Hard-bodied ticks of the Western United States. Part I

Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series Volume 2 Number 3 Article 1 3-1963 Hard-bodied ticks of the Western United States. Part I Elias P. Brinton Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah D Elden Beck Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib Part of the Anatomy Commons, Botany Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Brinton, Elias P. and Beck, D Elden (1963) "Hard-bodied ticks of the Western United States. Part I," Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series: Vol. 2 : No. 3, Article 1. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/byuscib/vol2/iss3/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact scholarsarchive@byu.edu, ellen_amatangelo@byu.edu.

» -1 I V 11"-^ YU^'w VU* BIOLOGICAL SERIES VOLUME II, NUMBER 3, PART 1 '«!! ( March, 1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES by ELIAS P. BRINTON and D ELDEN BECK Brigham Young University Science Bulletin

BIOLOGICAL SERIES VOLUME 11, NUMBER 3, PART 1 March, J 963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES by ELIAS P. BRINTON and D ELDEN BECK Brigham Young University Science Bulletin

HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Part 1 PICTORIAL KEY FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE GENERA' Introduction This paper is concerned only with the adults of the several genera in the western United States. Subsequent papers are planned to include the nymphal and larval stages. Once keys are available for classifying all stages of development to genus, the several developmental stages will be classified to the species category. The western United States as defined in these papers will be concerned with the geography west of the Continental Divide, south of the Canadian border and north of the Mexican boundary line. Nevertheless, the keys and other information wdll naturally be applicable to parts of western Canada and Mexico, and to a limited extent to those states in the United States bordering the Continental Divide. Methods Ticks are supported on a mold of typewriter cleaner putty. This putty enables manipulation of the specimen to facilitate observation of all body surfaces. Orientation of the tick is best done by use of fine pointed forceps. A pair of A. 0. Spencer Universal Illuminators will suffice for good lighting, which is equally important to a. wide range of magnification. Magnification from 10 to 120 diameters is necessary to identify the features noted in this study. When ticks are under observation for a prolonged period, they should occasionally be moistened with a drop of preservative or placed in the liquid for a short period of time. Seventy percent ethyl alcohol has been the preservative used in these studies. New solutions have always been used when the specimens are returned to bottles for permanent storage. Acknowledgments Extensive collections have been made throughout the western United States by vari- by Elias P. Brinton and D Elden Beck Department of Zoology and Entomology Brigham Young University Provo, Utah This investigation supported in part by Research Grant El 273 from the National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service. ous expeditions sent out from the Brigham Young University Department of Zoology and Entomology. These collections have been greatly added to by generous gifts and loans of specimens by several institutions, organizations and individuals. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory at Hamilton, Montana, through the courtesy of Glen M. Kohls and Carlton M. Clifford, has been most cooperative. Dale Parker and Elmer Johnson of the University of Utah Ecology Unit at Dugway, Utah, have supplied collections from several years' study at that location. All of the collections of ticks resulting from the three-year ecology study (1960-61-62) on the A.E.C.-B.Y.U. Ecology Project at the Nevada Test Site, Mercury, Nevada, have been in our possession. Carl O. Mohr University of California at Berkeley, has placed all of his collections of ticks at our disposal, and we also have some collections provided by the California State Department of Health through the courtesy of Allan M. Barnes. Charles L. Douglas in his studies at Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, has collected a long series of ticks which he has loaned us. Marvin Coffey at the Southern Oregon College, Ashland, Oregon, likewise sent a representative collection from that area. T. A. Filipi and William R. Rapp sent the entire Dermacentor adult collection from the Nebraska State Department of Health. Rex W. Allen of the University of New Mexico sent us a representative collection of Dermacentor hunteri Bishopp he had taken at the Nevada Bighorn Wildlife Reservation near Las Vegas, Nevada. Charles Hansen, biologist at the same station, has been continually supplying us collections obtained from the Bighorn Sheep. Through the help of Carl Musebeck we also received an important shipment of ticks from the U.S. National Museum. Students, colleagues, and interested friends have been attentive to our interests in this project, and ticks are being sent to us regularly from near and far.

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Explanation of Figures Almost all the drawings are original and have been made from field-collected specimens. Each illustration was drawn so that parts are in exact measurable proportion to each other. Only those anatomical external features which were pertinent to the present study have been included and labeled. In the pictorial key those anatomical parts are labeled as described in the couplets of the key. Dorsal and ventral views of both sexes have been illustrated to facilitate further taxonomic and anatomical comparison in this and subsequent studies. Sequence of figures is as follows: 1. Descriptions and illustrations for the separation of the adult, nymphal and larval stages of hard-bodied ticks. 2. Pictorial key for the separation of the genera of hard-bodied ticks in the western United States. 3. Dorsal and ventral views of adult male and female ticks of the several genera in the western United States. Identification of Developmental Stages of the Hard-Bodied Ticks The following brief descriptions and illustrations will readily assist the inexperienced worker to distinguish between the larval, nymphal and adult stages. Adult: Four pairs of legs present. Genital aperture or plate located between coxal plates I and II. The female and male can be differentiated by the length and size of the scutal plate. The female scutal plate usually extends posteriorly from % to 1/2 the length of the idiosoma, depending upon the extent of engorgement. The male scutal plate covers the entire idiosoma except at the peripheral margin in some genera. IDIOSOMA^ male female

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES male female Nymph: Four pairs of legs present. Genital opening or plate absent. Care should be taken not to confuse an engorged nymph for a partially engorged female. The scutal plate of the nymph only partially covers the idiosoma as in the female. The unengorged nymph is much smaller than an unengorged adult.

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Larva: Three pair of legs present. Larvae in most cases are very small. Pictorial Key for Separation of Adult Genera 1. Eyes present 2 male female

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES Eyes absent 3 lale female Basis capitulum laterally triangulate * Rhipicepkalus See figures 17, 18, 19, 20 for dorsal and ventral views of male and female specimens. PALP ARTICLE BASIS CAPITULUM ale female There is one species of RHipicephalus m North America. This key will suffice to identify the adult stage of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille) See figs. 17. 18, 19 and iu.

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Basis capitulum not laterally triangulate 4 male female 3. Postanal groove present *Haemaphysalis ^, See figures 5, 6, 7. 8 for dorsal and ventral views of male and female specimens. _ANAL PLATE POSTANAL GROOVE Preanal groove present See figures 1. 2, 3, 4 for dorsal and ventral views of male and female specimens. Ixodes PREANAL GROOVE There are two species of Haemaphysalis in North America. This key will suffice to identify Haemaphrsalis leporis-palustris (Packard) adults.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 4. Seven festoons present * Anocentor See figures 13, 14, 15, 16 for dorsal and ventral views of male and female specimens. FESTOONS Eleven festoons present Dermacentor See figures 9, 10, 11, 12 for dorsal and ventral views of male and female specimens. FESTOONS 'Anocentor nitens (Neumann) although not distributed in the western United States has been included in this study, in that it is a borderline species in its distribution. In addition there is only one species in North America. Its distribution is in southcentral Texas, Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Islands. See figs. 13. 14, 15 and 16.

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 PALP ARTICLE II! PALP ARTICLE li BASIS CAPITULUM SCAPULA LATERAL CARINA CERVICAL GROOVE PSEUDOSCUTUM LATERAL GROOVE SCUTUM MARGINAL BODY FOLD Fig. 1. Dorsal view, adult male Ixodes. (Modified from Cooiey and Kohls, 1945) Pseudoscutal suture indicated by broken lino.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES PALP ARTICLE IV HYPOSTOME PREGENITAL PLATE COXA I EXTERNAL SPUR COXA II INTERNAL SPUR GENITAL APERTURE COXA III COXA IV GENITAL GROOVE SPIRACULAR PLATE MEDIAN PLATE ADANAL PLATE EPIMERAL PLATE ANUS PREANAL GROOVE ANAL PLATE Fig. 2. Ventral view, adult male Ixodes. (Modified from Cooley and Kohls. 1945)

10 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 PALP ARTICLE III PALP ARTICLE II PALP ARTICLE I AREA POROSA CORNUA LATERAL CARINA CERVICAL GROOVE SCUTUM MARGINAL GROOVE MARGINAL BODY FOLD Fig. 3. Dorsal view, adult female Ixodes. (Modified from Cooley and Kohls, 1945) The broken lines indicate degree of variation in outline of scutal margin encountered in the several species of the genus.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 11 CAPITULUM COXA I COXA II INTERNAL SPUR EXTERNAL SPUR COXA III COXA IV SPIRACULAR PLATE GENITAL APERTURE GENITAL GROOVE PREANAL GROOVE ANUS ANAL PLATE Fig. 4. Ventral view, adult female Ixodes.

12 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Fig. 5. Dorsal view, adult male Haemaphysalis.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 13 Fig. 6. Ventral view, adult male Haemaphysalis.

14 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Fig. 7. Dorsal view, adult female Haemaphysalis.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 15 Fig. 8. Ventral view, adult female Haemaphysalis

16 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 CHELICERAL SHEATHS BASIS CAPITULUM SCAPULA CORNUA EYE CERVICAL GROOVE LATERAL GROOVE FESTOONS Fig. 9. Dorsal view, adult male Dermacentor.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 17 PALP ARTICLE IV PALP ARTICLE III PALP ARTICLE II PALP ARTICLE I COXA I INTERNAL SPUR.EXTERNAL SPUR GENITAL PLATE COXA II COXA III GENITAL GROOVE COXA IV MACULA GOBLET CELLS ANUS Fig. 10. Ventral view, adult male Dermacentor.

18 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 CAPITULUM CERVICAL GROOVE EYE SCUTUM MARGINAL GROOVE FOVEA FESTOONS Fig. 11. Dorsal view, adult female Dermacentor

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 19 HYPOSTOME PALPUS COXA I EXTERNAL SPUR INTERNAL SPUR COXA II GENITAL APERTURE COXA III GENITAL GROOVE COXA IV SPIRACULAR PLATE MACULA DORSAL PROLONGATION ANAL ORIFICE POSTANAL GROOVE FESTOONS Fig. 12. Ventral view, adult female Dermacentor.

20 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Fig. 13. Dorsal view, adult male Anocentor.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 21 Fig. 14. Ventral view, adult male Anocentor.

22 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Fig. 15. Dorsal view, adult female Anocentor.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 23 Fig. 16. Ventral view, adult female Anocerrtor.

24 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Fig. 17. Dorsal view, adult male Rhipicephalus.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 25 Fig. 18.- Ventral view, adult male Rhipicephalus.

26 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 Fig. 19. Dorsal view, adult female Rhipicephalus.

1963 HARD-BODIED TICKS OF THE WESTERN UNITED STATES 27 Fig. 20. Ventral view, auult female Rhipicephalus.

28 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SCIENCE BULLETIN Vol. II, No. 3 References Cooley, R, A. 1938. The Genera Dermacentor and Otocentor (Ixodidae) U.S. National Institutes of Health Bulletin 171. Cooley, R. A. and Kohls, Glen M. 1945. The Genus Ixodes in North America National Institutes of Health Bulletin 184. Cooley, R. A. 1946. The Genera Boophilus, Rhipi cephalus, and Haemaphysalis (Ixodidae) of the New World. National Institutes of Health Bulletin 187. Gregson, J. D. 1956. The Ixodoidea of Canada. Publication 930, Science Service, Entomology Division, Canada Department of Agriculture. Nuttall, F. H. F. and C. Warburton 1911. Ticks, a monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part II. Cambridge University Press. London. Serdhukova, G. V. 1955. Zool. Zhurnal, 34(5): 1037-1051.

(cl^f