almost pulled his clos from him. What did creature want? Had dog gone mad? Then suddenly he understood. Bimbo was telling him way out urging him re. The sea gate, of course. The sea gate and n sea. Far from falling buildings, heaving ground. He turned, Bimbo guiding him across open pits and dangerous pools of bubbling mud, away from buildings that had caught fire and were dropping ir burning beams. Tito could no longer tell wher noises were made by shrieking sky or agonized people. He and Bimbo ran on only silent beings in a howling world. New dangers threatened. All Pompeii seemed to be thronging toward marine gate and, squeezing among crowds, re was chance of being trampled to death. But chance had to be taken. It was growing harder and harder to brea. What air re was choked him. It was all dust now dust and pebbles, pebbles as large as beans. They fell on his head, his hands pumice stones from black heart of Vesuvius. The mountain was turning itself inside out. Tito remembered a phrase that stranger had said in forum two days ago: Those who will not listen to men must be taught by gods. The people of Pompeii had refused to heed warnings; y were being taught now if it was not too late. K Suddenly it seemed too late for Tito. The red-hot ashes blistered his skin, stinging vapors tore his throat. He could not go on. He staggered toward a small tree at side of road and fell. In a moment Bimbo was beside him. He coaxed. But re was no answer. He licked Tito s hands, his feet, his face. The boy did not stir. Then Bimbo did last thing he could last thing he wanted to do. He bit his comrade, bit him deep in arm. With a cry of pain, Tito jumped to his feet, Bimbo after him. Tito was in despair, but Bimbo was determined. He drove boy on, snapping at his heels, worrying his way through crowd, barking, baring his teeth, heedless of kicks or falling stones. Sick with hunger, half dead with fear and sulfur fumes, Tito pounded on, pursued by Bimbo. How long, he never knew. At last he staggered through marine gate and felt soft sand under him. Then Tito fainted.... Someone was dashing seawater over him. Someone was carrying him toward a boat. Bimbo, he called. And n louder, Bimbo! But Bimbo had disappeared. Voices jarred against each or. Hurry hurry! To boats! Can t you see child s frightened and starving! He keeps calling for someone! Poor boy, he s out of his mind. Here, child take this! They tucked him in among m. The oarlocks creaked; oars splashed; boat rode over toppling waves. Tito was safe. But he wept continually. Bimbo! he wailed. Bimbo! Bimbo! He could not be comforted. L K Read and Discuss What are you picturing from words in L Literary Focus Literary Criticism Is story of Tito last few paragraphs? and Bimbo believable? Explain wher it is possible to believe that such a boy and such a dog really existed at this time in history. Cross-Curricular Connection SCIENCE: Volcano! The mountain-like landforms that we call volcanoes e9nas6_c04cmt_01.indd 408 were formed by flow of lava from repeated eruptions on earth s surface. High temperatures far beneath earth s surface melt rock into a substance called magma. When magma reaches air, it is called lava. In addition to lava, volcanic eruptions release fragments of solid rock and or materials as well as a destructive substance called pyroclastic flow, a mix of hot gas, rock fragments, and hot air. The largest active volcano in world, called Nevados Ojos del Salado, is in South America. It stands along border of Chile and Argentina and is 22,595 feet tall. Scientists call some volcanoes active even though y are not currently erupting. This is because volcanoes can go thousands of years without an eruption. Nevados Ojos del Salado, for example, has not erupted since about 700! 2/7/08 6:02:16 PM
Eighteen hundred years passed. Scientists were restoring ancient city; excavators15 were working ir way through stones and trash that had buried entire town. Much had already been brought to light statues, bronze instruments, bright mosaics,16 household articles; even delicate paintings had been preserved by fall of ashes that had taken over two thousand lives. Columns were dug up, and forum was beginning to emerge. It was at a place where ruins lay deepest that director paused. Come here, he called to his assistant. I think we ve discovered remains of a building in good shape. Here are four huge millstones that were most likely turned by slaves or mules and here is a whole wall standing with shelves inside it. Why! It must have been a bakery. And here s a curious thing. What do you think I found under this heap where ashes were thickest? The skeleton of a dog! Amazing! gasped his assistant. You d think a dog would have had sense enough to run away at time. And what is that flat thing he s holding between his teeth? It can t be a stone. Think About/Talk About Comprehension K Read and Discuss Possible response: Cracking and twitching earth, screaming people, falling buildings, bubbling mud. I picture a terrifying scene. M Reading Focus Possible response: Bimbo was a loyal, caring dog and a true friend. N Read and Discuss Possible response: During restoration a dog s skeleton has been recovered with a raisin cake in its mouth. This shows that Bimbo was separated from Tito during earthquake because he was getting Tito food. Analysis Viewing and Interpreting What is happening to Tito here? How does this illustration show chaos that follows after volcano s eruption? 15. excavators (EHKS kuh vay tuhrz): diggers; here, archaeologists. 16. mosaics (moh ZAY ihks): pictures or designs made by inlaying small bits of stone, glass, tile, or or materials in mortar. No. It must have come from this bakery. You know it looks to me like some sort of cake hardened with years. And, bless me, if those little black pebbles aren t raisins. A raisin cake almost two thousand years old! I wonder what made him want it at such a moment. M I wonder, murmured assistant. N M Reading Focus Generalizations What generalization N Read and Discuss What is this part about? The scientists can you make about Bimbo based on what you ve read in this story? How does this generalization relate to his credibility as a character? are wondering why dog would want a raisin cake at such a bad time. What strikes you about this? e9nas6_c04cmt_01.indd 409 Viewing and Interpreting: Tito is being carried away from danger of volcano and from Bimbo. This illus9/28/07 10:28:53 AM tration shows that everyone panicked and quickly left things behind, which contributed to chaos. L Literary Focus Possible response: The author gives historical details that make story seem believable, and characters thoughts, emotions, and actions seem realistic.? Extend Discussion Theme What me is conveyed by last two lines on p. 408? How do excavators comments at end of p. 409 reinforce this me? Possible response: The me that bonds of friendship between humans and animals can be deep is conveyed by Tito s cries for Bimbo and inability to be comforted; it is reinforced by fact that Bimbo died trying to get food for his beloved friend. Check for Understanding Monitor Students Progress Guide class in answering se comprehension questions. 1. What generalization can you make about Tito s emotional state at story s end? [He is grieving over loss of Bimbo.] 2. How would you describe Bimbo? [He is deeply loyal.] 3. Why does Tito think volcano erupted? [He believes stranger s warning that people in Pompeii are being punished by gods.] Applying Your Skills 409