To Ensure a More Successful Lactation, The Vital 90 TM Days Make a Difference Andy Holloway, DVM Dairy Technical Consultant Elanco Animal Health Has been defined as the period of 3 weeks prepartum to 3 weeks postpartum Transition Cow Going Through a Change Fetal growth DMI dropping Colostrum production Hormonal changes Calving Rapid increase in milk production Energy Balance Energy requirements for lactation essentially double after freshening 1 Energy Demand Measured glucose supply vs. estimated demands 1 1 Reynolds, C.K. et al., 2003. Splanchnic Metabolism of Dairy Cows During the Transition. JDS 86 1201 1 Reynolds, C.K. et al., 2003. Splanchnic Metabolism of Dairy Cows During the Transition. JDS 86 1201-1217. Going Through a Change Fetal growth DMI dropping Colostrum production Hormonal changes Calving Rapid increase in milk production Energy Balance Energy requirements for lactation essentially double after freshening 1 Feed intake is inadequate to support milk production 2 Energy requirement, energy intake, and energy balance of control cows during the transition period 2 1 Reynolds, C.K. et al., 2003. Splanchnic Metabolism of Dairy Cows During the Transition. JDS 86 1201 2 Grummer RR. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. JDS 73: 2820-2833 2 Grummer RR. 1995. Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow. JDS 73: 2820-2833 1
Early Lactation Energy Balance in Dairy Cows on a Low vs. High Starch Diet, Weeks 1 9 Mcal/d 5 0-5 -10-15 Main effect P < 0.001 High Starch Low Starch Trt Wk P < 0.001 Going Through a Change Fetal growth DMI dropping Colostrum production Hormonal changes Calving Rapid increase in milk production Immune Function Dysfunctional immune response Impaired neutrophil function 3-20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Week 3 Hoeben, G. et al. 2000. J Dairy Research 67 249-259 Elanco Study #GN6US120007 Impaired Neutrophil Function Going Through a Change Fetal growth DMI dropping Colostrum production Hormonal changes Calving Rapid increase in milk production Immune Function Immunity is more than just vaccines It is a whole body system that protects the cow from disease There are two main branches of the immune system Innate Acquired 3 Hoeben, G. et al. 2000. J Dairy Research 67 249-259 Immunity is a whole body system that protects the cow from infections Two Major Branches of the Immune System Immunity is a whole body system that protects the cow from infections Acquired Immunity This is what most producers think about for their herd things like vaccines and antibodies Innate Immunity This is the first cellular line of defense against bacterial invasion, where macrophages and neutrophils respond to quickly kill bacteria Tizard IR. Veterinary Immunology. 9th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Inc; 2013:1-10, 30-51. Tizard IR. Veterinary Immunology. 9th ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Inc; 2013:1-10, 30-51. 2
Innate Immune System Phagocytic Cells Macrophage Sentinel Cell Neutrophil End stage cell, 1 2 day lifespan Periparturient Immune Suppression 1 Endocrine changes & physiologic stress during transition lead to dysfunctional immune responses This immune dysfunction is multifactorial and is related to: Hypocalcemia Glucocorticoids Insufficient energy (glucose) Elevated ketones and non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) Adequate nutrition, a clean environment, and management decisions help manage immune function in the periparturient period 2009 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1 Vet Clin Food Anim 29 (2013) 267-278 Management Implications All transition dairy cows go through a period of Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression The issues are: the degree (how much) the success of adaptation (how long) Management Implications Successful lactations are the result of well managed energy balance and immune function around calving Setting the cow up for a successful lactation begins at dry off, well before the next lactation Management Implications The cow goes through many transition periods over approximately a 90 day timeframe Not a single time period A90 day collection of transition periods that have interrelated events influencing either productive or nonproductive outcomes in the lactation The critical period from dry off to early lactation is known as The Vital 90 TM Days Disease Consequences Disease that occurs in the 30 days after calving can be a result of how the cow is managed in the 60 days before calving What diseases are a concern to you and your dairy clients in the 30 days after calving? 3
The Impact and Consequences of Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression 1 5 Immune suppression The Impact and Consequences of Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression 1 5 Immune suppression Mastitis Retained placenta Metritis Mastitis Retained placenta Metritis Milk fever Milk fever Reproductive disorders Displaced abomasum Ketosis Ovarian dysfunction Displaced abomasum Ketosis Ovarian dysfunction Negative energy balance Negative energy balance 1. Huzzey JM, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(7):3220-3233. 2. Duffield TF, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(2):571-580. 3. Loeffler SH, de Vries MJ, Schukken YH. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(12):2589-2604. 4. Kimura K, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(3):544-550. 5. Godden S, et al. Mastitis control and the dry period: what have we learned? In: Proceedings from the National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting; August, 2006; Charlotteville, Canada. 56-70. 1. Huzzey JM, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(7):3220-3233. 2. Duffield TF, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(2):571-580. 3. Loeffler SH, de Vries MJ, Schukken YH. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(12):2589-2604. 4. Kimura K, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(3):544-550. 5. Godden S, et al. Mastitis control and the dry period: what have we learned? In: Proceedings from the National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting; August, 2006; Charlotteville, Canada. 56-70. The Impact and Consequences of Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression 1 5 Immune suppression The Impact and Consequences of Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression 1 5 Immune suppression Mastitis Retained placenta Metritis Mastitis Retained placenta Metritis Milk fever Death Culling Reproductive disorders Milk fever Death Culling Reproductive disorders Displaced abomasum Ketosis Ovarian dysfunction Displaced abomasum Ketosis Ovarian dysfunction Negative energy balance Negative energy balance Denotes tentative association 1. Huzzey JM, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(7):3220-3233. 2. Duffield TF, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(2):571-580. 3. Loeffler SH, de Vries MJ, Schukken YH. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(12):2589-2604. 4. Kimura K, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(3):544-550. 5. Godden S, et al. Mastitis control and the dry period: what have we learned? In: Proceedings from the National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting; August, 2006; Charlotteville, Canada. 56-70. 1. Huzzey JM, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(7):3220-3233. 2. Duffield TF, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(2):571-580. 3. Loeffler SH, de Vries MJ, Schukken YH. J Dairy Sci. 1999;82(12):2589-2604. 4. Kimura K, et al. J Dairy Sci. 2002;85(3):544-550. 5. Godden S, et al. Mastitis control and the dry period: what have we learned? In: Proceedings from the National Mastitis Council Regional Meeting; August, 2006; Charlotteville, Canada. 56-70. The Vital 90 Days Are Critical It begins with a clear understanding of the interrelated risks and challenges she encounters during The Vital 90 Days 60 days + 30 days before calving after calving Dairy producers devote a considerable amount of time and effort to prevent and treat disease during The Vital 90 Days Look beyond the traditional transition period, and focus on managing The Vital 90 Days when multiple transitions occur 4
The Vital 90 Days Investment Activities Taking action during the 60 days before calving and 30 days after helps protect the health and production potential of the entire herd Nearly all of these actions are attempts to address either Negative Energy Balance 1 Immune Suppression 2 Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression Impacts Health Well being Production Success Frustrations Profitability 1. Grummer RR. J Anim Sci. 1995;73(9):2820-2833. 2. Hoeben D, et al. J Dairy Res. 2000;67(2):249-259. Describe the following (generically): Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression Impacts Tangible Value: Facts/Data Economics Objective Intangible Value: Emotions Peace of Mind Subjective Health Well being Production Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression Impacts Health, Wellbeing, Production How many cows make it out of the sick pen? How productive are the cows after a visit to the sick pen? Do your clients have on farm euthanasia protocols? What is the impact to the cows if they live on a farm with no euthanasia protocol in place? Do we have the medical treatments we need to save every cow that succumbs to a periparturient disease? Success Frustrations Profitability 5
Frustrations, Profitability, Success What is a typical day like for a member of the hospital pen treatment crew? Do farms experience protocol drift? Why is this? Are veterinarians frustrated by some of the treatments they see being used outside of their control? With the widespread use of fresh cow monitoring programs (eg daily temps for 10 14 days) has a client ever treated their way out of a transition disease problem? Negative Energy Balance and Immune Suppression Impacts Health Well being Production Success Frustrations Profitability If/When your clients herd struggles with transition cow disease, what does it mean to you? Costs During the Vital 90 Days: Two Major Types Investment Costs Consequence Costs Dairy producers often invest Direct and indirect costs of disease heavily to mitigate the RISK are a major source of economic loss associated with calving and frustration for dairy producers Many products and procedures Lowering consequence costs are justifiably used to reduce through reducing disease and disease and optimize performance refining treatment decisions is a great opportunity to improve profitability Dairies Invest in Management and Prevention Strategies in Order to Mitigate the Risk and Impact of Fresh Cow Disease USDBUNON01595 USDBUNON01595 Recommendations for Recording and Calculating the Incidence of Selected Clinical Diseases of Dairy Cattle (Kelton et al 1998) What diseases? A survey of 13 agencies, organizations, and systems in the recording of the diseases of dairy cattle was conducted in 1996 326 independently named conditions 1,600 literature citations Recommendations for Recording and Calculating the Incidence of Selected Clinical Diseases of Dairy Cattle (Kelton et al 1998) What diseases? Milk Fever Retained Placenta Metritis Ketosis Left Displaced Abomasum Cystic Ovarian Disease Lame Foot and leg problems Clinical Mastitis Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Martin RE. Recommendations for recording and calculating the incidence of selected clinical diseases of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1998;81:2502-2509. Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Martin RE. Recommendations for recording and calculating the incidence of selected clinical diseases of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1998;81:2502-2509. 6
Recommendations for Recording and Calculating the Incidence of Selected Clinical Diseases of Dairy Cattle (Kelton et al 1998) What diseases are associated with The Vital 90 Days? Milk Fever Retained Placenta Metritis Ketosis Left Displaced Abomasum Cystic Ovarian Disease Ovarian Dysfunction Lame Foot and leg problems Clinical Mastitis 50% of cows experience at least one of these conditions during transition Adapted from Kelton DF, Lissemore KD, Martin RE. Recommendations for recording and calculating the incidence of selected clinical diseases of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 1998;81:2502-2509. The Vital 90 Days Management Strategies Record and Treat Proper identification of sick cow Appropriate therapy Appropriate documentation/traceability Protocols Records USDBUNON01031 Records for Impactful Decisions around Calving Transition Disorder Incidence Range Milk Fever 0.03%-22.3% Ketosis 1.3% - 18.3% Displaced Abomasum 0.3% - 6.3% Ovarian Dysfunction 1.0% - 16.1% Metritis 2.2% - 37.3% Retained Placenta 1.3% - 39.2% Mastitis 1.7% - 54.6% Disease Records for Impactful Decisions During The Vital 90 Days Define Describe Detect and Monitor Decide: Record and Treat Analyze Decide: Herd Health Program Kelton DF et al. 1998. Recommendations for Recording and Calculating the incidence of Selected Clinical Diseases of Dairy Cows. JDS 81:2502-2509 USDBUNON01571 USDBUNON01552 Disease Definitions Define Define Disease Clinical Mastitis --- visually abnormal milk Severity Scoring: Mild (grade 1): Milk (often not treated) Moderate (grade 2): Milk + Udder Severe (grade 3): Milk + Udder + Cow Ruegg PL. Vet Clin Food Anim 28 (2012) 149 163 USDBUNON01571 USDBUNON01552 7
Disease Definitions Describe Metritis (METR) Clinical metritis is recognized by an abnormal (smelly and watery) uterine discharge within 21 days of calving. On palpation per rectum, the uterus appears flaccid, not contracting normally, and fluid filled. Mild Clinical Metritis is metritis without a fever or other clinical signs apart from the uterine changes. Severe Clinical Metritis is metritis with the presence of clinical signs that may include fever, depression, and lack of strong appetite. Slide courtesy Dr. John Wenz, WSU, October 2014 USDBUNON01571 USDBUNON01552 Adapted from Kelton, 1998. J Dairy Sci 81:81:2502 2509. Three Guidelines for Good Health Records 1 Accurate Record all disease episodes Treated and untreated, regardless of severity Each quarter or foot as a separate episode Use a specific event for each disease Consistent (event remarks) Same info, order, abbreviations Informative Unbiased evaluation of outcomes Records for Impactful Decisions around Calving There are a few sayings that bear repeating: You can t measure what you don t monitor Garbage in Garbage out Measure what is measurable and make measureable what is not so Galileo Dairy records are full of recording bias Inconsistent definitions of disease Inconsistent detection of disease Inconsistent recording of disease 1 http://extension.wsu.edu/gdhr/information/how/pages/default.aspx USDBUNON01571 USDBUNON01552 Records for Impactful Decisions around Calving Why should I care? More effective therapy Managing work Detect changes The actions you take to prevent and treat disease during The Vital 90 Days will result in a more successful lactation. Records for Impactful Decisions around Calving What else can you do with this info? Analyzing outcomes Expected consequences Economic assessments of the Vital 90 Days 8
Two Dairies with Contrasting Levels of Reproductive Performance >>> Consistent Negative Impact of Transition Health Issues Both herds had good milk production Both herds are large, modern, Holstein herds in the midwest Both herds had significant and similar negative impacts on reproduction due to transition issues despite large differences in overall pregnancy rate Clearly, we need to continue to focus our efforts on transition management and disease prevention A Simple Observational Comparison in a Large Midwestern Holstein Dairy: Dairy A Cows that Experienced Some Type of Fresh Cow Disease (RP, MF, Ketosis, Metritis, Mastitis or DA) vs. Normal Cows Dairy A Cows with Fresh Cow Problems Normal Fresh Cows Cows with Problems Normal Cows 1 st p305me +2000 lbs Culling (30-d) 7.4% 2.5% Sold (30-d) 4.6% 1.7% Died (30-d) 2.8% 0.8% Median DOPN 116 87 21-d PR 25% 31% (Data shown above was generated from a private dairy herd using DairyComp 305 software) USDBUNON01233 USDBUNON01233 Reproductive Comparison by Parity Group Lactation = 1 Median DOPN Difference: 30 d 21-d PR: 25 vs. 34 Cows with Fresh Cow Problems Normal Fresh Cows Lactation > 1 Median DOPN Difference: 13 d 21-d PR: 24 vs. 29 A Simple Observational Comparison in Another Large Midwestern Holstein Dairy: Dairy B Cows that Experienced Some Type of Fresh Cow Disease (RP, MF, Ketosis, Metritis, Mastitis or DA) vs. Normal Cows Cows with Fresh Cow Problems Normal Fresh Cows Dairy B Cows with Problems Normal Cows 1 st p305me + 1600 lbs Culling (30-d) 14.7% 4.8% Sold (30-d) 9.5% 2.5% Died (30-d) 5.2% 2.3% Median DOPN 160 119 21-d PR 15 19 (Data shown above was generated from a private dairy herd using DairyComp 305 software) USDBUNON01233 USDBUNON01233 Summary Dairy producers make significant investments in their cows during The Vital 90 Days Every cow experiences some degree/duration of Negative Energy Balance and/or Immune Suppression Every cow is at risk for transition disease consequences related to Negative Energy Balance and/or Immune Suppression Successful strategies during The Vital 90 Days lead to successful dairy operations Thank you! Questions? Elanco, The VITAL 90, and the diagonal bar are trademarks owned or licensed by Eli Lilly and Company, its subsidiaries, or affiliates 9