Advance Publication The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science Accepted Date: 2 Apr 2018 J-STAGE Advance Published Date: 18 Jul 2018
FULL PAPER 1 SURGERY 2 A retrospective study of surgical affections of mammary glands in cattle and buffaloes and 4 their management in the field 5 Nabil MISK, Tarik MISK 2, Ahmed EL-KHAMARY 3,*, and Mohamed SEMEIKA 1 6 7 1 Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut 8 University, Assiut, Egypt. 9 10 2 Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat 11 City University, Sadat city, Menofia, Egypt. 12 13 3 Department of Surgery, Radiology, and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 14 Damanhour University, Damanhour, ehera, Egypt. 15 16 17 * Corresponding author: Ahmed El-khamary 18 E-mail: ahmed.nasr@damanhour.edu.eg 19 Running head: SURGICAL AFFECTIONS OF MAMMARY GLANDS 20 21 3 22
Abstract: The present retrospective study was conducted from 2003 to 2015 in Egypt to document 23 common surgical affections of the udder and teat in cattle and buffaloes, and determine medical and 24 surgical treatment options that are feasible in a field setting. We diagnosed 19 different surgical 25 affections and classified them into 4 groups according to their location. Teat orifice affections 26 (12.41%) included imperforate teat, contracted teat orifice, enlarged teat orifice, and black spot. 27 Teat cistern affections (23.76%) included teat fistula, dilated teat cistern, teat polypi, and webbed 28 teat. Teat surface affections (50.35%) included sore teat, supernumerary teat, sloughed teat, teat 29 papilloma and fibropapilloma, teat wounds, and teat viral lesions. Udder affections (13.48%) 30 included hypermastia, udder wounds, and suppurative and gangrenous mastitis. In cattle, the 31 number of surgical affections located on the teat surface (20±5.4) was significantly higher 32 compared with other locations as well as compared with buffaloes (P<0.05). No treatment was 33 indicated in 24% of recorded cases. Medical and surgical treatment was indicated in 73.75% of 34 affected animals. Favorable results were achieved with the recommended treatments when applied 35 in the field. 36 37 KEY WORDS: buffaloe, cattle, mammary gland, surgical affection, teat. 38 39-2-
INTRODUCTION 40 There are numerous surgical affections of the mammary glands (udder and teats) in cattle 41 and buffaloes, which vary in their clinical presentation. Teat affections include imperforate teat, 42 contracted teat orifice, enlarged teat orifice, membranous obstruction of the teat canal, fused teats, 43 conjoined teats, webbed teat, teat fistula, teat polypi, milk stones, and teat wounds and lacerations. 44 Udder affections include wounds and lacerations, hematoma, tumors, and suppurative and 45 gangrenous mastitis. The types of surgical affections seen and their prevalence depend primarily on 46 the methods used for raising the animals and the surrounding environment [1-8, 15]. Treatment 47 methods aim to salvage the integrity and function of the teats and mammary glands. Moreover, 48 surgical intervention is necessary for recovery from several types of affections [1, 5, 11]. This study 49 describes the common surgical affections of the udder and teat found in cattle and buffaloes in 50 Egypt as well as to the medical and/or surgical interventions possible in field conditions. 51 MATERIALS AND METHODS 52 Animals 53 This study was carried out on 282 animals registered during field trips to villages of 27 54 provinces all over Egypt from 2003 to 2015. Animals were either female mature mixed breed cattle 55 (n=184) or water buffaloes ubalus bubalis (n=98) and their ages ranged 2 10 years. 56 Methods 57 Teat and udder affection diagnoses were primarily based on case history and clinical 58 examinations conducted in the field. acteriological and radiographic examinations in addition to 59 histopathological examination were performed elsewhere to corroborate the diagnosis and for 60 differential diagnosis in relevant cases. Teat and udder viral lesion cases were documented during 61 the Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) outbreak from 13 to 26 June, 2006, as notified by the official 62 authorities of the El-ehera province and during the Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreak in 63 ani-sewief province from 6 to 16 April, 2012. 64-3-
Treatment 65 If indicated, the recorded cases were managed either medically or surgically, using routine 66 maneuvers reported in medical literature and textbooks (2,3). All surgical procedures were 67 performed using xylazine hydrochloride (0.17 mg/kg) (Xylaject, ADWIA Pharma, Egypt) as a 68 tranquilizer, and 2% lidocaine hydrochloride (Depocaine 2%, DEPIKY PHARMA, Egypt as a local 69 analgesic. The treatment outcomes for different affections were recorded and further 70 recommendations were suggested. Owners or veterinarians were contacted via telephone to collect 71 follow-up information. 72 Statistical analysis 73 All data were expressed as mean±sem. All data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA to 74 determine the main differences among groups. When main effect of group was observed, the 75 difference of group means at specific point were analyzed by the Student s t-test using JMP 76 statistical software (version 5.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The different means were 77 considered significant at P<0.05. 78 RESULTS 79 Nineteen surgical affections of the teats and udder were recorded in 184 cattle and 98 80 buffaloes. These affections were categorized into 4 groups, according to their location on the teat 81 and udder: teat orifice affections, teat cistern affections, teat surface affections, and udder 82 affections. In cattle, the mean number of surgical affections found on the teat surface was 83 significantly higher than the number of affections at other locations (20±5.4; P<0.05). Whereas in 84 buffaloes, the mean number of teat cistern affections was higher than number of affections at other 85 locations. However, this difference was not significant (Table 1, Fig. 1A and 1). 86 In comparison between cattle and buffaloes, the teat surface affections in cattle were 87 significantly greater in number than in buffaloes (20±5.4 vs. 4.4±1.5, P<0.05; Fig. 1C). 88 Group 1: Teat orifice affections 89-4-
Imperforate teat was diagnosed at the time of first lactation in 7 animals (4 cows and 3 90 buffaloes; Fig. 2). The teat cistern was filled with milk, but milk could not be passed when pressure 91 was applied over the teat. Under the effect of a local infiltration analgesic (1 ml of 2% lidocaine 92 solution), a 14-gauge hypodermic needle was introduced at the seat of the teat orifice. A milk tube 93 was attached and left for 10 consecutive days until healing occurred. All cases recovered without 94 any postoperative complications. Contracted teat orifice was diagnosed in 7 animals (5 cows and 2 95 buffaloes; Fig. 3) and the condition was characterized by decreased milk flow and increased 96 milking time. Treatment using a teat dilator was unsuccessful, following which surgical 97 intervention was done using a hug knife to widen the teat orifice and then attaching a milk tube. 98 The animals recovered without complications within a few days. 99 Enlarged teat orifice was seen in 16 animals (9 cows and 7 buffaloes; Fig. 4). This condition 100 was characterized by milk flow spraying from the four quarters even when milking was not induced 101 Treatment by subcutaneous injection of less than 1 ml of Lugol s solution around the teat orifice 102 provided satisfactory results and stopped milk leakage within 12 hours. A second injection was 103 administered after 24 hours in the 3 teats that continued to discharge milk after the first injection. 104 lack spot was recorded in 5 animals (2 cows and 3 buffaloes; Fig. 5). These were corrected 105 medically by using antiseptic solutions followed by antibiotic ointment application twice daily for 106 3 5 days; the recoveries in these cases were without complications. 107 Group 2: Teat cistern affections 108 Teat fistula was documented in 11 animals (7 cows and 4 buffaloes; Fig. 6). Majority of 109 these appeared to be congenital fistulae and were seen at first lactation. Using local infiltration 110 analgesia, an elliptical skin incision was made around the fistula orifice. The incision continued 111 downward to the mucous membrane creating a fresh teat wound. A vertical mattress suture was 112 applied in a single row to the fibrous layer to coaptate the mucous edges, whereas the skin wound 113 was sutured with simple interrupted stitches. An elastic adhesive bandage was applied for 5 7 days 114 and a milk tube was used for milking; recovery was uneventful and without complications. Dilated 115-5-
teat cistern was diagnosed in 42 animals (3 cows, 7.14% and 39 buffaloes, 92.86%; Figs. 7 and 8). 116 In this condition, the teat cistern increased in size and volume while the teat wall thickness did not 117 change. No treatment was suggested for such cases. 118 Teat polypi was recorded in 10 animals (7 cows and 3 buffaloes; Fig. 9). A pea-like 119 structure was palpated inside the teat cistern close to the base in 5 animals (4 cows and 1 buffalo) 120 and at the middle of the teat cistern in the rest. Open teat surgery was suggested as treatment, using 121 a ring block analgesic at the base of the teat. All cases successfully recovered except one cow in 122 which a teat fistula recurred two weeks after surgery. In this case, the operation was repeated after 123 one month with favorable results. Webbed teats were seen in 4 animals (2 cows and 2 buffaloes; 124 Figs. 10, 11 and 12A) and are characterized by a short additional teat with small glandular tissue 125 (small quarter) adhered to a normal well-developed teat covered by the same skin sheath, but with 126 two separate teat cisterns. It is similar to hypermastia, which is characterized by a complete teat 127 cistern with well-developed udder tissue (complete additional quarter; Fig. 12). Surgical treatment 128 of a webbed teat involves the creation of a shunt between the two adjacent teat cisterns, but the 129 operation is tedious in a field setting. Surgery was not performed in the recorded cases, in 130 accordance with the owners requests. 131 Group 3: Teat surface affections 132 Sore teat was recorded in 15 animals (7 cows and 8 buffaloes; Fig. 13). Affected teats were 133 enlarged and appeared to be covered by a thick brown layer of keratinized skin with superficial 134 cracks. Teats appeared to be extremely sensitive to touch and manipulation. Under sedation, the 135 condition was corrected medically by application of mild antiseptic solutions for cleaning and 136 softening of the skin, followed by application of zinc oxide ointment or cod liver oil and glycerin 137 for 7 10 days consecutively until recovery. 138 Supernumerary teats were classified into 5 types and diagnosed in 49 animals (41 cows and 139 8 buffaloes; Table 2, Fig. 14). The type I condition presented as a unilateral in 6 cows (3 left & 3 140 right) and bilateral in 1 cow and 1 buffalo (Fig. 15). Additional functioning teats were mostly 141-6-
located between the front and rear quarters. The type II condition presented as unilateral at the left 142 side in 2 cows and the right side in 1 buffalo and bilateral in 2 cows (Fig. 16). Teats were 143 functional, and no treatments were suggested for both type I and II conditions. The type III 144 condition presented as unilateral (2 left & 1 right) in 3 cows and 1 buffalo (left side). The extra teat 145 was located close to the base of the original teat and secreted milk (Fig. 17). Amputation of the 146 extra teats was performed as they usually interfere with the milking process. Surgery was 147 performed under sedation and using local infiltration analgesia around the base of the extra teat. An 148 elliptical skin incision was made through the tissue of the original teat, passing through the fibrous 149 layers and mucous membrane to enclose the extra teat. After excision of the extra teat, the fibrous 150 layers were sutured for the coaptation of the mucous membrane edges by simple continuous suture 151 with absorbable suture material (vicryle 3/0) and an eyeless needle. The skin was sutured using 152 non-absorbable silk sutures in a simple interrupted pattern. All cases recovered without any 153 postoperative complications. The type IV condition was recorded in 16 animals (12 cows and 4 154 buffaloes; Fig. 18). Introduction of a metal probe through the teat orifice of the extra teat revealed 155 no connection with the udder or teat cistern. Treatment was not recommended for such cases unless 156 the condition interfered with milking. The type V condition was recorded in 16 animals (15 cows 157 and 1 buffalo) and appeared as a localized elevation on the skin of the udder in 12 cases and on the 158 teat skin in 4 cases. No treatment was suggested for such cases (Fig. 19). 159 Sloughed teat was seen only in one buffalo, for which the complete history was not 160 provided by the owner (Fig. 20). Teat fibropapilloma (Fig. 21) and papilloma (Figs. 22 and 23) 161 were diagnosed in 17 animals (15 cows and 2 buffaloes). Snipping using artery forceps at the tumor 162 base, and then removal by sharp scissors was the treatment recommended in such cases. Follow up 163 of these cases for several months showed that there was a recurrence of other warts elsewhere on 164 the teat and/or udder in 8 cows. 165 Teat wounds were recorded in 13 animals (10 cows and 3 buffaloes; Figs. 24 and 25): 166 superficial wounds were documented in 10 cases and deep wounds in 3 cases, one of which was 167-7-
longitudinal and perforated the teat cistern. Wound management was performed as usual without 168 suturing for superficial lacerations. Deep and penetrating wounds were sutured and they healed 169 drastically within a few days without postoperative complications. 170 Teat lesions due to LSD were recorded in cattle only during an outbreak of the disease (Fig. 171 26). A large rounded necrotic zone was seen on the teat surface in these cases and sloughing 172 occurred spontaneously. Wound management was done by second intention healing until complete 173 recovery. Teat lesions due to the FMD outbreak were diagnosed in 31 cattle and were not recorded 174 in buffaloes (Fig. 27). These lesions mostly appeared in the form of cutaneous small ulcers. These 175 ulcers were treated with topical antibiotic preparations for several days and healing took a 176 considerable time, resulting in fibrous tissue formation. 177 Group 4: Udder affections 178 Hypermastia was diagnosed in 4 animals (1 cow and 3 buffaloes): 2 buffaloes presented 179 with 6 full mature quarters and the cow with 5 quarters (Figs. 28 and Fig. 12). The additional 180 quarters that were smaller in size than normal ones, were considered as type I supernumerary teats. 181 No treatment was recommended for this condition. 182 Udder wounds and lacerations were recorded in 16 animals (9 cows and 7 buffaloes). These 183 were due to trauma from barbed wire fences or gag instruments. Wounds were superficial in 11 184 cases (5 cow and 6 buffaloes), deep in 5 cases (3 cows and 2 buffaloes), and penetrating in one cow. 185 Usual wound management was performed, and healing occurred within 10 days after wound 186 debridement and suturing without any postoperative complications. 187 Suppurative mastitis was recorded in 12 animals (9 cows and 3 buffaloes; Figs. 29-31). 188 Interestingly, in all cases the skin of the affected quarters appeared normal, and when stabbed, a 189 large amount of pus and necrotic tissues were extruded. All contents of the affected quarter were 190 extracted, following which the cavity was washed with antiseptic solution for at least 10 days with 191 systemic administration of antibiotics until complete recovery. All cases recovered, but there was 192 complete collapse and fibrosis of the affected quarters. Gangrenous mastitis was recorded in 7 cases 193-8-
(6 cows and 1 buffalo) and was easily diagnosed by the presence of the line of demarcation between 194 the healthy and gangrenous tissues (Fig. 32), and a putrefactive odor. Mastectomy was performed in 195 two cows: one survived, whereas the other died immediately after operation. The other five cases 196 were culled and sent to the slaughterhouse. 197 DISCUSSION 198 It is important to attend to surgical affections of the udder and teat in cattle and buffaloes as 199 these may affect milk production and lead to mastitis as well as undermine the general health of the 200 animal. In our study, we diagnosed 19 different affections and classified them according to their 201 location on the teat and udder. The number of teat affections found was several times more than that 202 of udder affections [6, 7, 8, 15]. In cattle, there was a significant difference between the number of 203 surgical affections located on the teat surface and affections on any other location on the teat or 204 udder (P<0.05). These results are attributable to teat viral lesions (47 cattle, 25.5%) and 205 supernumerary teats (41 cattle, 22%). Supernumerary teats may promote mastitis, interfere with 206 efficient placement of the milking machine, and decrease the market value of the animals [3]. 207 Moreover, there was a significant difference between the number of teat surface lesions in 208 cattle and buffaloes (P<0.05). This may be due to the teat viral lesions from the LSD and FMD 209 outbreaks that were recorded during the study. Contrariwise, in buffaloes that resist both viral 210 diseases, the teat surface affections were low in number. Fortunately, both teat viral lesions and 211 supernumerary teats can be corrected successfully by either medical or surgical treatment. 212 Teat cistern affections in buffaloes were highest in number compared with those present on 213 other locations. This could be due dilation of the teat cistern, which is more commonly seen in 214 buffaloes (3 cattle, 1.6%; 39 buffaloes, 39.8%). Teat cisterns in these animals were found to be 215 engorged with stagnant milk, which may lead to the development of mastitis [1, 2, 12, 13]. We did 216 not recommend surgical intervention for such cases. Further studies are required to investigate why 217 buffaloes are more susceptible to the development of a dilated teat cistern than cattle. 218-9-
In field settings, tranquilizers and local infiltration analgesics in the form of ring block, 219 inverted v block, and teat cistern infusion can be used to perform surgical interventions for most 220 surgical affections of the teat and udder [10]. 221 In rural areas, the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of teat and udder affections do not 222 necessitate sophisticated instrumentation and procedures. Case history and clinical examination was 223 sufficient to determine final diagnosis in many cases included in our study. However, 224 supernumerary teats, webbed teats, and teat fistula may require radiographic examination for 225 confirmation of diagnosis, and teat papilloma and fibropapilloma require histopathological 226 examination to confirm the diagnosis [11]. Ultrasonography may help in identifying udder 227 parenchymal diseases, especially the early changes in the obstructive disorders of the teat, and in 228 visualizing the healing process after removal of the obstructions [14]. 229 Treatment of teat affection aims to restore milk flow, lower the risk of mastitis, and avoid 230 culling of affected animals. In the present study, around 24% of diagnosed affections did not 231 require any intervention. These affections were either congenital or acquired and did not interfere 232 with milking or affect the general health of the animal (Table 3). Sixteen affections, which represent 233 73.75 % of animals in the study, were treated either medically or surgically with favorable results. 234 This high percentage indicates that surgery can be performed in the field to alleviate such 235 conditions [4, 8, 9]. Mastectomy, when indicated in cases of gangrenous mastitis, was the only 236 operation with poor prognosis and may require an operating room and a well-trained surgeon [5, 7, 237 15]. The results of this study demonstrate that treatment of most teat and udder affections is feasible 238 in field settings and veterinarians can expect satisfactory results after interventions. 239 240 COMPETING INTERESTS 241 The authors declare that there are no competing interests. 242 243 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 244-10-
This study was financially supported by the Ministry of External Affairs and International 245 Cooperation under section 416 and the project: "Studies on early diagnosis of different abdominal 246 disorders with special references to the surgical interference for treatment in cattle and buffaloes". 247 REFERENCES 248 1. Abd-El-Hady, A.A.A. 2015. Clinical observations on some surgical udder and teat affections in 249 cattle and buffaloes. Sch J Agric Vet Sci. 2(4A):270-281. 250 2. orghese, A., Rasmussen, M., & Thomas, C. S. (2007). Milking management of dairy buffalo. 251 Italian Journal of Animal Science, 6(sup2), 39 50. 252 3. utty, A. M., Frischknecht, M., Gredler,., aes, C., Neuenschwander, S., Moll, J., 253 Seefried, F. (2016). 0327 Genome-wide association study for supernumerary teats in Swiss 254 rown Swiss Cattle reveals LGR5 as a major gene on chromosome 5. Journal of Animal 255 Science, 94(suppl_5), 157 157. 256 4. Couture, Y., & Mulon, P.-Y. (2005). Procedures and surgeries of the teat. The Veterinary 257 Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice, 21(1), 173 204. 258 5. Ducharme, N. G., Arighi, M., Horney, F.D., Livesey, M.A., Hurtig, M.H. and Pennock, P. 1987. 259 Invasive Teat Surgery in Dairy Cattle I. Surgical Procedures and Classification of Lesions. Can 260 Vet J Volume 28 (12) :757-62. 261 6. Duncanson, G. R. 2013. Cattle surgery. Pp. 54-81. In: Farm animal medicine and surgery: for 262 small animal veterinarians, 1 st ed. (Duncanson, G. R. ed.), CA International, Wallingford, 263 U.K. 264 7. Gilbert, R. O. and Fubini, S.L. 2004. Surgery of the bovine reproductive system and urinary 265 tract. Pp. 351-427. In: Farm animal surgery, 1 st ed. (Fubini, S.L. and Ducharme, N.G. eds) 266 Elsevier, Philadelphia, U.S.A. 267 8. Hickman, J., Houlton, J., and Edwards,. 1995. Surgery of the mammary gland and teat. Pp. 268 113-118. In: An atlas of veterinary surgery, 3 rd ed. (Hickman, J., Houlton, J., and Edwards,. 269 eds), lackwell science, Oxford, U.K. 270-11-
9. Hull,. L. (1995). Teat and udder surgery. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food 271 Animal Practice, 11(1), 1 17. 272 10. Marongiu, M. L. (2012). Local Anesthesia for Husbandry Procedures and Experimental 273 Purposes in Farm Animals. In A ird s-eye View of Veterinary Medicine. InTech. 274 11. Nouh, S.R., Korittum, A.S., Elkammar, M.H. arakat, W.M. 2014. Retrospective study of teat 275 surgical affections in dairy farms of armed forces and their treatment. Alexandria Journal of 276 Veterinary Sciences. 40 (1) 65-76. 277 12. Schmit, K. A., Arighi, M.., and Dobson, H. 1994. Postoperative evaluation of the surgical 278 treatment of accessory teat and gland cistern complexes in dairy cows. Can Vet J 35(1): 25 30. 279 13. Shappell, K.K., and Schneider, T.1989. Surgical treatment of accessory teat and gland cistern 280 complexes in three cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 195(5): 623 626. 281 14. Walvekar, S.. (2017). Diagnosis and Treatment of Teat Canal Affections by 282 Theloresectoscopy in Ruminants (Thesis). 283 15. Weaver, A. D., Jean, G.S., and Steiner, A.2005. Teat surgery. Pp. 158-167. In: ovine surgery 284 and lameness, 2nd ed. (Weaver, A. D., Jean, G.S., and Steiner, A. eds), lackwell Publishing, 285 Oxford, U.K. 286 Fig. 1 showing the different locations of teat and udder affections in cattle (A), buffalos (), a comparison between the cattle and buffalo (C). In (A) and () results were presented using whiskers box showing the max, min, mean, and SEM within each group. In (C) Result was represented in columns between groups. The different letters showing the significant at (P<0.05). 287 Fig. 2: Imperforate teat in a buffalo. Fig. 3: Contracted teat orifice in a buffalo. (A) efore application and () after application of teat dilator. Fig. 4: Enlarged teat orifice in a cow. (A) Dilated teat orifice. (, C) Spraying of milk flow. Fig 5: lack spot at the orifice of a teat in buffalo. Fig. 6: Teat fistula in a cow (A) and cutaneous overgrowth around the teat orifice in a cow (). Fig. 7: Different forms of dilated teat cistern in buffaloes. Fig. 8: Dilated teat cistern in a buffalo (A) before and () after milk evacuation. -12-
Fig. 9: Teat polypi during open teat surgery in cows. Fig. 10: Webbed teat in a buffalo at first lactation. Fig. 11: Two forms of webbed teats (A) in a buffalo and () in a cow. Fig. 12. A diagram showing the difference between (A) webbed teat and () hypermastia. Fig. 13: Sore teat (A ) in cows and (C D) in buffaloes. Fig. 14: A diagram showing different forms of supernumerary teats. Fig. 15: Different cases of type I supernumerary teats. Fig. 16: Different cases of type II supernumerary teats. Fig. 17: Type III supernumerary teat in a cow. Fig. 18: Different cases of type IV supernumerary teats in cows. Fig. 19: Type V supernumerary teat in cows. Fig. 20: Sloughed teat in a buffalo. Fig. 21: Teat fibropapilloma close to the teat orifice (A) before excision and () after excision in a cow. Fig. 22: Teat papilloma (A) before excision and () after excision in a cow. Fig. 23: Teat papilloma (A) at the base of the teat and () all over the teat. Fig. 24: Deep non-perforating teat wound (A) before and () after suturing and (C) a penetrating wound (C). Fig. 25: Transverse fissure wounds in teats in cows. Fig. 26: Rounded skin lesion on the teat (A) before sloughing and () after sloughing due to lumpy skin disease in a cow. Fig. 27: Skin ulcers on the teat due to foot and mouth disease (A) before management and () after management in a cow. Fig. 28: Hypermastia in a buffalo. Fig. 29: Suppurative mastitis (A) before and () after incision in a cow. Fig. 30: Suppurative mastitis affecting one quarter of the udder (A) before and () after opening in a buffalo. Fig. 31: Old case of suppurative mastitis in a cow. (A) The necrotic tissue extruded from half of the udder and () the treatment adopted in this case. Fig. 32: Gangrenous mastitis in cows. Note the line of demarcation between healthy and gangrenous tissues. 288 Table 1: Recorded surgical affections of the mammary gland in cattle and buffaloes and number of affected animals Location of affections Surgical affections Cattle uffalo Total Teat orifice affections Imperforate teat 4 3 7 Contracted teat orifice 5 2 7 Enlarged teat orifice 9 7 16 lack spot 2 3 5-13-
TOTAL 20 15 35 mean±sem 5 ± 1.5 3.8±1.1 Teat cistern affections Teat fistula 7 4 11 Dilated teat cistern 3 39 42 Teat polypi 7 3 10 Webbed teat 2 2 4 TOTAL 19 48 67 mean±sem 4.8± 1.3 12± 9 Sore teat 7 8 15 Supernumerary teat 41 8 49 Sloughed teat -- 1 1 Teat papilloma and Teat surface affections fibropapilloma 15 2 17 Teat wounds 10 3 13 Teat lesions due to lumpy skin disease 16 -- 16 Teat lesions due to foot and mouth disease 31 -- 31 TOTAL 120 22 142 mean ±SEM 20± 5.4 * 4.4± 1.5 Hypermastia 1 3 4 Udder affections Udder wounds 9 7 16 Suppurative mastitis 9 2 11 Gangrenous mastitis 6 1 7 TOTAL 25 13 38 mean ±SEM 6.3± 1.9 3.3± 1.3 TOTAL 184 98 282 * Significant at P< 0.05 289 Table 2: Types of supernumerary teats and the number of affected animals. Type Description Cattle uffalo Total I Functioning teat has a special small glandular tissue. 7 1 8 II Functioning teat has a teat canal connected to the udder cistern of a normal quarter 4 1 5 III Functioning teat has a teat canal connected to the teat cistern of a normal quarter. 3 1 4-14-
IV V Non-functioning teat has a teat canal and teat orifice, but not connected to either udder or teat cistern. Teat in the form of a minor elevation of the skin without teat orifice or teat cistern 12 4 16 15 1 16 Total 41 8 49 290 Table 3: Classification of the surgical affections of the mammary gland and teat in cattle and buffaloes based on management regime, with number and percentage of each group. Management regime Surgical affections Sub-total Total % Affections did not need treatment Affections corrected medically Affections corrected surgically Hypermastia 4 Sloughed teat 1 Dilated teat cistern 42 Supernumerary teat type I 8 Supernumerary teat type II 5 Supernumerary teat type V 16 lack spot 5 Sore teat 15 Teat lesions due to lumpy skin disease 16 Teat lesions due to foot and mouth disease 31 Imperforate teat 7 Contracted teat orifice 7 Enlarged teat orifice 16 Teat fistula 11 Teat polypi 10 Webbed teat 4 Teat papilloma and fibropapilloma 17 Teat wounds 13 Supernumerary teat type III 4 Supernumerary teat type IV 16 Udder wounds 16 Suppurative mastitis 11 67 23.76 76 26.95 132 46.8 Affections required culling Gangrenous mastitis 7 7 2.49 Total 282 282 100 % 291-15-
Fig. 1: showing the different locations of teat and udder affections in cattle (A), buffalos (), a comparison between the cattle and buffalo (C). In (A) and () results were presented using whiskers box showing the max, min, mean, and SEM within each group. In (C) Result was represented in columns between groups. The different letters showing the significant at (P<0.05).
A Fig.2 Fig.3 A C Fig. 4 Fig. 5 A Fig. 6 Fig. 7 A A A A Fig. 8-1-
Fig. 9 Fig. 10 A Fig. 11-1-
Fig. 12 A C D Fig. 13-1-
Fig. 14 Fig. 15-1-
Fig.16 Fig.17 Fig.18 Fig. 19 Fig. 20-1-
A A Fig. 21 Fig. 22 A Fig. 23 A C Fig. 24 Fig. 25-1-
A A Fig. 26 Fig. 27 A Fig. 28 Fig. 29 A A Fig. 30 Fig. 31 Fig. 32-1-