Youth Livestock Exhibitors Assuring Quality Care for Animals 2015 Most public arena of the food animal industry Actions of 4-H & FFA members impact: Public perception of food animal industry Food quality and safety Remember: You are representing your organization, club, county, the industry, your family, and yourself! Ethical Decisions ASK YOURSELF. Does the practice break FDA, state or federal laws? Does the practice harm the animal? Does the practice falsely represent the animal? Do you have to lie to cover up the practice? Would the public be upset if they knew about the practice? Are the food products from this animal marketable? Would you eat the food produced from this animal? Adapted from the Rules are Black & White materials, Jeff Goodwin Animal Well-being Animal Well-being Recordkeeping VCPR Medical and treatment records Caretaker training Euthanasia (VCPR) Handling Husbandry Written Emergency Backup Plan Natural Disaster Fire Weather Power Outage Phone Numbers: Yours, Veterinarian, Fire, Police 1
Animal Well-being Daily Observation Ensures prompt reaction to needs Keep track of observations looking for patterns Animal production gives us direction! Average Daily Gain (ADG) Feed Efficiency (FE) Physical Evaluation Disease Behavior Abnormalities Animal Well-being Body Condition Scoring (BCS) Animal Well-being Space Stand up Lie down Turn around When lying full lateral recumbency should be achieved Head should be free from resting on feeder, and Tail should not be in contact with fencing at the same time Animal Well-being Euthanasia Work with your veterinarian and the VCPR you have established Sometimes this is necessary Timely Animal shows no improvement as a result of severe condition or illness for more than 2 consecutive days this might be viable option. CONSULT with your VETERINARIAN Shelter Needed to allow animals an escape from harsh environments Animals at various ages and stages of production require different amounts of space KNOW the space requirements for your animal Base space on the animal size or stage of production Plan space for animal growth Shelter Ventilation Allows for proper air movement Does the facility have proper temperature control? 2
Transportation Guidelines Do transport during early morning or evening during hot weather Do NOT transport during extreme cold or heat Avoid long transport times Do NOT overcrowd Provide proper ventilation Moving Animals Be aware of and use the flight zone Make sure pathways are clear of obstructions Can cause bruising and injury No yelling, poking, hitting, shocking Avoid use of electric prods! A View of Flight Zone Animal Well-being Willful acts of abuse Unacceptable on any farm or in any show barn! Right versus Wrong! Just because another person is doing it? Just because we know the person doing it? Just because you respect that person? THINK! Then ASK! If you observe willful acts of abuse you should stop the situation If you feel threatened then tell someone else confidentially and let them handle the situation Good Production Practices 2015 in Red GPP 1: Use an Appropriate Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR) as the Basis for Medication Decision-Making GPP 2: Establish and Implement an Efficient and Effective Health Management Plan GPP 3: Use Antibiotics Responsibly GPP 4: Properly Store and Administer Animal Health Products GPP 5: Follow Proper Feed Processing Protocols Good Production Practices 2015 in Red GPP 6: Establish Effective Animal Identification, Medication Records and Withdrawal Times GPP 7: Practice Good Environmental Stewardship GPP 8: Maintain Proper Workplace Safety GPP 9: Provide Proper Animal Handling and Care GPP 10: Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement 3
Use an Appropriate Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship (VCPR) as the basis for Medication Decision-Making Assuring Quality Care for Animals GPP #1 Veterinarian/Client/Patient Relationship Important to establish as a means to Manage the health of project animal(s) Prevent drug residues Required for prescription drugs and extra-label drug use What is needed for this relationship? The veterinarian has Seen and has knowledge of the animal Discussed the health plan or any treatments with the owner Good Production Practice #1 VCPR How can youth exhibitors establish a relationship with a veterinarian? Invite a veterinarian to speak at club or project meeting about health plans Have a farm tour with club and invite the veterinarian to come along Visit with your county fair veterinarian Basic Classes of Drugs 1. Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTC) Can be purchased without a prescription Should consult veterinarian before use MUST follow label instructions EXACTLY GPP #1 GPP #1 Basic Classes of Drugs 2. Prescription Drugs (R x ) Drugs that require a veterinarian s written permission for use (prescription) Label of a R x drug will state CAUTION Federal law restricts use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian Who determines whether or not a drug is OTC or R x? A. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) B. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) C. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Answer: FDA GPP #1 GPP #1 4
Types of Drug Use 1. Label Use Using the drug EXACTLY as stated on the label 2. Off Label Use of a drug in a manner other than what is stated on the label AND without guidance from a veterinarian under the extra-label policy ILLEGAL 3. Extra-Label Using an animal drug in a manner not in accordance with the approved drug labeling, but with the guidance of a veterinarian Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD) This pertains to a category for new antimicrobial drugs used in the feed to treat disease in the food animal industry Must have a VFD to feed the product Extra-label use NOT permitted even under the direction of a licensed veterinarian GPP #1 GPP #1 Compounding of Animal Drugs When a licensed veterinarian mixes two drugs together in a bottle or syringe Withdrawal times are of concern This practice should only be done by a veterinarian This action is illegal for anyone other than a veterinarian Who s Responsible for a Drug Residue? ALL! Producers, parents, and youth food animal exhibitors are responsible to produce a safe, wholesome food product. When the animal or food product is marketed YOU should be confident NO drug residue exists. Give yourself peace of mind Avoid the consequences GPP #1 GPP #1 What can Result in a Drug Residue in Meat or Milk? Poor animal ID Treatment not recorded Poor recordkeeping NOT following label directions Extra-label drug use Feeding of medicated feed Cross-contamination Establish and Implement an Efficient and Effective Health Management Plan Assuring Quality Care for Animals GPP #1 5
Vaccinations Very important in exhibition animals Vaccination lowers risk of disease Exhibitions expose animals to several diseases with intermingling of animals from many sources Parasite Control Important to ALL animals Internal parasites May not identify problem until too late Can affect meat quality and animal performance Coccidia control important for dairy, beef, sheep and goats Spread by birds and rodents Quickly spreads through animals External parasites Pesticides and Insecticides IMPORTANT to health and performance of animals De-wormers are often overlooked in exhibition animals Results in poor performance Results in increase of condemned livers lowers value of carcass Compromises health of animal Unhealthy Animals Impact performance of animal Slower growth, lower milk, or egg production Poor feed efficiency Increased medication costs Impact meat quality Decrease in the quality of the meat Condemned organs because of damage caused by disease or parasites Bio-security Plans Part of an effective health plan Uses management practices to reduce risk of infectious diseases Maximize animal health and performance Minimize foodborne contamination Bio-Security Disease in livestock movement Between animals different species (market chicken to steer) same species Between farms Anything that moves and comes in contact with animals 6
How can a disease be transmitted from one farm to another? Rodents, wildlife, birds, pets Vehicles New animals Humans Clothes, shoes Air New Animals Should be isolated for at least 10 days Consult veterinarian for each situation Isolate animal(s) after an exhibition Same health status as current animals Vaccination Visitors Production areas limited access Change clothes before entering Footbath, shower-in Should not have contact with other animals for 24 hours prior (especially for same species) Environment Clean and disinfect pen/stall/crate before bringing in new animals Have separate facilities for sick animals Feed and feed bunks free of manure Clean waterers on a regular basis Standard Operating Procedures SOP s Develop for family, employees and visitors Address issues with bio-security Consult veterinarian Use Antibiotics Responsibly Assuring Quality Care for Animals GPP #3 7
Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production Treatment of illness Control and prevention of disease Improve nutritional efficiency GPP #3 Antibiotic Use in Food Animal Production 1. Take appropriate steps to decrease the need for antibiotics. 2. Assess advantages and disadvantages of all uses of antibiotics. 3. Use antibiotics only when they provide measurable benefits. 4. Fully implement the management practices described for responsible use of animal health products into daily operation. 5. Have a working veterinarian/client/patient relationship and follow the responsible antibiotic use guidelines. GPP #3 Storage Properly Store and Administer Animal Health Products Assuring Quality Care for Animals Health products have specific storage requirements Proper storage Reduces contamination Reduces risk to health for animals and people Ensures product will work Expiration Date & Shelf Life Purchase amount needed for one day unless labeled Remember to always. READ THE LABEL Never use an outdated drug or vaccine Some drugs must be used the same day once opened or mixed Otherwise may lose effectiveness Example: Modified Live Vaccines 8
Storage DO s Determine drug storage requirements Most require cool, dark, dry storage Some require refrigeration All drugs should be stored in a clean, organized place to avoid becoming contaminated Storage DON Ts Do NOT store partially used drugs or vaccines unless allowable by label Drugs for lactating and non-lactating animals should NOT be stored together DO NOT store medications in syringes. Cross-Contamination To pollute or taint by contact What can you do to reduce the risk of cross-contamination? Use different feed scoops Properly clean feed mixing equipment Store medicated feed and other feeds separately Use transfer needles to reconstitute vaccines NEVER mix vaccines or other animal health products, unless directed Use only APPROVED combinations of vaccines or health products DO NOT store medications in feed room Could get mixed with a feed ration Dosage Example: A sheep has foot rot and the medication label says to give 2 cc per 100 lbs of body weight once daily for 2 days. The lamb weighs 90 lbs. How much is the daily dose? (90/100 =.9) so 2x.9 = 1.8 cc per day How much total medication needs to be used for duration of treatment? 2 days x 1.8 cc per day = 3.6 cc Suggestions Keep box, medication, and all labels together during storage Keep medication labels for your records Attach in the back of record books or keep with treatment records Keep records for at least one year Medicated Feeds Can only feed at level approved by FDA No extra-label use of medicated feeds Feed at level as indicated on the feed label instructions Consult veterinarian or nutritionist with questions 9
Storage of Medicated Feeds Store at proper moisture and temperature Keep medicated feeds separate from non-medicated feeds Feed Additives A substance added to feed rations to Improve feed efficiency Promote growth Prevent/Treat diseases Calculate dosage accurately!!! Responsible Drug Use Sound decisions are made by: Following guidelines Following ALL label or veterinarian instructions Avoiding on-farm quarantine Protecting and expanding food animal industry markets by emphasizing QUALITY and SAFETY Administration of Drugs Intramuscular (IM) in the muscle Subcutaneous (SQ) under the skin Seek veterinary assistance Intraperitoneal (IP) in the abdominal cavity Intravenous (IV) in the vein These types of drug administrations should be done under the direction of a veterinarian! Administration of Drugs Other types Intranasal (IN) These types of drug in the nasal passages administrations do not use Intramammary Infusion a needle! in the udder through the teat canal Topical on the skin or on the mucous membranes of the eyes, ears, or nasal passages Check if product is approved for food animals Pesticides typically have this type of application Orally Through the mouth By drenching guns, balling guns or oral dose syringes In feed and water Needle Use Guidelines Use proper animal restraint Select proper injection site 10
Why is proper injection site important? SAFETY and QUALITY for consumers An abscess will not just occur at one small spot but can be found in throughout the muscle. MONEY lost by industry Efficacy of products can be affected Needle Use Guidelines Select correct needle Shorter Needles for SQ Longer Needles for IM Smaller Needles for younger and smaller animals Select the smallest needle size possible for injection less damage Needle Use Guidelines Change needles frequently Preferably after each animal Retrieve dropped needles and dispose of immediately Change bent needles Never straighten Ensure proper disposal of sharps Good Production Practice #3 Good House Keeping Follow Proper Feed Processing Protocols Facilities and Equipment should be kept: Clean Maintained Assuring Quality Care for Animals GPP #5 GPP #5 11
Clean Equipment Clean mixing equipment between each batch Use different feed scoops or other equipment for medicated feeds Clean feeders following use of medicated feeds Record Keeping Record use of medicated feeds Keep complete records of feed formulation Swine, sheep, goats, poultry Keep records 1 year Beef and dairy Keep records 2 years GPP #5 GPP #5 Establish Effective Animal Identification, Medication Records, and Withdrawal Time Assuring Quality Care for Animals Why is Identification (ID) Important? Important management tool for producers Performance measurements Identify treated animals Track ownership and movement From birth to harvest Track disease outbreaks in food animal industry Ensure consumer confidence through traceability of food animal products Identification Methods Freeze Branding Preferred method No damage to hide Less stress to animal Hot Branding Typically used as a farm or group ID Damage to hide Decreases value Identification Methods Tattoo Permanent Not easy to read for daily management DNA- unique Blood or Hair Unique to each animal 12
Identification Methods Nose Print Like a finger print Unique to each animal Identification Methods Ear Tags Most common form of ID Common ear tag is the least expensive Electronic ID (EID) Ear tag, implant or rumen bolus Leg and Wing Bands Used on poultry National ID Program Not required at this time Producers encouraged to register for a premise ID with state department of agriculture http://www.agri.ohio.gov/animalid Other Resources http://www.usda.gov/nais http://www.aphis.usda.gov/traceability/ Premises ID Program Process of registering a location where livestock are raised, housed or pass through during commerce During natural or animal disease disasters a Premises ID Number (PIN) will support Faster traceback capabilities during disease outbreak Faster determination of extent of outbreak Faster implementation of disease control measures Business planning to diminish effects of disease outbreak Better communication to producers in areas affected by disasters Scrapie Identification Program What animals must have a scrapie ID tag? ALL intact sheep and goats ALL sheep and goats over 18 months (including wethers) Purchased outside of Ohio Enter Ohio and used for exhibition or breeding purposes Records must be kept for 5 years including; Name and Address of Breeder, and Buyer Scrapie Identification What is an official USDA Scrapie ID? USDA provided ear tags USDA approved ear tags USDA assigned tattoos Registration tattoos/microchips when accompanied by a registration certificate Scrapie Certification Program approved ID 13
Maintain Medication Treatment Records All food producers are required to keep medication and treatment records. Ohio Drug Use Notification Form (DUNF) must be filled out by ALL exhibitors of market and lactating animal projects. Treatment Records Should include Individual animal ID Date treated Name of product administered Amount of drug administered (dosage) Treatment Records Should include Route and location of administration Withdrawal period Earliest date animal(s) will have cleared the withdrawal period Identity of the person who administered the product Treatment Records Can include other important information Condition being treated Weight of animal Product lot/serial number Results, comments Look at species record books and quality assurance programs for treatment record options Minimum Treatment Record Treatment Record Forms Animal ID #100 Date & Time Product Dosage Route of Admin. 7/4/05 9 AM Omnibiotic 10 cc IM Withdrawal Period 28 days Date & Time Withdrawal complete 8/1/05 9 AM Person giving Treatment Joe Johnson, Vet Drug Use Notification Form (DUNF) Must be filled out by every food animal exhibitor Keep accurate records to correctly fill out form before exhibiting animal. From Project Record Book 14
Treatment Record Forms Individual or Pen Treatment Records Project Record Books Resource Handbooks PQA Level III Manual Ohio Beef Quality Assurance Manual Other Treatment Records Farm Medication Plan PQA Level III Manual Feed Mixing Records PQA Level III Manual Medicated Feeds How long should you keep your records? Species Years Poultry, Rabbit 1 Beef, Dairy Beef 2 Swine 3 Sheep, Goats (Required by federal law) 5 Dairy Cows & Heifers 5 Animal Tracing An animal tracing movement record includes Animal s or group s identification number PIN of sending and receiving premises Date of movement Number of animals moved and reason for movement Maintain records for recommended time depending on species Should be made available to animal health officials for inspection Avoid Drug Residue: Know and Observe Withdrawal Times Period of time that must pass between the last treatment and the time the animal Will be harvested Milk taken Eggs harvested Avoid Drug Residue Violations Do NOT market animals for food until withdrawal time is complete ONLY use medication approved for the species being treated DO exactly as the label directs or as prescribed by your veterinarian CONSULT your veterinarian with questions and concerns IF IN DOUBT, conduct a drug residue test 15
Calculating Withdrawal Time Dairy Animals Date antibiotic was given: 9/13 Time antibiotic was given: 10 AM Withdrawal period: 2 days Milking times: 6 AM, and 4 PM Date withdrawal is complete: 9/15 at 10 AM Date & Time milk can be put in bulk tank: 9/15 at 4 PM Food Safety Regulatory Agencies United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agency of federal government that enforces regulations related to agriculture Food products and safety Delivery of products to consumer Food Safety Regulatory Agencies Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Responsible for regulating medicated animal feed and most animal health products Approves health products Sets tolerance levels of medications Approves route of administration of product Food Safety Regulatory Agencies Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Responsible for the approval and regulation of pesticides Determines withdrawal time of pesticides for livestock Regulations of physical and chemical impact of livestock production on the environment Food Safety Regulatory Agencies Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) Division of USDA Inspects all food products from animals in federally inspected packing plants and food processing facilities Examines food processing facility sanitation (HACCP) Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points Food Safety Regulatory Agencies HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point plans are set in place to protect food animal products during processing from Chemical Hazards Biological Hazards Physical Hazards Each food operation has a HACCP plan or something equivalent that helps to assure consumer protection 16
Environmental Stewardship Practice Good Environmental Stewardship Assuring Quality Care for Animals Management of manure and other by products of livestock production is a complex environmental issue. Manure and livestock by products can have both positive and negative environmental consequences. Manure can produce substantial benefits and/or result in severe environmental degradation. The actual environmental result depends upon choices that the producer makes. GPP #7 GPP #7 Environmental Stewardship - Storage Livestock producers need to maintain proper depth in runoff holding ponds Create storage locations with a bermed area to prevent runoff Make a sediment basin to trap and manage solid manure. If these activities do not occur contamination and runoff issues could be dangerous and cause pollution. Retrieved and Adapted from the EPA website GPP #7 Environmental Stewardship Land Application and Management Manure application can be valuable to the land. Applications allow for creating the perfect soil type for your livestock. Manure application improves the quality of the soil. A nutrient management plan allows producers to efficiently use the nutrients applied to the soil and helps in water quality production. Retrieved and Adapted from the EPA website GPP #7 Environmental Stewardship Public Perception A well maintained facility benefits the environment and continuously improves the publics perception of the industry. This includes: Proper manure/litter storage and composting Grass filter strips to protect surface water Keep a well maintained facility Retrieved and Adapted from the EPA website GPP #7 Environmental Stewardship Production Areas Productions areas should always be well maintained This includes: Keeping animals from direct contact with surface water Keeping livestock covered in holding areas to protect from manure mixing with storm water. Well designed area to manage runoff Bermed area to prevent runoff Securing facility from accident and vandalism. Retrieved and Adapted from the EPA website GPP #7 17
Maintain Proper Workplace Safety Assuring Quality Care for Animals Maintaining Proper Workplace Safety Maintaining workplace safety can mean the difference between life and death/serious injury for the producer. If working with heavy equipment make sure that training has been done to ensure those working on and around machinery are careful. Keep barns and aisles clear of debris and sharp objects that could cause tripping or stabbing issues while working with or moving livestock. Always keep a list of emergency numbers close by including Family/Friends, the Veterinarian, Fire Department, and any other pertinent person who may be of assistance. GPP #8 GPP #8 Proper Animal Care Provide Proper Animal Handling and Care Helps reduce production costs Increases performance Improves food quality Improves safety to humans and animals Assuring Quality Care for Animals GPP #9 GPP #9 3 Basic Needs Water Food Water Most important nutrient Provide DAILY Higher requirements dependent on changes in temperature Accessible to ALL animals Cleaned on regular basis Shelter Requirements based on: * Species * Stage of Production * Age * Environment GPP #9 18
Food Know the nutrient needs of the animals Feed appropriate amount of feed Avoid restricting feed or water Thermoregulation Control body temperature Temperature is impacted by Air flow Density of animals Humidity Season GPP #9 GPP #9 Ways To Control Temperature Heat Sprinkle area or animal (evaporative cooling) Fans (air movement) Shade (lessens thermal radiation) Cold Deeper bedding (insulation) Shelter (prevent drafts) House animals together Sanitation Provide clean bedding Remove waste in a timely manner Prevent spread of disease Clean and disinfect facilities before new animals arrive GPP #9 GPP #9 Stress Stress Indicators Important to identify stress Know what is normal through daily observation Reduced performance and more likely to get sick when stressed What indicates that you are stressed? Lack of appetite Abnormal posture Slower than normal growth Rapid breathing Lameness or alteration of gait Restlessness Dull or depressed attitude Unusual noises or sounds Self-isolation from pen mates GPP #9 GPP #9 19
Types of Stress Thermal Temperature Physical Objects that could cause injury to animal Lack of food and water Disease Behavioral Factors affect normal behavior of the animal Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement Assuring Quality Care for Animals GPP #9 GPP #10 Utilize Tools for Continuous Improvement Attend the yearly Assuring Quality Care offering in the county. Work daily with your livestock project to ensure the utmost care for the animal(s). Ask local farmers for pointers. Research your livestock species to ensure that you are familiar with health problems before they occur. Questions? GPP #10 20