Public Health Pest Control Dreda A. Symonds, Mosquito Control Biologist City of Virginia Beach / Public Works
Public Health Pests Life Cycles Public Health Concerns Surveillance Control
Vertebrates Rodents: Mice Rats Invertebrates - Arthropods (Exoskeleton) Arachnids: Ticks Spiders Insects: Lice Cockroaches Flies & Mosquitoes
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Using several different surveillance, prevention and control techniques to control a pest.
Steps in Safe & Effective Pest Management 1. Proper identification & understanding of pest Biology & Chemistry Life Cycle Behavior
2. Monitoring pest populations & disease potential.
3. Preventing pest infestations (Source Reduction)
4. Using Control Measures
FOLLOW LABEL INSTRUCTIONS!!!
SAFETY READ THE LABEL!!!!!!!!
Mosquitoes
Over 3,000 different species worldwide
Mosquito Life Cycle 4. Adult 3. Pupa 2. Larva 1. Egg
eye wing abdomen proboscis legs
1. Mosquito-Borne disease control 2. Nuisance control
Mosquito-borne Diseases A. Arboviral Encephalitis 1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) 2. West Nile Virus (WNV) 3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE) B. Malaria (protozoan) C. Dog Heartworms (nematode)
1. Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Most often in coastal regions of VA Not common in humans, but serious Very high fever & quick onset
2. West Nile Virus (WNV) Mild Fever, headache and body aches Mild rash or swollen lymph glands Stumbling Impaired coordination Weakness of limbs NO FEVER Severe High fever, severe headache, eye pain gastrointestinal problems, muscle weakness, back pain, stiff neck, confusion, loss of consciousness long-term neurological problems
3. Lacrosse Encephalitis (LACE) Most often in children in mountainous regions of VA Flu-like illness - some long-term learning & behavioral prolems Transmitted by container breeding mosquitoes
Malaria Plasmodium falciparum Plasmodium vivax 300-500 million cases each year Over 1 million deaths each year In Africa, 1 child dies from malaria every 30 sec
Dog Heartworms
Mosquito Population Surveillance and Arboviral Disease Testing A. Mosquito Trapping 1. Larval Dips 2. CO2 baited CDC traps 3. Gravid Traps 4. Bee Gee Traps B. Arboviral Disease Testing 1. Mosquito pools 2. Sentinel Chicken Sera
1. Larval Dipping
A. Mosquito Trapping 2. CO2 baited CDC Trap
3. Gravid Traps
4. BG Traps
B. Arboviral Disease Testing 1. Speciation and Pooling
2. Sentinel Chicken Flock Testing
Serostudies - Testing blood samples
IPM Mosquito Control Methods I. Source Reduction - Drainage Maintenance - Container Control II. Public Education III. Larviciding IV. Adulticiding
I. Source Reduction A. Drainage Maintenance
B. Open Marsh Water Management
C. Container Control
II. Public Education Asian Tiger Mosquito Methods: A. Backyard inspections B. Media programs C. Classroom projects & Special events
A. Backyard inspections Service requests Referrals from other sources
Asia Tiger Container Breeding Sites
B. Media programs
C. Classroom projects & Special events
IV. Larviciding
Fast-Acting Materials Sustained-Release
V. Adulticiding A. Ground Ultra Low Volume (ULV)
B. Handspray yards C. Aerial adulticide
Rodents
Norway Rat Rattus norvegicus Roof Rat Rattus rattus
House mouse (Mus musculus)
Life Cycle & Behavior Gestations Period = 19-22 days Maturity in about 3 months Like the familiar Harborage Feeding habits (steady vs. nibbling) Gnawing
Public Health Concerns Property Damage & Electrical Hazards
Contaminate Food & Spread Disease Salmonellosis (acute food poisoning), Rickettsia Pox, Hantavirus (via droppings), tapeworm, infectious jaundice, and tularemia.
Hantivirus & Arenavirus - Not common - usually in people who spend lots of time in wild habitats or seasonal homes with severe infestations. Southeast - deermouse, cotton rat, rice rat Northeast - white-footed mouse Deermouse
Bubonic Plague Introduced into U.S. at San Francisco in 1900. Rat Flea Celebrating elimination of plague - 1908 Last U.S. plague epidemic was 1924-45 in Los Angeles
Signs of rodent infestation
Rodent Control 1. Exclusion STUF-FIT COPPER MESH WOOL
2. Eliminate Food Sources & Harborage Commercial Food Storage
Home Food Storage
Waste Disposal
TIMING IS EVERYTHING!!!!! 1. Bait or trap 2. Clean up
3. Exterminate Rodents Less desirable methods Glue Boards Live Traps (mice) Zappers
More desirable methods Indoor - Snap Traps
Outdoors - Rodenticides Mode of action: Most are anticoagulants. Rodents bleed internally Most rodenticides mimic vitamin K Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting
Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, bromethalin, cholecalciferol and difethialone are the rodenticides most commonly available. Difethialone baits are reported to be more effective against mice BEST FOR OUTDOOR USE.
ALWAYS use bait stations POTENTIAL HAZARDS Primary poisoning of non-targets
Bait Placement
Secondary Poisoning & Secondary Ingestion Possible, but not likely Difficult for a predator to ingest enough for harm
Ticks
Ixodes scapularis - Deer Tick Dermacentor variabilis - American Dog Tick Amblyomma americanum - Lonestar Tick
Tick Life Cycle
Questing
4-6 hours
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Dermacentor variabilis American Dog Tick Rash starting on wrists, forearms, ankles & bottom of feet. Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever Fatigue Deep muscle pain Chills
Lyme Disease Ixodes scapularis Deer Tick Bulls-eye rash beginning at site of tick attachment. Other symptoms: Moderate to high fever Fatigue Headache, stiff neck Sore throat, swollen glands
Tick Surveillance 1. Tick Drag 2. Dry Ice & Sticky Tape or white cloth 3. Deer tagging station
Tick Check Tick Removal
Tick Control 1.? Reduce food sources?
2. Physical control of tick habitat
3. Acaricides - Pesticides used to control ticks & mites.
Cockroaches
American Cockroach Periplaneta americana German Cockroach Blatella germanica Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University Robert G. Bellinger, Clemson University
Cockroach Life Cycle
Public Health Concerns Salmonellosis (food poisoning) Gastroenteritis Staphylococcus spp. infections Generalized diarrhea Typhoid fever
Allergies to body parts & droppings
Surveillance
Photo credit: Jo ana Kubiak
Control 1. Sanitation
2. Exclusion
3. Traps Phermone traps
4. Baits
5. Insecticides Boric acid Chlorpyrifos Cypermethrin Diazinon Hydroprene Propoxur
Lice
Head Body Crab
Louse Life Cycle
Public Health Concerns - Pediculosis
Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus Earlier Phase: Malaise Abrupt onset of fever / chills Unproductive cough Dull mental status Sometimes diarrhea Later: Rash Relapsing Fever Later Phase: Tachycardia & hypotension Coma Nervous system damage Urinary & bowel incontinence Complications: Bronchopneumonia Gangrene
Severe head louse infestation
Body Louse Eggs
Pediculicide Permethrin Pyrethrum + Piperonyl Butoxide
Flies
Order Diptera - One of the largest insect orders
Fly Life Cycle - Complete Metamorphosis
Fly-borne Diseases Housefly Bacillary Dysentery Manifestations: Cramping abdominal pain Diarrhea Blood and mucus in the feces
Typhoid Fever Willianna Watson daughter of James Alfred & Sue Watson Born Nov. 9, 1873 Died June 21, 1893 Age 19 years, 6 mos. & 23 days A precious one from us has gone A voice we love is stilled. A place is vacant in our home Which never can be filled."
Typhoid Fever manifestations: Sustained fever as high as 103 to 104 F Weakness Stomach pains & loss of appetite Headache Rash of flat, rose-colored spots "Boil it, cook it, peel it, or forget it"
Tsetse flies - African sleeping sickness Biological vector Fever Skin lesions, Rash or edema Swollen glands Eventually meningoencephalitis
Rural disease The green and fertile banks of Lake Awasa in Ethiopia's southern valleys is unpopulated because of the tsetse fly and mosquitoes.
Sandflies - Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Small cracks and holes in the ground, the ventilation shafts of termite hills, animal burrows, cracks in mud walls and masonry, and among tree roots. Large populations of sandflies can build up in family compounds where cattle are kept at night. The cattle provide an abundant source of blood, while the stables and houses provide suitable resting places
Fly Surveillance
Fly Control 1. Eliminate food sources
2. Fly Traps
3. Sterile Males (tsetse flies)
4. Repellants - DEET or Pyrethroids
Insecticide impregnated bed nets
5. Insecticides Usually target adult stage
Spraying of residual insecticides on surfaces in & outside the home
6. Exclusion - screens
Spiders
Black Widow
Brown Recluse Never recorded in Virginia
Spider Body Parts chelicera
Spider Life Cycle Egg Sac Spiderlings Adult
Female Black Widow with Spiderlings
Web-builders
Black Widow Female Male
Funnel Web Spiders
American House Spider
Not web-builders Wolf Spiders
Jumping Spider
Inspection for Spiders
ALL Spiders are Venomous.
Black Widow Spider Bite Manifestations Pain bite site abdomen and back. Severe cramping or rigidity in the abdominal muscles Nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, labored breathing, restlessness, increased blood pressure, and fever.
Brown Recluse Spider Bite Manifestations
Control: 1. Eliminate food sources
2. Eliminate cobwebs by: Corey McCarty
3. Traps
4. Pesiticides - Synthetic Pyrethroids (Allethrin) (Cypermethrin & imiprothrin) (Permethrin)