2nd Asian Conference on Safety and Education in Laboratory Building a Laboratory Safety & Health Competency & Culture Disaster Research and Response Center at University of Indonesia Depok, 1-2 December 2015 Bio-Risk Management at Animal Facility: The Nonhuman Primate Story Joko Pamungkas Director, Primate Research Center-IPB Associate Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-IPB jpi-pssp@indo.net.id imung2002@yahoo.com
Standards or References National legislation, if any Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 3 rd Edition (NRC 2011) Other guides: Guide for Agriculture Animals AVMA Guideline for Euthanasia 2013 BMBL 5 th Edition
International References 1. AVMA Guideline for Euthanasia of Animals, 2013 Edition 2. Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Guidebook 3. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals 4. The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates
National References Law No. 18, 2009: Livestock and Animal Health Government of Indonesia Regulation No. 95, 2012: Veterinary Public Health and Animal Welfare National Guide on Ethics of Research, Suplement-2: Ethics in the Use and Care of Laboratory Animals
CWA 16393:2012
Working with Animals Clinicaly healthy animals No problem? Don t be so sure! Sick animals Yes problem? Laboratory context Field context Safety and security: Immediate animal/ laboratory workers Personnel surrounding the facility Pathogens handled Treat animal specimens as if we handle the animals!
Working with nonhuman primates (NHPs) Laboratory animals Closed and/or open enclosure system Known microbiological status among animals Access to animal facility is restricted and controlled by SOP etc Wildlife/ exhibit animals Mainly open enclosure system Microbiological status are not always known At some level the access to animal facility is not restricted etc Both areas have risk to hazards exposure!
Hazard types: Chemical hazards Physical hazards Psychological hazards Radiation hazards Biological hazards (bio-hazards)
Occupational Health and Safety Program (OHS) The main goal of OHS is basically to prevent accident and pathogen infection associated with working with animals. Cooperative attitude among management components : Animal Ethics Committee (IACUC) Veterinarian and the vet medical care Safety officer(ohs officer, Biosafety officer, etc) Researchers Institution Official
Bio-Risk Biosafety Safety aspect associated with working with bio-hazards To protect worker/ operator working with animals and the people at immediate surrounding areas from the pathogens handled in the facility To prevent unintentional escape of pathogens Biosecurity Security aspect associated with working with bio-hazards To protect the external environment of the animal facility, including humans, animals, and agricultural produces (all community components inhabiting the areas) To prevent intentional escape of pathogens
Working with laboratory animals Personnel safety and security Animal welfare for good scientific data Micro environment (housing) Macro environment: Facility design and construction Air circulation Temperature and humidity Lightings Noise proof Other supporting facilities
Bio-hazards Control 1. Bio-hazards identification 2. Risk determination associated with biohazards 3. Bio-Risk Management Successful OHS program
Bio-hazards Identification working with nonhuman primates Sharps object: scratch (nails), bite (teeth), surgery apparatus, fomites Animal tissues: blood, body fluid Allergens: dander, animal hair, dust, bedding Vector: insects, ectoparasites Zoonosis: transmission of pathogenic agent from animals to humans
Risk(s) Determination working with nonhuman primates NHPs have genetic close-relatedness to human beings has consequent similarity of phenotypes, such as similar receptors for the same pathogen to infect. Zoonosis in working with NHPs: diseases transmissible from nonhuman primates to humans, or vice versa. Important zoonotic diseases associated with NHPs: Tuberculosis Macacine Herpesvirus-1 Hepatitis A & E Shigellosis Salmonellosis Campylobacteriosis Dermatomycosis (Ring-worm), etc.
Tuberculosis Cause: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. avis M. tuberculosis the most frequent cause of tuberculosis in NHPs Old world NHPs are more susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection, although all other NHPs and humans are at potential risk to such infection Routes of transmission: Aerosol Fomites Fecal-oral Transmission from NHP to human has been documented Moderate to high level of concern in humans
Macacine herpesvirus-1 (Herpes B-Virus, Monkey B-virus) Grouped as Alphaherpesvirus. Natural hosts: Macaca mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. fascicularis. Fatal host: human deadly encephalitis. High sero-prevalence in macaques in the nature (80%-90%), at age <2 years mostly found negative Infection could undergo to latency for years, when activated will cause mild symptoms such as vesicular lesions on oral and vaginal membranes Self-recovery Exposure via body fluid: transmitted through bites or scratch
Other potential zoonosis Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T- lymphotropic virus (STLV), simian betaretrovirus (SRV) Filovirus: virus Ebola strain Reston (R-EboV) Virus hepatitis A, virus hepatitis E Measles Shigellosis Salmonellosis Campylobacteriosis Dermatomycosis (Ring-worm), dll.
Specific pathogen-free (SPF) NHPs (Laboratory Animal Context) Certain requirements for NHPs use in biomedical research Targeted SPF nonhuman primates: free from tuberculosis, SIV, SRV, STLV, MHV-1 The criteria for using SPF animals: Interference of research results misinterpretation! Dangerous to personnel working with NHPs
Bio-Risk Management 3. Facility 2. Administration control 4. Mechanical control 1. PPE
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Street clothes cannot be used in the animal facility; dedicated scrub is worn before putting on PPE. PPE: animal house coverall, mask or respirator, head cover (for NHPs facility is mandatory, other animals are optional), goggles or face shield, latex or nytrile gloves), boots or shoe cover.
Administration Control (Personnel health) Serum banking (as baseline data) Immunization to tetanus, rabies, MMR (if working with NHPs), hepatitis B virus (if working with apes), Routine screening: Tuberculosis (Thorax X-ray, or Mantoux skin test) Institutional Policy for personnel: pregnancy, sickness, etc. Reporting mechanism for any accident associated with occupations: its important to file a report of any occupational accident although it may not need medical treatment
Animal Facility and Mechanical Control Animal facility is ideally separated/ isolated from other non-animal facilities, such as administration offices, break rooms, etc. If they are connected, facility design should allow: Isolation of animal rooms from common areas, Decontamination and disinfection of animal facility without disturbing common areas, and Heat-Ventilation-Air Conditioning (HVAC) mechanical control must be in place
Closing Summary IF all steps in bio-hazards control are implemented and compliancy with bio-risk management is taken into operational successful OHS program will be achieved scientific study will give valid results
NEVER MIX VARIOUS PRIMATE SPECIES IN THE SAME AREA!!!
Acknowledgment Dr drh Diah Iskandriati Drh Permanawati Drh Fitriya N.A. Dewi, PhD