Monthly report on livestock disease trends as informally reported by veterinarians in South Africa October 2013

Monthly report on livestock disease trends as informally reported by veterinarians in South Africa October 2013 Introduction and summary of diseases and other conditions during 2013 Ninety reports were received from veterinarians of the Livestock Health and Production Group (LHPG) of the South African Veterinary Association. In many parts of the country the drought took its toll. Reports of protein and energy deficiencies in animals were received. Some heavily pregnant cows were unable to rise and there were reports of difficulty in calving, retained afterbirths and numerous prolapses of the vagina, cervix and uterus. Due to the dusty conditions and vitamin A deficiency numerous reports of eye infections were received. Veterinarians expressed their concern that animals will not conceive due to their present poor condition and suggested it would be advisable to postpone the breeding season until animals are in a better condition. Discuss the best breeding plan for your situation with your veterinarian. There were numerous reports of an increase in internal and external parasites. Farmers should be aware that animals in poor condition are much more susceptible to parasites and heavy mortalities could take place once it starts raining and infective larvae are numerous on the short sprouting grass. Water snails, the intermediate hosts of liver fluke and conical fluke worms are also concentrated in smaller water sources and farmers should be aware of clinical signs in animals such as bottle jaw, anaemia and diarrhoea. Farmers should take representative faecal samples to their veterinarian for egg counts. Now is the time to evaluate your tick control program. Once it starts raining there will be a drastic increase in larval tick numbers. If these numbers can be controlled right from the beginning, less ticks will be present later in the season. Discuss measures with your veterinarian to make sure that the parasiticides you are using are still controlling the parasites effectively. Many mortalities due to tick transmitted diseases i.e. African and Asiatic red water anaplasmosis and heartwater were recorded. There was an increase in cases during October and these diseases will even increase further after the first good rains. Observe the animals daily and treat animals as soon as clinical signs are observed. Diseases such as blackquarter, swelled head, botulism, lumpy skin disease and pneumonia were reported that could have been prevented if a proper vaccination program was followed. On many farms biosecurity measures are not followed. This can be deducted from the increase seen in venereal diseases. Numerous reports of trichomonosis, vibriosis and brucellosis were received. I urge you to spend some time with your veterinarian and 1

plan how to put the necessary biosecurity measures in place. Have you tested your bulls for venerial diseases, are your fences in tact, is there a proper quarantine camp on the farm, have you and your neighbours tested animals for brucellosis and TB? Are there still some positive brucellosis animals on the farm? When there are food shortages animals eat anything that is green and therefore numerous plant poisonings were recorded: tulip, Lantana, ink berry, gousiekte, gifblaar, slangkop, plakkies and chinkerinchee. Be aware of old fertilizer bags left unattended as 16 out of 55 cattle died when they got access to them. Beware of urea getting wet after rain numerous deaths were recorded. Outbreaks of lumpy skin disease were recorded in langa, - and the. In - cases of three day stiff sickness were reported. In some areas of the country good summer rains have been recorded. Be aware of insect transmitted diseases such as : blue tongue, Rift Valley fever, Wesselsbron, lumpy skin disease, three day stiff sickness and African horse sickness. I do hope by the time the next report is due in December that excessive rains would have fallen in the drought stricken areas. Level of Reporting The following veterinarians submitted reports for October 2013: langa Balfour dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Bethal dr. Hardus Pieters Ermelo dr. Gert Oosthuizen Middelburg drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Nelspruit dr. André Beytell Piet Retief - drs. Niebuhr and Weber Standerton dr. Kobie Kroon Standerton drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Volksrust dr. André Visser Bapsfontein - dr. Matthew Legg Bronkhorstspruit - Drs. Herman and Elmarie de Bruin and Marguerite Rudolph Onderstepoort Veterinary Faculty - Academic Hospital: prof. Shakespeare, drs. Gratwick, Carrington, Blignaut and Harmse Nigel dr. Cindy van der Merwe Pretoria dr. Hanneke Pienaar Bela-Bela dr. Marius du Plooy Machado dr. Freddie Harris Modimolle drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Mokopane (Potgietersrus) - dr. Henk Visser 2

Polokwane (Pietersburg) dr. Gavin Watson Vaalwater - dr. Hampie van Staden North Brits drs. Boshoff and Hahn Brits- dr. Lourens Coertze Christiana - dr. Pieter Nel Leeudoringstad - dr. Ian Jonker Lichtenburg dr. C.M Kruger-Rall Schweizer-Reneke - dr. N.J. Heyns Swartruggens dr. Roselle Hartwigsen Stella - dr. Magdaleen Vosser Ventersdorp dr. Oloff Marais Bethlehem dr. Henk Basson Bloemfontein - dr. Stephan Wessels Bothaville dr. Alf Lategan Bultfontein - dr. Santjie Pieterse Clocolan drs. Scholtz and Wasserman Frankfort - dr. Dries Lessing Harrismith - drs. Pretorius, Thirion and Nel Heilbron dr. Piet van Zyl Hertzogville - drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Hoopstad - dr. Kobus Pretorius Kroonstad drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Ladybrand- drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Memel dr. Neil Nixon Parys dr. Johan Wessels Reitz - dr. Murray Smith Viljoenskroon - dr. Johan Kahts Villiers - drs. I. Hattingh and W.D. Hauptfleish Zastron dr. Phillip Brandt - Bergville - drs. Ariena Shepherd and Robyn Hamman Bergville dr. Jubie Muller Camperdown dr. Anthony van Tonder Dundee - dr. Tony Grace Dundee dr. Jacque Marais Estcourt drs.turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Howick - dr. Stephen Hughes Mtubatuba - dr. Trever Viljoen Newcastle dr. Barry Rafferty Pietermaritzburg dr. Phillip Kretzmann Pietermaritzburg dr. Rick Mapham Pongola - dr. Silke Pfitzer Pongola dr. Heinz Kohrs Underberg - drs. Collins, King and Delaney Vryheid dr. Gert Theron 3

Alexandria - -dr. Johan Olivier Aliwal North - dr. Casper Troskie Graaff- Reinet - dr. Roland Larson Graaff-Reinet dr. Mackie Hobson Humansdorp - drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen Van Vuuren, Barber and Kotze Queenstown drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Stutterheim dr. Dave Waterman Beaufort - drs. Pienaar and Grobler Caledon dr. Ian Herbst Ceres dr. Marc Walton Darling drs. Van der Merwe and Adam George - drs. Strydom, Truter, and Pettifer Malmesbury dr. Otto Kriek Malmesbury dr. John Liebenberg Malmesbury drs. Bosman and Groenewald Oudtshoorn dr. Glen Carlisle Plettenberg Bay dr. André Reitz Plettenberg Bay dr. Stephan Nell Stellenbosch dr. Alfred Kidd Swellendam dr. Jacques Malan Vredenburg - dr. Izak Rust Wellington dr. William van Zyl Kathu dr. Jan Vorster Upington - dr. Ian Vorster Feed lot report Drs. Shaun Morris and Eben du Preez Laboratory reports Dr. Marijke Henton -Idexx SA Johannesburg Dr. Annelize Jonker Dr. J.H. Vorster, Vetdiagnostix Pietermaritzburg 4

General disease trends and discussion as informally reported by veterinarians during October 2013 Index Internal parasites External parasites Tick borne diseases Insect transmittable diseases Venereal diseases Other bacterial diseases Other viral diseases Fungal diseases Other protozoal diseases Poisonings Disease conditions that are caused by more than one organism or disease causing factor Nutritional deficiencies Ostriches Horses Pigs Game.... Internal parasites Roundworms Vets reporting this disease 6 4 3 10 6 5 10 Level of importance 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Species affected O,C O,C B,O B,O B,O,C B,O,C B,O,C langa Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Intestinal roundworms (O,C 1) Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Intestinal roundworms (C 2) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Intestinal red water (O 1) Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Intestinal roundworms (O 1) Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon 5

Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Onderstepoort: dr. Dawie Blignaut Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2) Nigel: dr. Cindy van der huizen Intestinal roundworms (O 3) wireworm infestation. Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Intestinal roundworms (O 3) due to wireworm infestation. Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Intestinal roundworms (B 1, O 3) still a huge problem in small stock. Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Intestinal roundworms (O 1) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Intestinal roundworms (B,O 2) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Intestinal roundworms (O 2) A few cases of severe roundworm infestation were seen. There was no worm management program in place. Sheep graze for long periods on the same grazing and are brought to a small camp adjacent to the house at night. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Intestinal roundworms (B 1, O 2) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Intestinal roundworms (O 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Wireworm (O 1) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Intestinal roundworms (O 3) - Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Intestinal roundworms (O 1) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Intestinal roundworms (O 1) 6

Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Intestinal roundworms (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Intestinal roundworms (B,C 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 2) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2) Acute deaths due to wireworm (Haemonchus contortus) have been seen. Farmers have reportedly had faecal egg counts (FEC s) done with few parasites...acute deaths have taken place because of hypobiotic stages becoming active. (Only mature females lay eggs!) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Mackie Hobson Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Intestinal roundworms (B 1, O 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Intestinal roundworms (B,O,C 3) Beaufort : drs. Pienaar and Grobler Intestinal roundworms (O,C 2) Caledon: dr. Ian Herbst Intestinal roundworms (B 1, O 3) Ceres: dr. Marc Walton Intestinal roundworms (B 2) Three calves with severe brown stomach worm infestation. Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Intestinal roundworms (O 1) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Intestinal roundworms (O 3) Malmesbury: dr. John Liebenberg Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Intestinal roundworms (B 3) on two farms, young animals died of cattle bankruptworm infestation (Trichostrongylus spp.). Swellendam: dr. Jacques Malan Intestinal roundworms (B 1) Vredenburg: dr. Izak Rust Intestinal roundworms (O 3) 20, 3-4 month old lambs died due to coccidiosis and wireworm infestation. Lambs anaemic and losing weight. Resistant roundworms 7 Vets reporting this disease 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 Level of importance 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

Species affected O O O O O C O,C langa Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Resistant roundworms (O 1) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Resistant roundworms (O 1) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Resistant roundworms (O 2) Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Resistant roundworms (O 2) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Resistant roundworms (O 1) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Resistant roundworms (O 2) - Vryheid: dr. Gert Theron Resistant roundworms (O 1) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Resistant roundworms (C 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Resistant roundworms (C 1) Beaufort : drs. Pienaar and Grobler Resistant roundworms (C 3) A huge problem was encountered with brown stomachworm (Teladorsagia circumcincta) and long-necked bankruptworm (Nematodirus spathiger) in Angora goats. These parasites were resistant to the benzimidazole (white drugs) group of anthelmintics. This led to protein and energy deficiencies and mortalities.blood tests showed low albumin levels and where there were a wireworm infestation on top of this, haematocrit levels dropped to between 6 and 10%. To worsen the situation even further the Angoras also had a biting lice infestation.this shows that a multi-factorial problem can have grave consequences for a farmer. Caledon: dr. Ian Herbst Intestinal roundworms (O 2) Weaner lambs severely infected with long-necked bankruptworm in spite of being dosed. George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Resistant roundworms (O 3) Tapeworms No vets reporting this disease 2 2 1 5 2 1 2 8

Level of importance 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 Species affected B,O,C B,C O B,O B,O O O,C langa Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Tapeworms (B,O,C 1) Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Tapeworms (O,C 1) Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Cysticercosis (B 2) diagnosed in cattle at abattoir Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Tapeworms (C 1) North Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze Tapeworms (O 1) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Tapeworms (O 1) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Tapeworms (B 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Tapeworms (O 2) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Tapeworms (B,O 2) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Tapeworms (O 1) - Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Tapeworms (B 2) Cysticercosis (B 1) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Tapeworms (O 1) in lambs. Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Tapeworms (O 2) Beaufort : drs. Pienaar and Grobler Tapeworms (C 1) Malmesbury: dr. John Liebenberg Tapeworms (O 2) Liver fluke worms 9

Vets reporting this disease 2 2 5 6 1 2 Level of importance 2 3 2 2 3 2 Species affected B B B,O B B,O B,O langa Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Liver fluke (B 1) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Liver fluke (B 2) Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Liver fluke (B 3) Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Liver fluke (B 2) Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Liverfluke (B 3) water sources retracted and with it the snails, resulting in outbreaks of liver fluke. Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Liver fluke (B 1) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Liver fluke (O 2) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Liver fluke (B 1) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Liver fluke (B,O 1) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Liver fluke (B 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Liver fluke (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Liver fluke (B 1) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Liver fluke (B 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Liver fluke (B 2) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Liver fluke (B 3) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Liver fluke (B,O 3) also related to smaller water sources. Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Liver fluke (B 1) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer 10

Liver fluke (O 3) Conical fluke (Paramphistomosis) Vets reporting this disease 1 3 4 1 1 Level of importance 1 2 2 2 1 Species affected B B,O B B O Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Conical fluke (B 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Conical fluke (B 1) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Conical fluke (B 1) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Conical fluke (B,O 3) - Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Conical fluke (B 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Conical fluke (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Conical fluke (B 2) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Conical fluke (B 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Conical fluke (B 2) Beaufort : drs. Pienaar and Grobler Conical fluke (O 1) Parafilaria Vets reporting this disease 3 2 1 Level of importance 2 3 2 Species affected B B B Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Parafilaria (B 1) Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Parafilaria (B 3) 11

Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Parafilaria (B 2) North Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze Parafilaria (B 3) Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Parafilaria (B 3) - Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Parafilaria (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Parafilaria (B 1) External parasites Blue Ticks Vets reporting this disease 6 1 4 1 11 8 3 4 Level of importance 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 Species affected B B B B B,O B B B,O langa Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Blue ticks (B 2) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Blue ticks (B 2) Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Blue ticks (B 2) Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Blue ticks (B 3) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Blue ticks (B 2) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Blue ticks (B 3) Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Blue ticks (B 1) Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Plooy Blue ticks (B 3) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Blue ticks (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard 12

Blue ticks (B 1) Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Blue ticks (B 1) North Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J. Heyns Blue ticks (B 2) Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Blue ticks (B 3) After the first rains the blue tick population is on the increase. Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Blue ticks (B 3) Clocolan: dr. Liezel Wasserman Blue ticks (B 3) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Blue ticks (B 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Blue ticks (B 2) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé en Hendrikz Blue ticks (B,O 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Blue ticks (B,O 3) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Blue ticks (B 2) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Blue ticks (B 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Blue ticks (B 2) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Blue ticks (B 2) - Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Blue ticks (B,O 2) Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Blue ticks (B 3) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Blue ticks (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Blue ticks (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Blue ticks (B 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Blue ticks (B 3) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Blue ticks (B 2) Underberg: drs.collins, King and Delaney Blue ticks (B 2) 13

Alexandria: dr. Johan Olivier Blue ticks (B 2) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Blue ticks (B 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Blue ticks (B 1) Caledon: dr. Ian Herbst Blue ticks (B,O 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Blue ticks (B 3) increase in tick numbers due to wet weather and hot weather. Malmesbury: dr. John Liebenberg Blue ticks (B 3) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Blue ticks (B 2) Resistant ticks Vets reporting this disease 1 Level of importance 2 Species affected B langa Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Resistant blue ticks (B 2) One serious outbreak where pour-on pyrethroids had been used. Cattle were severely anaemic with low serum protein values cattle developed bottle jaws and ventral oedema. Bont-legged ticks No vets reporting this disease 2 1 1 3 7 1 2 Level of importance 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 Species affected B,O B B B B,O B B,O,C langa Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Bont-legged ticks (B,O 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Bont-legged ticks (B 2) Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Bont-legged ticks (B 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris 14

Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Bont-legged ticks (B 2) North Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze Bont-legged tick (B 1) Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J. Heyns Bont-legged ticks (B 2) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Clocolan: dr. Liezel Wasserman Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Bont-legged ticks (B 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Bont-legged ticks (B,O 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Bont-legged ticks (B,O 3) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Bont-legged ticks (B 3) - Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Bont-legged ticks (B 3) Beaufort : drs. Pienaar and Grobler Bont-legged ticks (C,O 3) Malmesbury: drs. Bosman and Groenewald Bont-legged ticks (B,O 2) Red-legged ticks Vets reporting this disease 1 1 1 4 1 Level of importance 2 2 3 3 2 Species affected O B,E B B,O B langa Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Spring lamb paralysis (O 2) caused by the red-legged tick occurs this time of the year. These ticks attach under the tails of lambs. Local treatment with amitraz containing dips detaches the ticks and lambs recover soon. 15

Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Red-legged ticks (B,E 2) North Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Red-legged ticks (B 3) Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Red-legged ticks (B 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Red-legged ticks (B,O 3) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Red-legged ticks (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Red-legged ticks (B 1) - Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Red-legged ticks (B 2) Brown ear-ticks Vets reporting this disease 1 2 Level of importance 2 2 Species affected B B Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Brown ear-ticks (B 2) - Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Brown ear-ticks (B 2) Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Brown ear-ticks (B 1) Bont ticks (Amblyomma hebraeum) Heartwater ticks Vets reporting this disease 1 2 4 1 5 2 Level of importance 3 2 3 2 2 3 Species affected B B,O B,O B B,O,C B,C langa 16

Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Bont ticks (B 3) Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Bont ticks (B 2) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Bont ticks (O 2) Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Plooy Bont ticks (B 3) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Bont ticks (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Bont ticks (B 2) Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Bont ticks (B,O 3) North Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze Bont ticks (B 2) - Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Bont ticks (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Bont ticks (B,C 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Bont ticks (B,O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Bont ticks (B,O,C 2) Pongola: dr. Silke Pfitzer Bont ticks (B 2) Alexandria: dr. Johan Olivier Bont ticks (B 2) Jansenville: dr. Mackie Hobson Bont ticks (C 3) Paralysis Ticks Vets reporting this disease 3 3 1 Level of importance 1 1 1 Species affected O B,O B,O langa Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Red-legged ticks causing spring lamb paralysis (O 2) 17

Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Paralysis ticks (O 1) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Paralysis ticks (O 1) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Paralysis ticks (O 1) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé en Hendrikz Paralysis ticks (B 1) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Paralysis ticks (O 2) - Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Paralysis ticks (B,O 1) Biting Lice Vets reporting this disease 2 5 1 3 Level of importance 3 3 3 2 Species affected B,O B,O C C,O langa Standerton: dr. Kobie Kroon Biting lice (B,O 2) Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Biting lice (B 3) Clocolan: dr. Liezel Waserman Biting lice (B 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Biting lice (B 3) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé en Hendrikz Biting lice (B 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Biting lice (B 3) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Biting lice (O 3) Jansenville: dr. Mackie Hobson Biting lice (C 3) Beaufort : drs. Pienaar and Grobler Biting lice (C 2) Caledon: dr. Ian Herbst Biting lice (O 2) 18

Swellendam: dr. Jacques Malan Biting lice (O 1) Sucking Lice Vets reporting this disease 1 3 1 Level of importance 1 2 3 Species affected B B C langa Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Sucking lice (B 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Sucking lice (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Sucking lice (B 2) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Sucking lice (B 2) Aberdeen: dr. Mackie Hobson Sucking lice (C 3) Mites Vets reporting this disease 1 1 1 1 Level of importance 3 2 1 2 Species affected B O C O Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Sheep scab (O 3) Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Sheep scab (O 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Sheep scab (O 1) - Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Sheep scab (O,C 1) Aberdeen: dr. Mackie Hobson Sheep scab (O 3) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson 19

Sheep scab (O 3) Most probably due to a farmer speculating. Nuisance and biting flies, Vets reporting this disease 2 1 3 3 2 Level of importance 3 1 2 2 3 Species affected B B B,O B,O B,O langa Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Nuisance flies (B 3) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Nuisance flies (B 3) North Swartruggens: dr. Roselle Hartwigsen Nuisance flies (B 1) Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Nuisance flies (B,O 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Nuisance flies (B,O 3) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Nuisance flies (B,O 1) - Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Nuisance flies (B,O 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Nuisance flies (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Nuisance flies (B 2) Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Nuisance flies (B,O 3) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Nuisance flies (B,O 2) Screw-worm Vets reporting this disease 1 1 1 Level of importance 2 3 2 Species affected B B B,C Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Screw-worm (B 2) 20

Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Screw-worm (B 3) Wounds caused by ticks with long mouth parts are prone to screwworm infestation. - Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Screw-worm (B,C 2) Blowflies Vets reporting this disease 1 4 2 2 Level of importance 1 2 2 2 Species affected O O B O langa Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Blowflies (O 1) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Blowflies (O 2) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Blowflies (O 2) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé en Hendrikz Blowflies (O 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Blowflies (O 3) - Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Blowflies (B 1) Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Blowflies (B 3) Caledon: dr. Ian Herbst Blowflies (O 3) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Blowflies (O 1) Nasal bot larvae Vets reporting this disease 2 Level of importance 3 Species affected O 21

North Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Nasal bot larvae (O 3) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J. Heyns Nasal bot larvae (O 3) Midges and Mosquitoes Vets reporting this disease 2 2 Level of importance 2 2 Species affected B,O B Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Midges (B 3) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Midges (B,O 1) - Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Midges (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Midges (B 2) General Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Due to the good rains that fell recently the fly, midge and tick problem exploded. Be on the look out for viral diseases transmitted by some of these vectors. Tick-borne diseases African Red water (Babesia bigemina) Vets reporting this disease 1 1 1 3 7 2 1 Level of importance 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 Species affected B B B B B B B langa Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe African red water (B 1) Onderstepoort: dr. Dawie Blignaut African red water (B 1) 22

Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson African red water (B 1) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing African red water (B 3) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius African red water (B 1) A few cases early in October, against expectation, usually accompanied with heavy blue tick infestation. One big outbreak in dairy dry cows. Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch African red water (B 1) - Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar African red water (B 2) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes African red water (B 3) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen African red water (B 2) Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty African red water (B 3) Cattle brought into our stable enzootic area from the. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann African red water (B 3) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney African red water (B 2) Vryheid: dr. Gert Theron African red water (B 2) Alexandria: dr. Johan Olivier African red water (B 1) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé African red water (B 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer African red water (B 3) Asiatic Red Water (Babesia bovis) Vets reporting this disease 6 2 3 4 8 2 1 Level of importance 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 Species affected B B B B B B B langa Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Asiatic red water (B 3) Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen 23

Asiatic red water (B 2) cattle contracted red water 10 days after injecting them with an ivermectin. Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Asiatic red water (B 1) Piet Retief: drs. Niebuhr and Weber Asiatic red water (B 2) Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Asiatic red water (B 1) Standerton: drs. Kobie Kroon Asiatic red water (B 2) first outbreaks of the new season. Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Asiatic red water (B 1) Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, de Bruin and Rudolph Asiatic red water (B 2) Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Plooy Asiatic red water (B 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Asiatic red water (B 3) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Asiatic red water (B 1) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Asiatic red water (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Asiatic red water (B 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Asiatic red water (B 2) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Asiatic red water (B 1) - Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Asiatic red water (B 1) Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Asiatic redwater (B 1) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Asiatic red water (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Asiatic red water (B 1) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Asiatic red water (B 1) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Asiatic red water (B 2) this disease seems to start earlier this year some areas. Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Asiatic red water (B 2) Vryheid: dr. Gert Theron 24

Asiatic red water (B 2) Stutterheim: dr. Dave Waterman Asiatic red water (B 1) Newly acquired Red Angus bull died within 14 days of introduction to a new farm despite being innoculated presumably at weaning. I strongly recommend redwater innoculations for any new bulls on introduction. Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Asiatic red water (B 1) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Asiatic red water (B 3) due to an increase in tick numbers after hot, wet weather. Anaplasmosis Vets reporting this disease 1 1 2 6 3 4 5 Level of importance 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 Species affected B B B B B B B langa Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Anaplasmosis (B 2) Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Anaplasmosis (B 1) North Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Anaplasmosis (B 2) Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Anaplasmosis (B 2) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Anaplasmosis (B 1) Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Anaplasmosis (B 3) Clocolan: dr. Liezel Wasserman Anaplasmosis (B 2) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Anaplasmosis (B 1) A few cases early in October, against expectation, usually accompanied with heavy blue tick infestation. One big outbreak in dry dairy cows. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Anaplasmosis (B 3) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Anaplasmosis (B 1) - 25

Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Anaplasmosis (B 1) Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Anaplasmosis (B 1) Underberg: drs.collins, King and Delaney Anaplasmosis (B 1) Alexandria: dr. Johan Olivier Anaplasmosis (B 2) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Anaplasmosis (B 1) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Anaplasmosis (B 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Anaplasmosis (B 1) Darling: drs. Van der Merwe and Adam Anaplasmosis (B 1) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Anaplasmosis (B 3) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Anaplasmosis (B 1) Plettenberg Bay: dr. André Reitz Anaplasmosis (B 1) Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Anaplasmosis (B 2) Heartwater Vets reporting this disease 3 5 3 5 2 Level of importance 2 2 2 2 2 Species affected B,O,C B,O,C B,O,C B,O,C B,C Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Heartwater (B 1) Onderstepoort: dr. Dawie Blignaut Heartwater (B,O,C 3) Pretoria: dr. Hanneke Pienaar Heartwater (O 3) Bela-Bela: dr. Marius du Plooy Heartwater (O,C 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Heartwater (B 3) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Heartwater (B 1) 26

Mokopane: dr. Henk Visser Heartwater (O 2) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Heartwater (B,O 2) North Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn Heartwater (B 2) Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze Heartwater (B,O,C 3) Swartruggens: dr. Roselle Hartwigsen Heartwater (C 2) - Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais Heartwater (B 2) Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Heartwater (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Heartwater (B,C 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Heartwater (B,O 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Heartwater (B,O,C 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Heartwater (B 1) Jansenville: dr. Mackie Hobson Heartwater (C 3) Moving west- further into marginal areas. Last case 10km NE of Jansenville. 35 Angoras died. Corridor disease Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Sweating sickness Vets reporting this disease 1 2 1 Level of importance 1 1 1 Species affected B B B North Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J. Heyns Sweating sickness (B 1) 27

Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Sweating sickness (B 1) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Sweating sickness (B 1) - Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Sweating sickness (B 1) Insect transmittable diseases Lumpy skin disease Vets reporting this disease 1 5 3 Level of importance 1 2 2 Species affected B B B langa Volksrust: dr. André Visser Lumpy skin disease (B 1) - Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Lumpy skin disease (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Many cases in the communal area in cattle that were not vaccinated. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Phillip Kretzmann Lumpy skin disease (B 3) 15 cows in one beef herd affected. This is the first outbreak of the season. Pietermaritzburg: dr. Rick Mapham Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Lumpy skin disease (B 3) clinical cases and request for vaccine from all over the area. Malmesbury: drs. Bosman and Groenewald Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Far less cases seen in October than in September, tail-end cases in October. Mostly dairy herds. Malmesbury: dr. John Liebenberg Lumpy skin disease (B 3) Pietermaritzburg: dr. Rick Mapham Lumpy skin disease (B 2) Stellenbosch: dr. Alfred Kidd Lumpy skin disease (B 1) 28

Pseudo Lumpy skin disease (Allerton virus) Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Bovine ephemeral fever (Three day stiff sickness) No vets reporting this disease 2 Level of importance 2 Species affected B - Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Three day stiff sickness (B 2) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Three day stiff sickness (B2) Blue tongue Vets reporting this disease 1 Level of importance 3 Species affected O Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Blue tongue (O 3) Rift Valley fever Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Nagana Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Venereal diseases 29

Trichomonosis Vets reporting this disease 8 1 1 4 15 4 2 3 Level of importance 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 Species affected B B B B B B B B langa Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Trichomonosis (B 1) Bethal: dr. Hardus Pieters Trichomonosis (B 1) Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Trichomonosis (B 2) Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Trichomonosis (B 3) This disease can be eradicated. Keep on testing and cull or treat bulls. Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Trichomonosis (B 1) Standerton: dr. Kobie Kroon Trichomonosis (B 3) new infections in herds that tested negative last year. Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Trichomonosis (B 3) Volksrust: dr. André Visser Trichomonosis (B 2) Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, De Bruin and Rudolph Trichomonosis (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Trichomonosis (B 2) North Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Trichomonosis (B 1) Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Trichomonosis (B 3) 35 out of 100 bulls tested positive. This herd previously tested positive. 12 new herds tested positive. Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Trichomonosis (B 2) Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Trichomonosis (B 3) Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Trichomonosis (B 3) 6 new positive herds in one month. Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Trichomonosis (B 2) 30

Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Trichomonosis (B 2) Clocolan: dr. Liezel Waserman Trichomonosis (B 2) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Trichomonosis (B 2) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Trichomonosis (B 2) Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Trichomonosis (B 2) Bulls found positive just before the breeding season. Breeding season will have to be postponed. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Trichomonosis (B 3) many positive herds. Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Trichomonosis (B 3) Trichomonosis still difficult to contain. In some areas all neighbouring farms are infected. Animals had to be moved due to drought conditions. Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Trichomonosis (B 3) more of a problem in older bulls. Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Trichomonosis (B 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Trichomonosis (B 3) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Trichomonosis (B 2) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Trichomonosis (B 3) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Trichomonosis (B 2) - Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Trichomonosis (B 2) 4 bulls out of 12 tested positive in a herd bordering on a tribal area. Fences in poor condition and there have been some fence creeping neighbouring bulls. Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Trichomonosis (B 3) Tested 16 herds to date 215 bulls. 7 herds had positives a total of 18 bulls. The worst was 9 positives in a herd of 42 bulls. The worst result in many years possibly the result of lack of control over the movement of cattle, poor fences due to financial constraints? Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Trichomonosis (B 2) in catch up bulls in a dairy herd. Numerous pyometras present. Vryheid: dr. Gert Theron Trichomonosis (B 3) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Trichomonosis (B 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Trichomonosis (B 1) Malmesbury: dr. John Liebenberg 31

Trichomonosis (B 1) Oudtshoorn: dr. Glen Carlisle Trichomonosis (B 1) Wellington: dr. William van Zyl Trichomonosis (B 2) in 3 bulls Vibriosis Vets reporting this disease 1 6 1 2 2 Level of importance 3 2 2 2 2 Species affected B B B B B North Leeudoringstad: dr. Ian Jonker Vibriosis (B 3) this disease is on the increase. Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Vibriosis (B 2) Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Vibriosis (B 3) Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Vibriosis (B 2) Bulls found positive just before the breeding season. Breeding season will have to be postponed. Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Vibriosis (B 1) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Vibriosis (B 1) Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Vibriosis (B 2) - Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Vibriosis (B 2) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Vibriosis (B 2) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Vibriosis (B 2) found during routine examination of bulls. Malmesbury: dr. John Liebenberg Vibriosis (B 1) Swellendam: dr. Jacques Malan Vibriosis (B 2) Peestersiekte / Pizzle disease Vets reporting this disease 1 32

Level of importance 1 Species affected O Bapsfontein: dr. Matthew Legg Peestersiekte (O 1) Bacterial diseases Anthrax Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Gas gangrene infections Vets reporting this disease 3 1 2 2 8 4 2 1 Level of importance 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 Species affected B B B B B B B B langa Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Blackquarter (B 2) Piet Retief: drs. Weber and Niebuhr Swelled head (B 2) Standerton: drs. Nel, Swart and Van der Merwe Blackquarter (B 1) Swelled head (B 2) Bronkhorstspruit: drs. De Bruin, de Bruin and Rudolph Swelled head (B 2) Machado: dr. Freddie Harris Blackquarter (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Blackquarter (B 1) North Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze 33

Blackquarter (B 3) Blackquarter occured very often during early October but dropped down to zero approximately 7 days after the first rain and presence of green regrowth. Vaccinations not up to date on affected farms. Alarming amounts of suckling calves also presented with neck muscles affected, average age of affected calves 3 to 4 months. Other affected adults were typically in good condition. Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Malignant oedema (B 1) due to Clostridium septicum. Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Blackquarter (B 3) 4 large outbreaks, on one farm 16 animals died. Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Blackquarter (B 3) Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Blackquarter (B 1) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Blackquarter (B 2) Mostly younger animals, 7 to 10 months old that were not vaccinated or where a multiclostridial vaccine was not used. Memel: dr. Neil Nixon Blackquarter (B 1) Swelled head (B 1) Parys: dr. Johan Wessels Blackquarter (B 1) It is a dangerous practice only to vaccinate cattle against one strain of Clostridia. One seldom these days sees the tradisional blackleg at necropsy. The multivalent vaccines cover most of the strains and it is recommended to use these vaccines. Remember to give a booster vaccination if these vaccines are used for the first time and to then vaccinate annually. Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Blackquarter (B 2) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Blackquarter (B 2) - Estcourt: drs. Turner, Tedder, Taylor, Tratschler, Van Rooyen and Alwar Blackquarter (B 1) Mtubatuba: dr. Trever Viljoen Blackquarter (B 2) Pongola: dr. Heinz Kohrs Blackquarter (B 1) Vryheid: dr. Gert Theron Blackquarter (B 2) Swelled head (B 1) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Mackie Hobson Blackquarter (B 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Blackquarter (B 1) 34

Plettenberg Bay: dr. André Reitz Blackquarter (B 1) Pulpy Kidney Vets reporting this disease 3 2 3 1 3 3 Level of importance 1 2 2 1 3 2 Species affected B,O O O O O O,C langa Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Pulpy kidney (O 1) Ermelo: dr. Gert Oosthuizen Pulpy kidney (O 2) Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Pulpy kidney (B 1) North Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Pulpy kidney (O 2) Schweizer-Reneke: dr. N.J. Heyns Pulpy kidney (O 2) Harrismith: drs. Thirion, Nel and Pretorius Pulpy kidney (O 2) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Pulpy kidney (O 3) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Pulpy kidney (O 2) - Bergville: dr. Ariena Shepherd Pulpy kidney (O 1) Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Pulpy kidney (O 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Mackie Hobson Pulpy kidney (O 3) In the period farmers are feeding sheep. These cases followed by rains and fresh growth of grass leading to new pulpy kidney cases. Pearston: dr. Mackie Hobson Pulpy kidney (O 3) Beaufort-: drs.pienaar and Grobler Pulpy kidney (C 2) George: drs. Strydom, Truter and Pettifer Pulpy kidney (O 3) 35

Malmesbury: drs. Bosman and Groenewald Pulpy kidney (O 1) Lamb dysentery (Clostrium perfringens type B) Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Red gut (B) / Blood gut(o,c) Vets reporting this disease 2 3 1 6 Level of importance 1 1 1 2 Species affected B B,O B,O B,O,C langa Middelburg: drs. Fourie and Barkhuizen Red gut (B 1) some calves in good condition and receiving a lot of milk die due to Clostridium perfringens type A infection. Nelspruit: dr. André Beytell Red gut (B 1) Enterotoxaemia in 3 week old calves caused by Clostridium perfringens A and D. Peracute deaths in less than 3 week old Brahman stud calves (10 cases). The necropsy picture is the same as classical pulpy kidney: the kidneys are pulpy and haemorrhagic. Haemorrhagic diarrhoea with gas in the intestines. Calves were kraaled due to continuous rain and the infection was probably acquired here due to population pressure and environmental pollution. It is recommended that where beef cattle are kept under semi intensive systems they are immunized with multi clostridial vaccines due to an increase of clostridial diseases. Parys: dr. Johan Wessels Red gut (B 1) Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Red gut (B 1) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Blood gut (O 2) - Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney Red gut (B 1) Blood gut (O 1) Alexandria: dr. Johan Olivier Red gut (B 3) Due to good rain after a dry spell, new lush grass had little fibre and animals grazed pastures all the way down. Red gut cases occurred, very acute, found only dead animals. Aliwal North: drs. Troskie and Strauss Blood gut (O 1) 36

Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson Blood gut (O 2) Graaff-Reinet: dr. Mackie Hobson Blood gut (C 2) occurred with increased use of lands Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé Blood gut (O 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Red gut (B 1) Tetanus Vets reporting this disease 1 3 1 1 Level of importance 1 2 1 1 Species affected O O,C O O langa Volksrust: dr. André Visser Tetanus (O 1) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Tetanus (O 2) Hertzogville: drs. Naudé en Hendrikz Tetanus (C 1) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Tetanus (O 2) - Bergville: drs. Ariena Shepherd Tetanus (O 1) Queenstown: drs. Du Preez, Godley and partners Tetanus (O 1) Botulism Vets reporting this disease 1 3 1 2 Level of importance 2 2 1 2 Species affected O B B B,O North Christiana: dr. Pieter Nel Botulism (O 2) Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels Botulism (B 1) 37

Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius Botulism (B 3) Zastron: dr. Philip Brandt Botulism (B 2) Due to drought conditions and poor grazing conditions animals develop pica and they chew on bones. Beaufort-: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Botulism (B 1) Kathu: dr. Jan Vorster Botulism (B 1) Upington: dr. Ian Vorster Botulism (B,O 3) in the western Kalahari. Due to very dry conditions the animals chew bones. This especially occurs in ewes with lambs. Previously had a case of botulism occurring where a lot of beetles died in a water trough when they got stuck under a ball valve and botulism bacteria multiplying in them and releasing the toxin. Also had a case where bacteria multiplied in lucern bales. Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) Vets reporting this disease 1 2 4 12 2 Level of importance 1 2 3 3 3 Species affected B B B B B langa Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld Brucellosis (B 1) Modimolle: drs. Huber, Bredell and Barnard Brucellosis (B 1) Polokwane: dr. Gavin Watson Brucellosis (B 2) North Brits: dr. Lourens Coertze Brucellosis (B 3) Lichtenburg: dr. Nelmarie Rall Brucellosis (B 3) Schweizer Reneke: dr. N.J.Heyns Brucellosis (B 3) Stella: dr. Magdaleen Vosser Brucellosis (B 3) Bethlehem: dr. Henk Basson Brucellosis (B 3) 2 new herds found positive. Incidence in Jerseys on the increase. Bloemfontein: dr. Stephan Wessels 38

Brucellosis (B 3) Beef herd tested and 13 cows were positive. Few abortions occurred in the herd. Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Brucellosis (B 1) Frankfort: dr. Dries Lessing Brucellosis (B 3) Hertzogville: drs. Hendrikz and Naudé Brucellosis (B 3) is rife in the area. Producers fail to test their animals and many farmers speculate with cattle. Heilbron: dr. Piet van Zyl Brucellosis (B 2) Kroonstad: drs. Daffue, Eksteen, Van Zyl and Van der Walt Brucellosis (B 2) In a previous negative tested herd positive animals were found. Ladybrand: drs. Van Hasselt and De Vos Brucellosis (B 3) in 2 beef herds. Cattle on one farm have low titres and on another higher titres. Already slaughtered 60 pregnant cows. Strain 19 vaccine not available. Parys: dr. Johan Wessels Brucellosis (B 2) A heifer group which was brought in from another area showed high titers of brucellosis after a period of 3 months. Fortunately they were kept in quarantine which prevented infection spreading to the rest of the herd. Reitz: dr. Murray Smith Brucellosis (B 2) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Brucellosis (B 3) Villiers: drs. Hattingh and Hauptfleisch Brucellosis (B 3) - Dundee: dr. Tony Grace Brucellosis (B 3) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes Brucellosis (B 3) many positive cases. Positive on MRT (milk ring test) and SAT, some positive on RBT (Rose Bengal test) and all negative on CFT (compliment fixation test). We are not sure how to interpret these results and this is causing financial and emotional strain on the farmers. Johnes disease Vets reporting this disease 2 Level of importance 1 Species affected O,B Caledon: dr. Ian Herbst Johnes disease (O 1) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek Johnes disease (B 1) Incidental finding when animals were tested for export purposes. Animals tested positive using the CF method of testing. There were quite a few suspect cases as well. Question is whether this was really a positive case. Subsequent to 39

positive result a bovine with symptoms very much like Johne's was seen on another farm. Are we ignoring this disease especially considering the fact that it is abundant in other countries? Ram disease (Brucella ovis) Vets reporting this disease 1 Level of importance 2 Species affected O Beaufort-: drs. Pienaar and Grobler Brucella ovis (O 2) Ram disease (HPA organisms) Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected E. coli Vets reporting this disease 2 1 3 4 2 1 Level of importance 2 1 2 2 2 2 Species affected B B B B,O B,O B langa Balfour: dr. Louis van Jaarsveld E.coli (B 2) Volksrust: dr. André Visser E. coli (B 1) North Brits: drs. Boshoff and Hahn E.coli (B 1) Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan E.coli (B 3) Hoopstad: dr. Kobus Pretorius E.coli (B 1) Memel: dr. Neil Nixon E.coli (B 1) - Dundee: dr. Jacque Marais 40

E.coli (B 1) Dundee: dr. Tony Grace E.coli (O 1) Howick: dr. Stephen Hughes E.coli (B 3) Underberg: drs. Collins, King and Delaney E.coli (B 3) septicaemia in calves causing pneumonia as well as diarrhoea. Graaff-Reinet: dr. Roland Larson E. coli (O 1) Humansdorp: drs. Van Niekerk, Jansen van Vuuren, Barker and Kotzé E.coli (B 2) Malmesbury: dr. Otto Kriek E.coli (B 2) Salmonellosis Vets reporting this disease 2 1 Level of importance 2 3 Species affected B B Bothaville: dr. Alf Lategan Salmonellosis (B 3) Viljoenskroon: dr. Johan Kahts Salmonellosis (B 1) - Newcastle: dr. Barry Rafferty Salmonellosis (B 3) calf paratyphoid. Farmers neglecting vaccination programmes. Leptospirosis Vets reporting this disease Level of importance Species affected Lumpy wool (Dermatophilus) Vets reporting this disease 1 1 Level of importance 1 2 Species affected O O 41