KLOSTRIDIALE SIEKTES:

veevernuf 2 BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE Dr Chriche du Plessis stocksense KLOSTRIDIALE SIEKTES: HERKOUERS DEEL 1 Dr Johan Cloete 4 RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN FEEDLOT CATTLE Dr Koba Grobler 5 AFFEKTEER PARASIETE DIE PRODUKSIEPRESTASIE VAN JOU BEESKUDDE? Jacques van Rensburg Intervet South Africa (Pty) Ltd. Reg. No. 1991/006580/07 20 Spartan Road Spartan, 1619, RSA Private Bag X2026 Isando, 1600, RSA Tel +27 (0) 11 923 9300 Fax +27 (0) 11 392 3158 Sales Fax +27 (0) 86 603 1777 www.msd-animal-health.co.za ZA/OTH/0215/0002 Hierdie kieme (bakterieë) is almal gram-positiewe, stafieagtige en anaërobies-lewende organismes (lae suurstof omgewing). Dit beteken hulle groei baie beter in n omgewing soos weefsel of organiese materiaal, wat n baie lae suurstofinhoud het. n Verskeidenheid kieme kan in n rusfase oorleef in die vorm van n spoor. Sodra die mikroomgewing waarin hulle hulself bevind aan die suurstofarme toestand voldoen, kan hulle skielik baie vinnig begin groei met meestal dodelike uitwerkings op die herkouer. Die maklikste manier om klostridiale bees- skaap- en boksiektes te verstaan, is om hulle in verskillende groepe in te deel. Daar kom hoofsaaklik drie groepe klostridiale siekte sindrome voor. Gangreneuse groep Enterotoksemiese groep Neurotoksiese groep Gangreneuse groep Die eerste groep staan bekend as die gangreneuse groep. Dié groep siektes veroorsaak primêr n mate van vinnige weefselafsterwe (nekrose) met of sonder gasvorming. Die meeste is geneig om n oormaat gas vry te stel. Dit veroorsaak dan gereeld dat die spiere, weefsel en onderhuidse omgewing versteur word. n Mens sien dan spiere wat voorkom asof hulle geskeur het, gasblasies in die weefsel en onder die vel. Die weefsel kan dan sponserig voorkom. Hierdie ou term is die rede hoekom daar vandag veral nog n groot verwarring bestaan. Meeste produsente praat van sponssiekte maar dit is eintlik die oorkoepelende naam vir alle gangreneuse sponssiektes soos hier onder gelys: C. chauvoei Sponssiekte C. haemolyticum Bakteriese rooi-uriene (nie in RSA) C. novyi tipe A Ram-dikkop C. novyi tipe B Nekrotiese hepatitis (nie in RSA) C. septicum Baarmoedersponssiekte C. sordellii Kwaadaardige edeem Enterotoksemiese groep Die tweede groep veroorsaak n dermkanaalontsteking wat ook lei tot vinnige vrektes, omdat hulle gewoonlik nie betyds gediagnoseer kan word nie. Hou in gedagte dat die kieme, tot so vinning as elke 20 minute kan verdeel. C. perfringens tipe A Bloedderm C. perfringens tipe B Bloedpens C. perfringens tipe C Bloedderm C. perfringens tipe D Bloednier Neurotoksiese groep Die derde groep is die klostridiums wat die senuweestelsel aantas. C. tetani Klem-in-die-kaak C. botulinum Lamsiekte Daar is n groot ooreenstemming tussen die bees- en skaap klostridium siektes wat algemeen na verwys word as sponssiekte. Dit is belangrik om n onderskeid te tref d.m.v. n korrekte nadoodse ondersoek, wat gerugsteun word deur weefselontledings by betroubare veeartseny laboratoriums. Produsente sowel as veeartse moet die siektes saam korrek verstaan. Produsente, konsultante, bemarkers en veeartse, kan dalk in die slaggat trap om maklik te vereenvoudig as daar

met die siektes gewerk word, deur net eenvoudig na sponssiekte in die algemeen te verwys. Indien mens nie op n gereelde basis met die verskillende klostridiumsiektes werk nie, kan dit baie maklik en gerieflik wees om na hulle te verwys as sponssiekte. Daar moet noukeurig onderskei word tussen die verskillende tipes sponssiektes, wat onder dieselfde kam geskeer word. Die diagnose, en voorkomende behandeling/inenting, is van kardinale belang. Weefselmonsters vir ontleding vir verdagte klostridiale siektes Derminhoud Bloedklonte Intestinale wand geplaas in formalien vir preservering Lewer Bloed of serum Mis Monsters vir kultuurontleding (intestinale inhoud, bloedklonte, lewer, en feses) behoort in skoon zip-lock sakkies as verkoel of gevries gehou te word todat hulle versend word. Let wel: C. perfringens is n algemene kiem in die ingewande van normale diere, daar is n neiging vir vinnige dermkanaal oorgroei en penetrasie van weefsel na dood. Dus is spoedige kolleksie en preservering van die weefsel voor versending krities. Gekombineerde bevindinge van die organismes, toksienes en ooreenstemende geskiedenis en letsels is nodig om n diagnose te bevestig. In opvolgende artikels hierna bespreek ons die siektes bietjie meer in n sindroom groepsverband. Die MSD klostridiale entstof beskermingsfunksies en spektrum van dekking sal ook in meer besonderhede bespreek word. Foto: istockphoto.com ZA/COV/0914/0008 Verwysing: 1. Sheila M. McGuirk, DVM, PhD, University of Wisconsin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, Managing Clostridial Diseases in Catle BRUCELLOSIS IN CATTLE - AN EASY TO UNDERSTAND GUIDE Dr Chriche du Plessis Brucellosis in cattle is caused by Brucella abortus, a bacteria that lives inside the cells of the body. The disease is highly contagious between cattle and can even infect humans. Brucella: The organism Brucella abortus, the causative organism of bovine brucellosis, is a complex organism. It shows a wide variety of behavioural patterns in terms of incubation period and clinical signs. The average incubation time (time that it takes the infection to show disease) is 2 7 months. Brucella is an intracellular organism, that means it lives and hides in the cells of the body. This makes it extremely difficult to treat as medication cannot reach it. The body s own defence mechanisms also cannot recognize it if the bacteria hide away and struggles to rid it of the infection. Calves born to infected cows may be latent carriers. This means that the infection may lie dormant and only present itself once the heifer becomes pregnant. Cattle become infected through direct contact with the bacteria. The most common route for infection is oral. Cows lick or eat the infected abortus from another cow. Calves can become infected while in the uterus or by drinking the infected cow s milk. If the calf is infected with the bacteria while in the uterus, that calf will be infected for life. Carrion birds and stray dogs are also able to transmit the disease. Always remember to disinfect any equipment that may have been in contact with infected cows e.g. the wheelbarrow that was used to clean the abortus and thereafter used to feed the cows. After the cow ingested the bacteria, it travels through the mucous membrane to the white blood cells (the army in the body) in the blood stream. It penetrates into the cell and goes into hiding. From the bloodstream, it travels to the lymph nodes and reproductive organs where it stays. Pregnant cows have a lot of sugar, called erythritol, in their uterus when they are around 5 months into gestation. The bacteria thrive in this high sugar environment. They multiply rapidly and cause damage to the placenta.

Clinical Signs in Cattle Abortions are the number one clinical sign of Brucella infection. Unfortunately cows can also give birth to a live calf. This makes it difficult to know which cows are infected. Other symptoms include retained placentas, metritis (infection of the uterus), longer intercalving periods (infertility) and a decrease in milk production. This means large economic losses to the farmer. Chronically infected animals can have swollen joints (hygromas). Infected bulls may show testicular inflammation (orchitis) and, although this rarely happens, they are able to secrete the organism in their semen. Human Brucellosis (Zoonosis) Humans can also become infected with the bacteria. This happens when humans come into contact with infected animal material such as an aborted foetus or birth fluids or when they drink unpasteurised milk from a cow that is infected with Brucella. Both vaccines that are on the market, can cause the disease if people accidently inject themselves. Symptoms in humans include chronic fatigue, undulant fever, joint pain, headaches and generalised body ache. If untreated, human brucellosis can lead to endocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves), meningitis (inflammation of the brain membranes) and women can also abort if infected. Human brucellosis can be treated with antibiotics, but relapses are possible after treatment. If you suspect that you might have been infected with Brucella or accidently inject yourself, contact your nearest doctor immediately. Prevention and Control As brucellosis is a State Controlled disease, there are certain rules to follow. The Animal Disease Act (Act 35/1984) states that all heifers must be vaccinated once with the S19 vaccine strain between the ages of 4 8 months. Booster doses or vaccination of adult female cattle with strain S19 is not allowed, as the vaccine causes false positive serological (blood) tests. The body is a biological system and complete protection from one vaccination cannot be guaranteed. Repeated boosters with RB51 vaccine do not interfere with routine serological tests. Repeated vaccinations improve protection against abortion and production losses, as well as the excretion and spread of the disease. This is the reason why vaccination alone will not prevent and eradicate brucellosis. Prevention of exposure to infection from outside your herd and spread within the herd, requires sustained commitment. Dealing with the threat of Brucellosis Vaccination is a key component in the fight against Brucella. There are some additional principles that are just as important. Strict biosecurity must be maintained to prevent infection from outside. Buying cattle from auctions without knowing the brucellosis status is a severe risk. Ask for consecutively repeated test results that show that the whole herd is deemed free of a current brucellosis infection. Examine the test dates carefully and do not accept single test results. The status of the neighbouring farms is important. Carrion birds and stray predators easily spread the disease. If any abortion occurs, remove the material immediately and disinfect the area properly. Brucella bacteria can remain infective for months in soil and manure. Disinfection can be done with bleach or even boiling water. Separate positive cows from non-infected cows, if Brucella occurs in the herd. This decreases the chance of intra-herd spread. Use different equipment when working with positive and negative cows. Never feed the milk from infected cows to the calves. In the next article we will look at the diagnosis and different tests for Brucella in more detail. ZA/R51/1014/0009 RB51 Reg. No. G3056 (Act 36/1947) Vaccine containing the RB-51 strain of Brucella abortus. Namibia: Reg. No. V03/24.4/756 Only available at your veterinarian. If a vaccinated cow gets exposed to a field strain of Brucella abortus, she will develop antibodies to the bacteria. This is the body s way to try and get rid of the bacteria. The vaccine cannot prevent the normal reaction from the body. When this happens, the cow will test positive for Brucella, even though she was vaccinated, as the blood tests detect antibodies against the field strain. Her offspring can be infected as well, although they might not test positive. The vaccine cannot stop infection but will reduce the spread of the disease by limiting shedding of the bacteria and the risk of abortion. 3

RESPIRATORY DISEASE IN FEEDLOT CATTLE Dr Koba Grobler Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) is a source of great economic loss to the farmer. Although pasture based and dairy cattle are also inherently prone to develop respiratory disease, the impact of BRD is of major consequence in the feedlot industry. Stress and concurrent viral infections are the two key contributing factors for BRD to occur. Both of these will depress the animal s immune system and allow secondary bacterial infection to follow, leading to severe lung damage. Cattle are highly strung and weaning, transport, co-mingling, handling, intensive stocking and adjustment to rations are only some of the stressors they experience when entering a feedlot. Cattle from different sources are often mixed and this leads to the rapid spread of viral infections between the animals, especially if their immune system is depressed due to other stressors. Other factors contributing to the loss of local immunity include very dusty environments, severe temperature fluctuations and inhalation of irritants such as exhaust fumes. Bacteria are found in the nasal passages of healthy cattle, and when these are inhaled, the immune system will quickly get rid of the invader before colonization can take place. However, when the animal has a compromised immune system, and the bacteria start to grow and release toxins in the lungs, it causes massive, irreparable lung lesions. The viruses most frequently associated with BRD include Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (IBR), Parainfluenza Virus Type 3 (PI3), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV). The bacteria that most commonly cause BRD include Mannheimia haemolytica (previously Pasteurella haemolytica), Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni and Mycolasma bovis. In the 1980 s M. haemolytica was the most common culprit amongst the bacteria, but since the invention of leukotoxin based vaccines against it, the incidence of P. multocida has overtaken that of M. haemolytica. Cattle with BRD are recognized by depression, reduced feed intake, fever, increased respiratory rate and effort, nasal or ocular discharge and a typical stance with abducted (away from the body) elbows and an extended neck. When it comes to respiratory disease, prevention is the key. The prevention of BRD in the feedlot actually starts on the farm where the calves were born. Vaccination of cows and calves destined for the feedlot will prime the immune system and feedlot operations are prepared to pay a premium for good quality calves. A traceability system is available at www.gmptags.co.za for producers who would like to start implementing such steps. Once a sick animal is identified and treated it may already have permanent damage which will lead to great economic losses. It has been calculated that there is a 24 gram reduction in Average Daily Gain and a 5.1 standing day increase in feedlot cattle with BRD 1. There are many vaccines available which specifically target the bacteria and viruses causing BRD. Proof of the success of vaccines is in the fact that since the invention of leukotoxin vaccines in the 1980 s the incidence of M. haemolytica has dramatically decreased. Vaccines containing a combination of leukotoxin and viral antigens are the standard and a booster vaccine within 3 weeks of the first one is essential. The vaccines will help to protect cattle against BRD, but will not completely eliminate the chance of disease occurring. As with any disease, if the hosts defence mechanisms are depressed, or if the environmental viral or bacterial load is too high, the animal will certainly become sick. Once sick animals have been identified, treatment should start as soon as possible. It is important to use a highly effective antibiotic the first time, and at the correct dose. Bacterial resistance against antibiotics are a common finding and the antibiotic chosen should be effective against the BRD pathogen present. Anti-inflammatories should be given in addition to antibiotic therapy as this will significantly decrease the chance of permanent lung damage taking place and the time taken to resuming normal food intake. References: 1. Use of treatment records and lung lesion scoring to estimate the effect of respiratory disease on growth during early and late finishing periods in South African feedlot cattle. PN Thompson et. al. J Anim Sci 2006. 84:488-498 2. Polymicrobial diseases. Chapter 12: Respiratory viruses and bacteria in cattle. D.C. Hodgins et. al. 3. Trans-tracheal wash results. MSD Animal Health. 2013. 4. Current veterinary therapy: Food animal practice. Chapter 102. Respiratory disease treatment considerations in feedyards. Dee Griffin ZA/ORUM/1114/0035 BOVI-TECT III Reg. No. G3211 (Act 36/1947) Contains Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin and modified live IBR and BVD viruses Namibia: Reg. No. V02/24.4/684 4

Ivermektien 2,25 % PLUS Abamektien 1,25 % AFFEKTEER PARASIETE DIE PRODUKSIEPRESTASIE VAN JOU BEESKUDDE? Jacques van Rensburg VERSKAF AAN JOU DIE OPLOSSING! Daar is verskeie soorte en tipes parasiete wat ons produksiediere kan affekteer en ook mag lei tot grootskaalse verliese. Soms is die persepsie dat parasiete, veral by beeste, nie so dodelik is soos sommige besmetlike bakteriese- of virussiektes nie. Daar bestaan ook sekere mites dat beeste nie werklik negatief geaffekteer word deur wurms nie, aangesien die verliese wat hulle veroorsaak nie so opvallend is nie en die skade wat hulle aanrig, dikwels onderskat word. Ons besef nie altyd tot watter mate parasiete ons beeste se produksievermoë (bv. vleis en melk) en die algemene weerstand van hierdie diere teen siektes, verminder nie. Een van die redes hiervoor, is dat verskeie parasiete mèèr skade in hul onvolwasse stadiums aanrig, bv. onvolwasse lewerslak, nog voordat die kliniese (sigbare) simptome of tekens gesien kan word. Dit is so, dat sommige uitwendige parasiete, bv. die bloubosluis, n draer is van ander parasiete, soos bv. die rooiwater protozoa parasiet. Soos ons weet, kan rooiwater meer skade aan n kudde aanrig as die bloubosluis self. Daarom moet die doel van die bestryding van parasiete eerder wees, om hul verspreiding te verhinder en die parasiete te beheer, as om die besmette diere te behandel. Voorkoming is goedkoper en beter as behandeling. Daar moet in ag geneem word dat beeste se gesondheid n direkte refleksie is van die omgewing, ons bestuursmetodes asook die uitwerking wat dit op ons vee het. Beesboere is besigheidsmense wat in gedagte moet hou dat hul besluite, direkte en indirekte gevolge het op die gesondheid, produksie, reproduksie asook die winsgewindheid van hul kuddes. Geen vooruitstrewende boer wil graag n onseker bestaan voer nie en die negatiewe effek van interne en eksterne parasiete op sy winsgewendheid, is n wesenlike probleem! Die oplossing vir hierdie probleme, lê dus in kundige bestuur. Waar chemiese middels as bestuursinstrumente gebruik word, moet dit strategies toegedien word. Met die voorkoms van ongekende bosluisweerstand teen die drie bekendste beskikbare groepe van dipmiddels (organofosfate, piretroïede en formamidiene), het langwerkende inspuitbare makrosikliese laktoon formulasies n belangrike rol om te speel in die bestuur van hierdie probleem. Waar die meeste inspuitbare makrosikliese laktoon formulasies slegs 1 % van die betrokke aktief (ivermektien, moksidektien of doramektien) bevat, bied MSD die beesboer SOLUTION 3,5% LA, n unieke inspuitbare formulasie met n kombinasie van 2,25 % ivermektien PLUS 1,25 % abamektien. Soos die naam aandui verskaf hierdie gepatenteerde inspuitbare formulasie van MSD, die effektiewe oplossing tot beter en langwerkende wurm- en bloubosluisbeheer in beeste! Die effektiwiteit van hierdie middel is egter nie beperk tot bloubosluise alleen nie, aangesien daar gevind is dat dit ook vir lang periodes hoogs effektief is teen rondewurms van beeste. In n studie uitgevoer by MSD se navorsingseenheid in Malalane, is gevind dat SOLUTION 3,5% LA, bloubosluise optimaal beheer tussen dag 21 en 54 en dat volgesuigde volwasse bloubosluis wyfies eers 75 dae na behandeling waargeneem is. Verdere studies in 2006 op beeste 1, besmet met gemengde rondewurm infestasies, het soortgelyke resultate opgelewer. Afhangend van die wurmspesie betrokke, was SOLUTION 3,5% LA effektief in die voorkoming van n her-infestasie met rondewurms in beeste vir tussen 42 en 56 dae na behandeling. Daar is ook gevind dat rondewurms n uiters negatiewe ekonomiese impak gehad het op die kontrolegroep wat in die studie nie behandel was nie! Daar was n beduidende verskil tussen die gewigstoename van die onbehandelde kontrolegroep en sekere van die behandelde groepe. Hierdie is dus n duidelike bewys, dat inwendige parasiete wèl n negatiewe effek het op beeste se produksievermoë. In hierdie studie is 85 kruisteel verse ewekansig in vyf groepe verdeel (17 per groep) en as volg behandel: Groep 1. SOLUTION 3,5% LA 5

(ivermektien 2,25 % + abamektien 1,25 %), Groep 2. ivermektien 1 %, Groep 3. abamektien 1 %, Groep 4. doramektien 1 % en Groep 5, die kontrolegroep, wat n fisiologiese soutoplossing ontvang het. Die 85 diere is vir die totale tydperk van die studie (90 dae) op dieselfde weiding geplaas en weeklikse miseiertellings (EPG s) is gedoen en die diere is maandeliks geweeg. Herwinning en identifikasie van die wurmlarwes op die weiding, het die teenwoordigheid van beesbankrotwurm (28 %), gewone bankrotwurm (22 %) en bruinmaagwurm (50 %) bevestig. Die kontrolegroep moes noodgedwonge op dag 35 van die proef, met n rondewurm middel gedoseer word, aangesien die effek van die wurms te drasties was en daar gevrees is dat hierdie diere in die groep moontlik kon vrek. Die resultate van die weeklikse miseiertellings word in figuur 1 geïllustreer: 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Fig. 1: RESULTATE EPG Kontrole Abamektien 1% Doramektien 1% Ivermektien 1% SOLUTION 3,5%L.A. -7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 Dae na behandeling Behandel kontrolegroep om vrektes te voorkom (Januarie ), n verskil van R489-12 beteken! Daar was ook uiters beduidende verskille met die ander groepe. Dit blyk ook dat in hierdie bepaalde proef, daar reeds n mate van wurmweerstand teen ivermektien 1 % was, wat gelei het tot sub-optimale produksie. Boere staar hul soms blind teen die insetkostes van n behandeling. Dit is egter eerstens noodsaaklik om te weet wat die opbrengs van n spesifieke behandelingskeuse gaan wees (soos hierbo gesien) asook om tweedens, appels met appels te vergelyk. Wanneer bloot na die prys per eenheid of die prys per dosis gekyk word, mag daar dalk nog steeds n oningeligte besluit geneem word. Vergelyk gerus die verskillende opsies se koste per dag van effektiwiteit of nawerking op beide die eksterne en interne parasiete, voordat n finale besluit geneem word. SOLUTION 3,5% LA se lang nawerking op beide bloubosluise en rondewurms maak dit n uitstekende middel om oordeelkundig en strategies te gebruik. Aangesien diere in die wintermaande, meer aan stres onderhewig is, en dit bekend is dat stres diere minder tolerant maak teen parasiete, is n voor-winter behandeling met SOLUTION 3,5% LA voordelig. Dit verseker dat hierdie parasiete nie tydens die wintermaande kompeteer vir dieselfde weiding nie. Strategiese, vroeë lentebehandeling met SOLUTION 3,5% LA sal weer verseker dat die parasiet populasie ontploffings, aan die begin van die somerseisoen, vertraag word. Die eerste na-winter behandeling moet net voor die reënseisoen toegedien word om ook die eerste generasie bloubosluis larfies, van die vorige seisoen, te beheer. Hierdie vroeë lentebehandeling sal ook verseker dat die behandelde diere vroeër in die somerseisoen, vinniger begin kondisie optel. Dit is duidelik dat SOLUTION 3,5% LA op dag 35 na behandeling die enigste middel is met n 100 % miseier reduksie (METRED) en dan daarna ook die langste nawerking getoon het op die wurm eiertellings. Die reuse positiewe ekonomiese impak van hierdie lang nawerking, word egter duidelik as daar gekyk word na die gewigstoenames van die groepe. Dit word geïllustreer in figuur 2: SOLUTION 3,5% LA is ook geregistreer vir die gebruik in skape, waar dit aangewend kan word vir die beheer van skaapbrandsiekte. SOLUTION 3,5% LA dood skaap brandsiektemyte en voorkom herbesmetting vir tot 56 dae. SOLUTION 3,5% LA beheer ook die uitbreek van skaapbrandsiekte met n enkele inspuiting en is veilig om te gebruik in lammers van 10 kg en swaarder. Gem. gewig in kg 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 Fig. 2: RESULTATE GEWIGSTOENAME Kontrole Abamektien 1% Doramektien 1% Ivermektien 1% Solution 3,5%L.A. 04.05 08.06 06.07 03.08 Datum geweeg SOLUTION 3,5% LA se aanbevole dosis is 1 ml per 50 kg liggaamsmassa onderhuids. SOLUTION 3,5% LA is beskikbaar in enkel verpakte 500 ml bottels met n gratis toediener, asook in n gerieflike kombinasie pak wat bestaan uit 3 x 500 ml bottels, ook met die gratis toediener. SOLUTION 3,5% LA: Ivermektien 2,25 % m/v, abamektien 1,25 % m/v. Reg. Nr. G3689 (Wet 36/1947), Namibia Reg. Nr. V06/18.1.2/651. Vir enige navrae, gebruiksaanwysings en raad, kontak gerus jou MSD Animal Health verteenwoordiger of MSD hoofkantoor direk by: 0861 838 838 of +27(0) 11 923-9378 Verwysings: 1. Dr. Carrington. C. (2013). MIMS IVS Desk Reference IDR 2013/2014 p. 479-480. Saxonwold: Times Media Limited. 2. Verwysingsdata in produkdossier. Daar is beduidende gewigs en ekonomiese verskille tussen die groepe. Die gemiddelde verskil in gewigstoename tussen die SOLUTION 3,5% LA groep en die kontrolegroep was n allemintige 30,1 kg, wat teen R16-25 per kg ZA/SL3/0115/0003 Intervet South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Reg. No. 1991/006580/07 20 Spartan Road, Spartan, 1619, RSA Private Bag X2026, Isando, 1600, RSA Tel: +27 (0) 11 923 9300, Fax: +27 (0) 11 392 3158, Sales Fax: +27 (0) 86 603 1777 www.msd-animal-health.co.za