Reduction of sea turtle mortality in the professional fishing

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Reduction of sea turtle mortality in the professional fishing WORKSHOP: Best practice per la gestione delle risorse idriche e la tutela dell ambiente marino: Il contributo dei progetti LIFE 20 ottobre 2015 padiglione expo Venezia, sala conferenze via Galileo Ferraris, 5 Venezia Alessandro Lucchetti CNR-ISMAR a.lucchetti@ismar.cnr.it 0039 071 2078828

Reduction of sea turtle mortality in the professional fishing

Project goals The project TARTALIFE, involving all 15 Italian regions overlooking the Mediterranean Sea, aims at reducing the mortality of Caretta caretta and thus contributing to the conservation the species in the Mediterranean, via 2 main objectives: of Reducing bycatches caused by pelagic longline, bottom trawl and fixed nets disseminating circle hooks and TEDs and testing UV and a new type of collapsible pot Reducing post capture mortality, training fishermen and strengthening the Marine turtles First Aid/Rescue Centres

Methodological approach Knowledge Identify problems and hotspots Define proper actions and tools

Knowledge Define the baseline Review of the available information (biology, migration etc.) Bycatch and mortality by fishing gear and area Technical properties of fisheries and fishing gears Review of the possible actions and solutions

Knowledge Define the baseline: Biology: satellite, bycatch, stranding..

Knowledge Define the baseline: Fishing gears, Tech. Properties, Bycatch The impact of fishing activities is considered as the most important anthropogenic mortality factor for marine turtle populations in the Mediterranean Sea. In the Mediterranean, surface longline, driftnet and bottom trawl nets operating in the Mediterranean are the major threats to the survival of this species, even if the impact of fixed gears (gillnets and trammel nets) should be carefully considered. Identify technical properties of fishing gears leading to turtle bycatch Bottom trawl Longline Passive nets

Knowledge Recent estimates report that fishing activities are responsible to the incidental catch of about 130000 marine turtles every year in the Mediterranean, caused by longline (70000), bottom trawl (40000) and fixed net (ca.23000), with over 40000 estimated deaths; official data do not include all existing boats and underestimate the number of small boats, mainly from North Africa countries: therefore, a more realistic number can be set at 200000 catches and 70000 deaths. Bottom trawl Longline Passive nets

Knowledge Biology Fishing effort Gear Tech. Problems Gaps Hotspot Biology Bycatch Strandings

Knowledge Hotspot? Area Gear Period Lucchetti et al., 2015 Ecological Indicators

Knowledge Hotspot bycatch by area, gear and period: gears, areas and periods selected for sea trials Bottom trawls Longlines Passive nets? Focus the study where and when there is a bycatch problem

Knowledge Main problems To define the baseline (bycatch, by area, gear, period): database availability, satellite data etc. To identify proper measures of mitigation: which measures are more suitable Public perception of fishers and bycatch

Until now: fishermen responsible for the catch of turtles Communication TartaLife: Fishermen main actors of the project with the aim of reducing sea turtle bycatch. Give responsibility to fishermen

Concrete actions C1: Dissemination of circular hooks in pelagic longline fishing

Concrete actions Good efficiency in reducing bycatch of turtles and throat hooking 18 longlines (1100 hooks each) Circle hook J hook Circle Hook size: 15/0 inox J hook size: n. 2 Branchline length: 9 m Distance between branchlines: 35 m Test solutions that everybody agreeds with rather than solutions that everybody dislikes or perceives as a top down imposition.

Concrete actions C2: Update and dissemination of Turtles Excluder Devices (TEDs) in bottom trawl fishing TED is a grid like device that diverts large objects (including turtles) towards an exit positioned before the codend

Concrete actions Exit hole: up or down TED: Techincial issues Space between bars Type: Hard or flexible Setting of the grid: angle

Funnel or not funnel? Flapper or not flapper? Concrete actions TED: Techincial issues Influence of TED on the gear performance

Concrete actions TED: Preliminary results No commercial loss Effective in reducing marine litter and debris (higher fish quality) Effective in reducing sea turtle bycatch

Concrete actions TED: Preliminary results Effective in reducing sea turtle bycatch Bottom exit

Concrete actions TED: Preliminary results Effective in reducing marine litter and debris in the catch

Concrete actions TED: Preliminary results Effective in reducing marine litter and debris in the catch

Concrete actions TED: Preliminary results Effective in reducing marine litter and debris in the catch

C3: Reduction of incidental catch of sea turtles in the passive nets: setup and dissemination of visual repellents and alternative gears VISUAL REPELLENTS Concrete actions The UV LEDs tested in TARTALIFE are special electronic lights. Similar lights are generally used in longline fisheries. We illuminated the commercial bottom set gill net by placing UV LED lights (Lindgren Pittman Electralumes) at15mintervalsalongthenet sfloat line. ALTERNATIVE GEARS Fishing with passive nets is the most popular traditional fisheries along the Italian and the Mediterranean coasts. It is the predominant activity of small scale fisheries. In this regard, the decision to propose an alternative gear to passive nets has fallen on another type of traditional gear: the pot.

Visual repellents Visual cues play important roles in sea turtle foraging behaviour and likely influence their interactions with fishing gear. Altering these cues may be a useful strategy to reduce the incidental catch of sea turtles in various fisheries (Wang et al. 2010). First idea in the project: Acoustic deterrents Visual deterrents Sea turtles are sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. UV net illumination may have applications in coastal and pelagic gillnet fisheries to reduce sea turtle bycatch (Wang et al. 2013).

Visual repellents Numana

Visual repellents PRELIMINARY RESULTS: (a) Testing net illumination effects on turtle catch rates Tartget species: Raja clavata In the presence of LEDs no individual of sea turtle has been caught

Visual repellents PRELIMINARY RESULTS: (b) Testing net illumination effects on total target fish Weight (kg) Weight (kg) Weight (kg) NO YES NO YES Weight (kg) Weight (kg) NO YES In the presence of UV LEDs it has been a decrease in the quantities of catches of some of the most important target species (R. clavata, R. asterias). Other species are not affected. More tests are needed (on different 'metier ), to assess the UV LEDs real effect on fishing performance.

Alternative gears Fishing with passive nets is the most popular traditional fisheries along the Italian and the Mediterranean coasts. It is the predominant activity of small scale fisheries. In this regard, the decision to propose an alternative gear to passive nets has fallen on another type of traditional gear: the pot. CARAPAX TRAPULA New collapsible fish pots already used in other European areas has been tested and adapted to Mediterranean fishing grounds.

Alternative gears PRELIMINARY RESULTS: o CARAPAX pot seem to be not easy to handle on board of fishing vessels with small dimensions, but, theoretically, it can provide bigger catches in consideration of their dimensions o TRAPULA pot are easy to handle and it allows to fish on various types of seabed CARAPAX Fish pot performance is affected by different factors as: the choice of bait the fishing grounds the target species TRAPULA

Concrete actions Awareness campaigns C4: training of fishermen on how to rescue and deliver first aid to accidentally caught turtles

Concrete actions Awareness campaigns C4: training of fishermen on how to rescue and deliver first aid to accidentally caught turtles Video Tutorial

Concrete actions Awareness campaigns C4: training of fishermen on how to rescue and deliver first aid to accidentally caught turtles

Concrete actions TED: Preliminary results C5: strengthening Marine Turtles Rescue Centres (equipment and retraining of staff), setting up a Centre in Lampedusa and first aid points on Emilia Romagna and Marche coasts

Communication and dissemination

Future challenge How to involve fishermen?? Voluntary? Mandatory use of Bycatch Reducer Devices (BRDs)? Economic support for the BRDs purchase? Eco labeling of fishery products caught with BRDs? Recovering licence points, if a point system for serious infringements is applied?

Thank you

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