Brucellosis situation Bhutan TENZIN Disease Prevention & Control Unit National Centre for Animal Health Department of Livestock tenzinvp@gmail.com 1
Outline Description of veterinary services focused on handling neglected zoonoses (cite coordination with human health if any) Livestock Population Brucellosis Situation Brucellosis Surveillance (if present) and Capacity (describe level of capacity) Brucellosis Diagnosis and Capacity (describe level of capacity) Control Measures Challenges 2
Veterinary infrastructures in Bhutan CHINA # District: 20 # Sub-district: 205 National lab Regional lab INDIA Satellite lab District lab & sub-district centres Vet infrastructures National lab: 1 Regional lab: 4 Satellite lab: 3 District Vet lab: 20 District Vet Hospital: 20 Sub-districts Vet/Livestock Extension centers: >205 Quarantine Quarantine station: 5 District quarantine office: 20 3
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Description of veterinary services focused on handling neglected zoonoses Veterinary/public health services mainly focused on high impact zoonoses and less on NZDs due to limited information to constitute control program Low level of awareness among the veterinary/public health staffs on NZDs No specific plan of action on NZDs Work plan could not be implemented due to inadequate fund Lack of expertise to manage NZDs Bhutan One Health Strategy Plan developed to focus on handling zoonoses and NZDs Good collaboration between animal and public health 5
BHUTAN ONE HEALTH HUMAN ANIMAL ECOSYSTEM 1st National One Health Workshop 2012 2 nd National One Health Workshop 2014 6
Livestock Population (2013) Cattle: 303,150 Yak: 45,840 Buffalo: 691 Sheep: 9,917 Goat: 39,264 Pig: 15,373 Equine: 22,692 Poultry: 551,185 Cat: 32,747 Dogs: Owned dogs: 65,312 Unowned/Stray: 48,379 7
Brucellosis Situation Only few clinical cases of Brucellosis reported in animals in 1990 s Currently, no clinical cases of Brucellosis reported/recorded in animals or in humans in Bhutan Routine/ad-hoc risk-based sero surveillance is being conducted to understand the epidemiology of the disease in animals 8
Brucellosis Situation (source: NCAH lab) # tested in imported animals # tested in local animals # tested in wild animals # sero Prevalence # sero Prevalenc # sero Total # Total Year positive (%) positive e (%) positive tested positive 1997 244 3 1.23 244 3 1.23 1998 332 332 1999 163 3 1.84 163 3 1.84 2000 70 3 4.29 70 3 4.29 2002 44 44 2003 97 375 472 2004 76 76 2005 35 485 520 2006 16 131 147 2007 69 5 74 2008 55 55 2011 20 20 2012 179 15 3 0 197 2013 10 10 2014 113 25 22.12 33 2 6.06 146 27 18.49 2015 65 8 12.31 27 17 62.96 92 25 27.17 Total 649 33 5.08 2010 28 1.39 3 0 2662 61 2.29 Prevalence (%) Sero-positive using RBT and ELISA (could be due to vaccination against Brucellosis in imported animals) 9 No confirmation test done
Brucellosis Surveillance All imported animals are quarantined and tested Some local animals (cattle) are also tested (but on adhoc basis) Disease status unknown in goat/sheep, pigs, dogs Currently, samples from cattle in all government farms have been collected (lab test awaiting) based on this result, risk-based surveillance can be planned in dairy farmers groups and infertility cases (cattle) Have surveillance capacity but inadequate fund to carry out detailed surveillance in animals 10
Brucellosis Diagnosis and Capacity Brucellosis Test Capacity Laboratories # lab RBT ELISA PCR CFT Remarks National Vet Lab (NCAH) 1 Yes Yes Yes No Regional Vet Lab 4 Yes No No No 1 Reg. Lab have ELISA facility Satellite Vet Lab 3 Yes No No No RBT can be performed if District Vet Hospital Lab 20 No No No No reagents are provided RBT can be performed in all labs No primer/probes for PCR (Brucella) at National Lab Require training on advances diagnostic techniques 11
Control Measures Quarantining of imported animals and compulsory testing Confirmed animals to be culled/return back to the source of import (guidelines) No vaccination done in the country Need to carry out detailed surveillance to understand the disease status in cattle, sheep/goats, pigs and dogs and then institute control program Important to carry out risk-based surveillance in humans (e.g., abortion cases) 12
Challenges Diagnostic test Require adequate resources for surveillance Large number of animals are imported from neighboring countries (e.g.india) to enhance livestock industry and there is chances of importing diseases along with imported animals Cross border illegal imports 13
Recommendations Need institutional linkages/support to study the prevalence/incidence of NZDs Need Regional Approach to control NZDs in the region 14
Thank you for your kind attention! 15