INTERNATIONAL EXPERT WORKSHOP ON CITES NON- DETRIMENT FINDINGS Cancun (México), 17-22 Nov. 2008 PRESENTATION ON NDF Studies: The Status of and Trade in Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Kenya BY Solomon N. Kyalo KENYA
CASE STUDY The Status of and Trade in Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in Kenya- Non Detriment Findings process A Case Study presented at the International Expert Workshop on CITES Non-Detriment Findings, Cancun (Mexico), 17-22 November 2008
BACKGROUND The Species- Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) Include 3 sub-species Taxonomy: Class: REPTILIA Order: Crocodylia Family: Crocodylidae Scientific Name: Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768) Common Names : English: Nile Crocodile : Swahili: Mamba
Nile Crocodile-The Species Crocodylus niloticus
Species Habitat
CONSERVATION STATUS Current IUCN Classification: Least Concern 1990 : Vulnerable (Baillie & Groombridge, 1990). In 1994 review, it was not listed (Groombridge, 1993), 1996: Lower Risk (IUCN, 1996), 2000 (Hilton-Taylor, 2000), & 2003 (IUCN, 2003). CITES Listing: Appendix I except populations of Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique,Namibia, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania [subject to an annual export quota of no more than 1600 wild specimens including hunting trophies, in addition to ranched specimens], Zambia and Zimbabwe that are in Appendix II
Species distribution-global overview The Nile crocodile is distributed in suitable habitats throughout Africa and Madagascar Wild Population estimated at 250-500,000 specimens General population trend: increasing but habitat shrinking
National status- The reason for NDF Process Purpose: Determining harvesting levels of specimens of Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) from the wild for commercial ranching and if the harvesting is detrimental to the survival of the species
Methodology Data source/references Species population surveys Assessments of species abundance in different areas designated as harvesting zones-egg collection returns Reported performance of licensed ranching operations Trade levels Human-crocodile conflict data
METHODOLOGY-Species distribution Distribution mapping Mapping of the species habitats (all fresh water systems with a special focus on the major water bodies including: L.Turkana, L. Baringo, L.Victoria, Mara river, Ewaso nyiro river, Lorian Swamp, Tana River, Athi/Galana/Sabaki river & Ramisi river.
Species distribution Mapping
Methodology: Population estimates Regular aerial and nightlight surveys on both the general and specific population and nest sites, especially in areas of interest (collection for utilization and conflict) Spotlight censusing method Counting using nocturnal spot light count method (most accurate compared to aerial and day counts) Latest count conducted in 1995 for Tana River system (Tana river basin covers 20% of Kenya s land mass)
Population estimates Spotlight census of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) along the Tana River, from Garissa to Kipini April 1993. A report for KWS research Department Nairobi, Kenya. Chira R.M. (1993). Crocodile egg collection along the Tana River. A report for KWS Research Department Nairobi, Kenya. Chira R.M. (1994). Spotlight census of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) along the Tana River, from Garissa to Kipini, August 1995. A report for KWS Research Department Nairobi, Kenya. Chira R.M. (1996). Spotlight census of the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) in five Tana River Dams. A report to Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi. Chira R.M. (1997).
Population estimates Nightlight surveys on both the general and specific population and nest sites, especially in areas of interest (collection for utilization and conflict) Population numbers unknown Lower reaches of Tana River system & L.Turkana areas of utilization Tana river system has the biggest living population L.Turkana population estimated at 12,000 adult specimens
Methodology -Population estimates Records submitted by those collecting eggs, using standard forms Records supplied by the Wildlife Staff on Problematic Animal Control throughout the country.
Population estimates
Population estimates
Threats to Nile crocodile population Habitat loss Human population encroachment, erosion and loss of nesting areas Targeted harvesting for international trade Egg collection for ranching) Persecution Human-crocodile conflict)
Nile crocodile Management 1973- Population listed in CITES Appendix I 1992-Proposal for Appendix II listing for ranching Current: Population in Appendix II for purposes of ranching in accordance with Res. Conf. 11.16
Nile Crocodile Management Plan maintaining or increasing the species overall numbers (protection); Producing a sustainable harvest (utilization); (Based on 0.5 total adults x 40 x 10% formula) Regulating their numbers where appropriate (control); Managing the crocodiles where appropriate for the benefit of local communities (community benefit).
Policy & Legislation on Nile Crocodiles Wildlife Act CAP 376: Nile crocodiles from the wild may be hunted or otherwise utilized under a license issued by the Wildlife Authority. Policy : Crocodiles are conserved and encouraged where they do not conflict with legitimate human interests. Conservation may include utilization that provides benefits to local communities. Challenge: With wide spread population of crocodiles, and expanding population of humans, there are an increasing cases of human- crocodile conflicts.
Management Plan for Nile Crocodile Aims to encourage: The management of crocodile populations on a scientific basis through PAC and ranching; The protection of crocodiles within the wild; The controlled utilization of crocodiles on ranches in accordance with CITES Res.Conf. 11.16 All export of products to be in accordance with CITES and the Wildlife Conservation Act.
Population segment harvested for trade Eggs Under special authority, rogue Crocodiles as a measure to reduce crocodile-human conflict
Eggs harvested for ranching -2002-2007 Year Egg collection Quota No. of eggs collected Area of collection 2002-3 24,000 14,603 Lower Tana 2 2003-4 28,000 16,592 Lower Tana 3 2004-5 29,000 14,119 Lower Tana 3 2005-6 49,000 21,685 Lower Tana 2 2006-7 40,000 18,001 Lower Tana 2 No of Ranches 2007-8 50,000 32,000 Lower tana &L.Turkana 2
Monitoring System Wildlife Authority sets minimum standards and code of practice for all aspects of crocodile production to be observed by the ranchers. Quotas for egg collection and areas for collection are scientifically determined at the start of each season. Authority for ranching carry the following terms and conditions: a) Locality of egg collection is specified on a map; b) Period of collection is specified; c) Number and type of specimens specified, with numbers allocated limited by farm capacity;
Monitoring System d) The status of each specimen (clutch of eggs and hatchlings) are recorded in the ranchers/trapper s register and returns filed with Wildlife Authority. e) Ranchers must report to the appropriate KWS Officer of the area before collection; f) A bi-annual summary of the success of harvesting and ranching operations must be submitted by the rancher to the Wildlife Authority bi-annual inspections of all ranch operations is conducted by the Wildlife Authorities during the closed season (May and July) and during open season (December and January). Additional inspections may also be carried out anytime considered appropriate
International Trade volumes Skin Exports (2001-2007)-Legal Trade using CITES Permits Year Quantities Type/part Importing country 2001 4,650 Belly skin Singapore,Italy,France 2002 2,462 Belly skin Singapore, France 2003 2,437 Belly skin Singapore,Germany 2004 3,050 Belly skin Singapore, Germany 2005 10,000 Belly skin Singapore,Germany 2006 7,000 Belly skin Singapore 2007 10,645 Belly skin Singapore
Monitoring and controls-evaluation of data Conditions tied to harvesting crocodile resources for ranching feasibility study to the Wildlife Authority Prepared detailed project proposal with information on: a) locality; b) water supply; c) food supply; d) financial resources; e) expertise; f) Markets for meat & skin g) ranch plans. h) Environmental Impact Assessment (NEMA)
Strategies for species Conservation management Use of Problematic/Rogue crocodiles as breeding stock as an innovative means of control as opposed to elimination for managing human crocodile conflicts Opening up more egg collection areas in the various species distribution range to reduce collection pressure in the traditionally known egg collection zones Regular rapid population assessments for purposes of monitoring change in the species dynamics
CONCLUSION Trade in ranched specimens of Nile crocodile should be encouraged as incentives for in-situ conservation of the species Trade in Nile crocodile specimens should be limited to skins for exports and meat for local markets under controlled licensing system Use of universal identification tags
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