Palais du Pharo, Marseille - 27-29 November, 2013 Innovative BRD risk assessment in intensive beef cattle system Dr. Riccardo Compiani, DVM, PhD student Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety University of Milan
AGENDA 1. The Italian system 2. BRD risk fastors 3. BRD among farms 4. BRD in the same farm 5. BRD risk assessment a. How was it developed? b. How does it work? c. Animal inherent risk d. Management related risk e. Facilities related risk f. Nutrition related risk 6. Risk assessment application 7. Conclusions 8. What next?
The Italian beef production system Cow Mating Calving Mating with bull or by AI Male 600-750 kg LW 330-480 kg CW Female 450-550 kg LW 250-350 CW Imported calves from beef herds 250-450 kg LW Birth Birth Birth Weaning Import National calves from beef herds 200-350 kg LW Weaning Fattening Calves from dairy herds Weaning Male 550-750 kg LW 300-520 kg CW Female 450-600 kg LW 250-350 CW Cull cows 700-750 kg LW 300-350 kg CW. Male 40-55 kg LW Fattening Slaughtering Veal calves 250-300 kg LW 125-160 kg CW Bovine population 6.000.000 Dairy cows 2.000.000 Suckler cows 400.000 Slaughtering 3.500.000 Bulloks and heifers 2.000.000 Veal calves 800.000 Cull cows 500.000 Import Live animals 1.200.000 Meat, ton 400.000 Export Live animals 50.000 Meat, ton 120.000 LW live weight CW carcass weight Slaughtering Beef meat
BRD RISK FACTORS Duff and Galyean, 2007
BRD RISK FACTORS BRD Animal inherent health Health related to rearing
BRD AMONG FARMS FARM n. 1 n. 2 n. 3 Management Very good * Fairly good ** Poor *** Number of animals 9,844 2,082 3,403 BRD, % 6,50 14,20 28,40 LAD, % 1.85 3.53 6.03 Foot diseases, % (% LAD) Arthtopathy, % (% LAD) 0.24 (13) 1.61 (87) 0.88 (25) 2.65 (75) 3.46 (57) 2.57 (43) * Very good: density >4.5 m 2 /head, bedding straw added daily, water troughs with float valve, very good interaction between animals and humans, more than 5 dietary steps ** Fairly good: density 3.5-4.5 m 2 /head, bedding straw added every 2 days, water troughs with float valve, very good interaction between animals and humans, 3 to 5 dietary steps *** Poor: density <3.5 m 2 /head, bedding straw added every 5 days, nose-activated water troughs, poor interaction between animals and humans, 2 to 3 dietary steps Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2013
BRD IN THE SAME FARM Year Number of animals BRD morbidity, % BRD mortality, % Chronic, % Moved to hospital pen, % 2007 17122 40.7 0.68 0.70 12.31 2008 14899 34.4 0.80 0.77 16.83 2009 14044 30.1 0.55 0.38 15.49 Building of a corral, every treatment made in corral, clipping, better homogeneity in pen formation, 20% less density (3 m2 vs > 4 m2), less arrival concentration during the week, more time in quarantine pens 2010 12830 24.9 0.53 0.26 2.70 2011 12937 25.8 0.51 0.29 3.01 Sgoifo Rossi et al., 2013
BRD RISK ASSESSMENT Practical guide to manage the main critical points in intensive beef cattle system Vol 1 Critical points related to the animal and BRD risk assessment Vol 2 Critical points related to rearing environment Vol 3 Critical points related to nutrional management
BRD RISK ASSESSMENT SYSTEM - How was it developed? - Animal inherent risk Management Facilities Nutrition
BRD RISK ASSESSMENT SYSTEM - How does it work? - RISK FACTOR Situation Characteristic Practice Very bad Bad Normal Good Very good Score Very negative score Negative score Zero Positive score Very positive score Literature analysis Database analysis of more than 180.000 beef cattle Experiece of vets and technician
BRD RISK ASSESSMENT SYSTEM - How does it work? - 136 +69 +33 +26 Overall BRD risk Animal inherent risk Management related risk Facilities related risk Nutrition related risk 48-28 -10-10
ANIMAL INHERENT RISK 6 7 10 15 18 Weight at arrivale, kg > 480 400-480 330-400 250-330 <250 Weight loss, % <4 4-6 6-8 8-10 >10 Sex Steer Male Female - Season Summer Beginning of autumn Spring - Breed Ch x Aub/Sal crossbreed Aubrac, Saler Ch x Lim crossbrees, Charolaise Limousine Late autumn Winter Blonde D aquitaine Age, months >16 13-16 10-13 7-10 <7 Transport lenght, h <8 8-12 12-24 >24 >48 Management in the origin farm Conditioned animals (antiviral and antibacterial vaccination, antiparasitic treatment) Weaning from more than 60 d Milk, pasture and ad libitum feeding stuff Conditioned animals (vaccination only against BRD viruses) Weaning from 30-60 g Milk, pasture and rationed feeding stuff Conditioned animal (enterotoxemia prophylaxis) Weaning from less than 30 d -- Not conditioned animals Unweaned Only milk and pasture BVD and IBR free BVD or IBR free - IBR and BVD not free No information No Information No Information No information
MANAGEMENT RELATED RISK Pre-arrival information Number of cattle reared each year Unloading Vaccination Antiparasitic treatment Prophylaxis Animal inspection Antibiotic treatment Grouping Density All-in/all-out Cleaning and disinfection
Management related risk Pre-arrival information (possible multiple choice) I know very well what below -2 No information about animals movements (way and lenght of transport, markets, etc.) before sorting center No information about management and time spent at assembly center No information about transport condition and fastening/water restriction period 2 2 2
Management related risk Number of cattle reared each year < 500 1 500-1.000 2 1.000-2.500 3 2.500-5.000 5 5.000-10.000 8 > 10.000 10
Management related risk Unloading Critical individual control -2 Shallow control 0 No control 2
Management related risk Vaccination Specific polyvalent antiviral and antibactetical vaccination protocol (and complete booster) based on animal characteristics and climatic condition Standard antiviral vaccination protocol and complete booster -2 Standard antiviral vaccination protocol and booster only for certain antigens Standard antiviral vaccination and booster protocol only for certain antigens Standard antiviral vaccination protocol only for certain antigens and no booster -6 0 3 10
Management related risk Antiparasitic treatment Specific protocol for endo- and ecto- parasites, associated with clipping and periodical treatment for ecto-parasites Endo- and ecto- parasites treatment at arrival without clipping and periodical treatment for ecto-parasites Endo- and ecto- parasites treatment at arrival without clipping and treatment for ecto-parasites when necessary Treatment for endo- and ecto- parasites when necessary 3-3 0 1
Management related risk Animal inspection Daily individual record of body temperature for some days after arrival Inspection inside the pen in the morning and in the evening from the outside Inspection inside the pen in the morning 2 Inspection from the outside 3-3 0
Management related risk Antibiotic treatments Treatment of each sick animal (preferably according to its body temperature) and adoption of specific metaphylaxis protocols immediately when morbidity reaches a specific threshold using long-acting drugs Treatment of each sick animal and adoption of specific metaphylaxis protocols immediately when morbidity reaches a specific threshold using short/medium-acting drugs Preventive mass treatment at arrival based on a standard protocol 3 Treatment of each clinically affected animals and no adoption of metaphylaxis protocols -6 0 10
Management related risk Antibiotic choice Periodical analysis to identify circulating pathogens and their sensitivity to treatments Analysis to identify circulating pathogens and their sensitivity to treatments only in case of severe outbreaks Treatments without identification of circulating pathogens and their sensitivity to antibiotics -1 0 3
Management related risk Grouping High homogeneity for weight and breed -1 Low homogeneity for weight and breed 2 Random with mixing up during growth 3
Management related risk Animal in each pen Less than 10 0 10 20 2 20 30 4 More than 30 10
Management related risk All-in / all-out Cleaning and disinfection of arrival pens at the end of each group adaptation phase For more than 15 days -1 For 7-14 days 0 For no more than 7 days 2 Not done 3 Cleaning and disinfection -1 Cleaning 0 Change of litter material and/or disinfection without preliminary cleaning Not done 3 2
FACILITIES RELATED RISK Specific and functional facility for handling and treating the animals (corral) Isolated pens used only for adaptation/quarantine phase Time spent in adaptation/quarantine pens Cooling systems Newly received animals pen water troughs Newly received animals pen surface Manger space Ergonomic and functional facilities (feeder racks, mangers, water troughs, accesses, gates, etc.) Isolated hospital pen
Facilities related risk Specific functional facility for handling and treating the animals (corral) Presence and with a capture system -2 Presence -1 Absence 2
Facilities related risk Isolated pens used only for adaptation/quarantine phase Time spent in adaptation/quarantine pens Presence -3 Absence or not used 3 > 30 days -3 20 30 days 1 < 20 days 5 0 10
Facilities related risk Cooling systems Presence 0 Absence 1
Facilities related risk Newly received animals pen water troughs Nose-activated 3 With float valve 0
Facilities related risk Newly received animals pen surface Straw bedding 0 Slatted floor 6
Facilities related risk Manger space < than the n. of animals 3 = at the n. of animals 1 > than the n. of animals -1
Facilities related risk Ergonomic and functional facilities (feeder racks, mangers, water troughs, accesses, gates, etc.) Presence 0 Absence 2
Facilities related risk Isolated hospital pen Presence -1 Absence 3
NUTRITION RELATED RISK Feeding system Feed administration Adaptation phase diet Adaptation phase min/vit supplementation Additonal long hay after arrival Control of TMR chemical characteristics Control of silages chemical characteristics Control of feed health characteristics Control of silages health characteristics Control of TMR physical characteristics Check accuracy and precision of diets preparation
Nutrition related risk Feeding system Feed administration TMR 0 Forages and concentrates separated 1 Ad libitum -1 Rationed 2
Morbidity, % Concentrate Nutrition related risk Adaptation phase diet Specific with UFV/kg dm < 0.90 and CP/kg dm < 13% and progressive transition to growing/fattening diet Specific with UFV/kg dm < 0.90 and CP/kg dm < 13% but no progressive transition to growing/fattening diet Ad libitum administration of part of growing/fattening diet mixed with appropriate cutted hay -2 0 3 Rationated administration of part of growing/fattening diet 5 Adaptation phase min/vit supplementation Specific min/vit mix or feed -1 Administration of more standard min/vit mix 0 No supplementation 5 Morbidity Therapy, d 57 % 49 % 3.3 2.7 Vit A Vit D Vit E Vit B comlex Mg K S Na Cl Fe Zn Cu Mn Se Co I NRC 20000 2400 180-8 32 12 7 10 400 300 80 160 0.8 0.8 4 Galyean et al., 1999 CP, % dm 47 % 2.5 + Morbidity + Severity Lofgreen et a., 1983 In stress 24000 2400 240? 12 62 12 12 10 7125 4200 600 2600 7.5 7.5 22
Nutrition related risk Additonal long hay after arrival Always available for 7 days -1 Rationated during 7 days 1 Only during 1 st /2 nd day 2
Nutrition related risk Control of TMR chemical characteristics Control of silages chemical characteristics Control of feed health characteristics Control of silages health characteristics At least once a year 0 Never 1 At least twice a year -1 Once a year 0 Never 2 Recurrent for high risk feed (mycotoxins) -1 Occasional for high risk feed (mycotoxins) 0 Never 2 Periodical mycotoxins monitoring -1 Occasional mycotoxins monitoring 0 Never 2
Nutrition related risk Frequent and instrumental -1 Control of TMR physical characteristics Frequent but only visual 0 Occasional and visual 1 Never 2
Nutrition related risk Check accuracy and precision of diets preparation Recording system of feed amount loaded and mixing time Unable to check 2-1
RISK ASSESSMENT APPLICATION - Case n.1 - Small/medium farm (500-1000) Critical individual control at unloading 136 +69 +33 +26 Specific polyvalent antiviral and antibactetical vaccination protocol (and complete booster) based on animal characteristics and climatic condition Daily individual record of body temperature for some days after arrival Treatment of each sick animal (according to its body temperature) and adoption of specific metaphylaxis protocols immediately when morbidity reaches a specific threshold using long-acting drugs Animal inherent risk Management related risk Facilities related risk Nutrition related risk Overall BRD risk 112-18 -10-10 77 Less than 10 animals in each pen Young, light limousine heifers arrived in winter Good cleaning and disinfection pen management, all-in all-out Medium/low overall risk 48-28 High risk animals -10-10 BRD morbidity: 8 % less than more than
RISK ASSESSMENT APPLICATION - Case n.2 - Very big farm (<10.000) 136 +69 +33 +26 No control at unloading Standard antiviral vaccination protocol only for certain antigens and no booster Inspection outside from the pen in the morning Treatment of clinically affected animals and no adoption of metaphylaxis protocols More than 30 animals in each pen Animal inherent risk Management related risk Facilities related risk Nutrition related risk Overall BRD risk 56 +59 +2 +8 125 Bad cleaning and disinfection pen management, no all-in all-out Heavy charolaise bullocks arrived in late autumn Low risk animals 48-28 -10 High overall risk -10 BRD morbidity: 34 % less than more than
CONCLUSIONS Animal Environment Vet professional qualification Ensure the effectiveness of effective drugs Better cooperation between farmer and vet and between farmers Plan and implement specific prevention strategies Proper management focused on potential risk Management TARGET: PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY
WHAT NEXT? Vets involved Data storing and critical analysis Economical quantification of each inefficency Easily adaptation to different production systems