On- Farm Necropsies Who, What, Where, When and Why Thank you for par-cipa-ng in PorkBridge 2014. To start the presenta-on, advance one slide by pressing enter or the down arrow or right arrow key. Locke A. Karriker, DVM, MS, DACVPM Dr. Douglas and Ann Gustafson Professor of Teaching Excellence in Veterinary Medicine Associate Professor and Director, Swine Medicine Educa-on Center Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine Who? 2 Veterinarians Caretakers Other Health Professionals.. even Nutri8onists?!?!?! 3 When? A soon as possible aher death When monitoring for treatment success or failure When mortality or clinical signs change from historical presenta8ons Documenta8on of cri8cal events Where: On- Farm Faster Improves biocontainment Requires the right tools Necropsy knives are not prybars or screwdrivers! 4 5 1
Why A lot of informa8on for very likle investment Conserves resources Helps care for the living pigs What Use images to review step- by- step procedures for necropsy procedure Iden8fy gross abnormali8es of respiratory (lungs) and enteric systems (diges8ve track) Understand the collec8on of appropriate 8ssue specimens for diagnos8c inves8ga8on Provide diagnos8c 8ps and comments for achieving maximum value from diagnos8c lab submissions 6 7 Reflect front and rear legs 8 8 Make a tab of skin beginning under the mandibles 9 9 Pull up on the tab and reflect skin while cutting through the sternum. 10 10 11 Reflect front and rear legs 11 2
12 If the necropsy occurs immediately after death, it is possible to collect 12 a blood sample during the necropsy.. Reflect front and rear legs 13 13 Make a tab of skin beginning under the mandibles 14 14 15 15 Pull up on the tab and reflect skin while cutting through the sternum. Colon cecum ileum 16 16 17 Locate ileocecocolic junction 17 3
Identify the ileocecocolic junction String out the small intestine by cutting the mesentery 18 18 19 The knife points to the ileum 19 ulcer ulcer normal ulcer Ulcers 21 21 St ric h e tu r ale e f d u rom lce a r Large intestine on the20 Left 20 Ulcers ulcer ulcer 22 22 23 23 4
Fibrinous clot in the intes8nal tract consistent with ilei8s Fibrinous clot in the intes8nal tract consistent with ilei8s 24 24 25 25 Fibrinous clot in the intes8nal tract consistent with ilei8s Normal thickened, irritated small intestine 26 26 27 hose pipe gut 27 28 thickened, irritated small intestine 28 29 hose pipe gut Black, necrotic intestines consistent with an intestinal twist 29 5
Porcine Enteri8s Nursery and Grow- Finish Ileum: Two 10 cm sec8ons fresh/chilled, four 1 cm sec8ons fixed Jejunum: Two 10 cm sec8ons fresh/chilled, four 1 cm sec8ons fixed Cecum and colon: En8re organ or two 10 cm segments of the spiral colon fresh/chilled, four 1 cm pieces fixed Lesions: 10 cm segment fresh, several pieces fixed Feces: 10 ml chilled Mesenteric lymph node: Fresh and fixed Liver: ¼ of organ fresh, 3 slices fixed Stomach: Examine for and submit lesions 30 30 31 cecum ileum jejunum Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes Thickened small intestinal mucosa in a case of PCV2- associated enteritis 1 cm sections for histopath 32 32 33 33 Nursery- Finisher Enteri8s Sampling Tips and Comments Collect intes8nes aher all other organ samples are collected to avoid fecal contamina8on Package small intes8nes separate from large, package GI 8ssues separate from all other 8ssues Samples must be taken within minutes of death to minimize autolysis of villi Flush intes8nal contents out of histopath sec8ons and expose mucosa to formalin In cases of necro8c enteri8s, submit necro8c segments and adjacent non- necro8c segments Porcine Pneumonia Brain: ½ fresh/chilled and ½ fixed Upper respiratory tract Swab of turbinate Swab of bronchus Turbinate scroll fixed Lung Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid if PRRSV VI requested En8re side with no holes or generous por8on (10 cm cube) with lesion submiked fresh Five 1 cm slices formalin- fixed see map Tracheobronchial lymph node: ½ fresh, ½ fixed Tonsil: ½ fresh and ½ fixed 34 35 6
A hack saw is used to cut the snout for a transverse view Turbinate atrophy Nasal swabs can be taken from live or euthanized pigs. Use appropriate swabs (viral or bacterial) and get sample from the middle region of the nasal turbinate. 36 36 Septal deviation 37 37 Ventral approach Necropsy approach in a finisher pig with respiratory disease 38 38 Lateral approach 39 39 40 View of the carcass after removal of sternum and ventral abdominal skin and cracking the ribs back 40 View of the carcass on which a lateral approach was used and sets of 2-3 ribs were cracked back 41 41 7
Remove larynx with the pulmonary tract pluck Trachea and lymph nodes Larynx Thoracic inlet Lung Ventral head/mandible 42 42 43 43 Lung from a pig experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 1 2 3 4 Include affected and adjacent unaffected tissue 5 Location for collection of 5 slices of lung for histopath 44 46 45 46 47 Normal Lung Collect tracheobronchial lymph nodes for microbiology and histopath Include airway cross sections 44 45 Diseased Lung 47 8
48 50 52 Normal Lung 48 Diseased Lung Normal 50 Lung 52 49 Black, hardened, hemorrhagic, infected areas of lung. 49 51 51 53 53 9
54 54 55 55 56 56 57 Fibrin coated organs 57 mediastinal LN iliac LN 1. Carefully cut through the skin and just into the joint capsule Collect synovium for histopath exam 2. Using torque, pop open the joint and collect joint fluid on a swab or in a syringe inguinal LN 58 58 Collect lymph nodes for microbiological testing and histopath exam 59 59 10
Salmonellosis Erysipelas Porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome Examine skin and collect lesions in different stages of progression Parvovirus and Staphylococcus aureus Acknowledgements ISU- VDL Pathology Sec8on Faculty Dr. Pat Halbur Dr. Kent Schwartz Dr. Mike Yaeger Dr. Dave Larson Dr. Bruce Janke ISU- VDL Director Dr. Gary Osweiler ISU- VDL Necropsy Floor Staff Ray Grover Mike Jennings Jeff Meister ISU Biomedical Communica8ons Jim Fosse for photography 60 60 61 11