By A. P. Njombe Director for Livestock Production and Marketing Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Development P.O Box 9152 Dar es salaam Tanzania
INTRODUCTION Tanzania is endowed with enormous natural resources which include land and livestock resource base among others. Total land area is 94.5 million hectares, 88.6 million ha is a land mass of which 60 million ha are potentially suitable for grazing.
Introduction cont. Livestock Resources include: Cattle 22.8 m of which 95% are indigenous and 5 % improved cattle Goats 15.6 m Sheep 7.0 m Chicken 60 m of which 60% are indigenous and the remaining commercial broilers and layers Pigs 2.1 m.,
Introduction cont. Livestock farming is among the major economic activities in the country particularly in the rural areas; The sector provides livelihood support to 1,745,776 households out of 4,901,837 agricultural households; Its contribution to Agricultural GDP in 2012 was 16% and to total GDP was 4.7 %; The per capita annual consumption of livestock products was estimated at 45 liters of milk, 12 kg of meat, and 75 eggs in 2012.
Animal Genetic Resources Initiatives The Animal genetic Resources initiatives taken so far include: 1. Characterization 2. Conservation 1. Characterization Activities Aimed at: -Improvement of genetic resources -Conservation of genetic resources Characterization is carried out mainly in -Research Stations -Sokoine University of Agriculture
Animal Genetic Resources initiatives cont.. Phenotypic characterization in cattle has been completed and has led to the distinction of indigenous cattle breeds and strains under the following categories: 1. Humped and short horned i.e. TSZ with strains of Iringa red, Chagga, Pare, Gogo, Mbulu, Singida white, Maasai, Sukuma and Zanzibar Short Horn Zebu 2. Long Horned and small humped example Ankole 3. Crosses of Humped and short horned x Long horned and small humped examples of strains are the Tarime and Fipa 4. The Mpwapwa Breed
Animal Genetic Resources initiatives cont.. Characterization work in the indigenous goat the Small East African Goat has identified several strains which are: Dodoma, Masai, Kigoma, Pare white and Sukuma strains. The Malya Blended goat is a synthetic breed developed in Tanzania through crossing of Indigenous goat, Kamorai and Boer goat. The sheep has been characterized into Red Masai, The Tanzania Black Head example Sukuma sheep and the Long Tailed Sheep example Gogo sheep Local Chickens have been characterized into: Kawaida, Bukini, Kishingo, Kinyavu, Kuchi.
Conservation Activities Conservation of Animal genetic resources in Tanzania is done at a very limited scale both in-situ and ex-situ. This has led to some breeds such as Jiddu cattle being lost. In addition, the existence of strains such as Chagga, Mkalama dun and Mpwapwa are endangered due to their small population (less than 500breeding females). Existence of some infrastructures such as the National Artificial Insemination Centre makes it possible to have exsitu conservation in the form of semen, ova and embryos.
Conservation cont Recently some research centers and Livestock Multiplication Units have started to be used for conservation of Animal Genetic Resources West Kilimanjaro Research Institute has been designated by the government to be a centre for gene conservation. Sao Hill Multiplication Unit has been designated for multiplication of endangered/rare breed including Mpwapwa and Fipa strains in order to increase their number
Constraints Conservation and utilization of genetic resources are constrained by: Low genetic potential for production Inadequate documented information on productivity co efficiencies Lack of rights of the people who developed and maintained these animal genetic resources Indiscriminate use and crossing of the resources Non existence of livestock Breeders associations and societies
Policies, Legislations and Instruments The National Livestock Policy of 2006 To facilitate implementation of the policy in relation to animal genetic resources and utilization, the following have been done 1. Designation of the National Livestock Research Institute, Mpwapwa as a centre for Farm Animal Genetics Resources whose function among others things include molecular (genetic) characterization and embyro transfer technology
Policies, Legislations and Instruments cont.. 2. The Enactment of an Identification, Registration and Traceability Act of 2010. This will assist in the recognition of the existing animals for conservation and utilization. 3. Formulation of an Animal Breeding Act is now in the final stages of being enacted. The provision in the act include: Monitoring breeding activities e.g. herd recording Coordination of procurement and distribution of animal genetic materials
Policies, Legislations and Instruments cont.. Monitoring of imports and exports of animal genetic materials Setting procedures for registration and administration of breeds and breed societies including updating the list of approved breeds, stud books and private participants trading in animal genetic materials The other instruments include the enactment of the Dairy Industry Act of 2004 and Meat Industry Act of 2006 which provide for promotion of the development of animals of high genetic potential for dairy and meat production using sustainably the existing Animal Genetic Resources
Key Stakeholders involved in the Management of AnGR Stakeholders fall under three groups namely; Public Institutions Service Providers Non Governmental Organizations Livestock Producers Public Institutions include the National Artificial Insemination Centre, involved in production, storage and distribution of cattle semen Zonal Artificial Insemination Centres are responsible for production of LN2, storage and distribution of semen.
Key Stakeholders involved in the Management of AnGR cont. The Sokoine University of Agriculture and Research Institutions are responsible for undertaking research work inanimal genetic improvement, characterization and conservation activities. Livestock Multiplication Units with the responsibility of maintaining of maintaining and multiplication of improved livestock genetic materials for distribution to farmers Non Governmental Organizations- NGOs such as Building Resources across communities BRAC, Heifer Project International-HPI and Land O lakes among others responsible for providing training, inputs and marketing facilitation for livestock produced by farmers
Key Stakeholders involved in the Management of AnGR cont.. Service providers such as Bajuta, Farmers centers and others with the role of providing inputs e.g. AI equipments, identification materials etc.; Commercial Livestock Farmers responsible for management of the livestock resources Farmers organizations such as cooperatives and farmers groups like TAMPRODA, are users of AnGR to whom conservation and sustainable utilization initiatives are of paramount importance.
TANZANIA CATTLE BREEDS cont. MPWAPWA BREED Common colors are red and black Hump thoracic, medium in size and erect Horns short Ears drooping Large dewlap Convex face
TANZANIA CATTLE BREEDS cont. The Zanzibar Zebu Found in Zanzibar Islands Color: variable common ones being black and white pied or spotted Body frame is medium Face is flat to convex The dewlap and naval flap medium to large Horns short, straight, point upwards and widely spaced
Tanzania cattle strains Iringa Red Found in Iringa region Color: uniformly red or darkish red Medium body frame Hump: Erect Horns short, straight and widely spaced with an upward orientation Face profile: flat Dewlap: medium sized Naval flap small
Tanzania cattle strains cont. The Sukuma Found in regions South of lake Victoria Color : light brown Hump location thoracic, erect, medium to small size Horn orientation upward with narrow spacing Ears: small Dewlap: small to medium The Maasai Found in Masai land Arusha region Color: multicolor common colors being black, brown black/white spotted Body: medium sized Hump : medium thoracic and erect Horns are medium length and not widely spaced Face profile: flat
Tanzania cattle strains cont. The singida white Found mainly in Singida district Color: white all over the body and grey along the neck which tend to be black in mature males. Horns: medium in length Hump: sloppy Face profile: flat Dewlap: medium sized Naval: small flap
Tanzania cattle strains cont. Gogo Found in Dodoma region Color :variable, the common being black, brown, grey, black/white spotted or pied Body frame : small and compact Hump :Large thoracic and erect Horns : short, straight facing upwards with a wide spacing between them Face profile: flat Dewlap: small in size
Tanzania cattle strains cont. The Pare Zebu Found in the slopes of Pare highlands Color: variably black, brown and black and white spotted Hump: thoracic and medium size and floppy in mature males Body frame: small Tail: narrow at the base and long Horns: short and widely spaced
Goat breeds and strains Malya blended goat The Maasai Goat A Tanzanian goat breed developed from a three way cross between indigenous goats, Kamorai and Boer breeds Coat color: black, brown, black/white pied, or black/brown/white pied Body frame: large Face profile: convex, ears large and drooping Found in Kilimanjaro and Arusha regions Coat color: multicolor common color is white, brown and black/white spotted or pied Body frame: small Ears: medium size with lateral or erect orientation Face: convex
Goat breeds and strains cont. Ujiji goat strain Newala goat strain Found in Kigoma region Coat color: multicolor but dominant is black followed by brown and brown/fawn Body frame: small Ears: medium size and lateral in orientation Face profile: flat to concave Found in Newala district in Mtwara region Body frame: small Coat color: multicolor the common color being brown, black and fawn Horn: medium size Face profile: flat/concave Ears: medium size
Found in regions south of Lake Victoria Coat color: white for most of the body while head and neck are black Ears:small, drooping and face profile is convex Horns: short, curved with backward orientation Sheep breeds and strains The Red Masai Strain Found mainly in Arusha region Coat color: red, but red/white and black is also common Body frame: medium The tail: medium length, thick and have S-shape characteristic Ears: medium size and lateral Face profile: is convex Horns: short and curved The Tanzania blackhead
Sheep breeds and strains cont The Tanzania Long tailed Found in central, Southern and North Eastern Tanzania Coat color: multicolor, black/white spotted or pied Body frame: small Ears: medium size drooping and the face profile is convex
Indigenous chicken strains Kawaida Bukini Found in every district of Tanzania Plumage: variable, can be brown, white, black/white or red/white Feather patterns: mottled, barred, penciled and cackoo Skin color : white, yellow and blue black Tail length:medium to long Legs: short Comb type: single and some are rose Found in North Eastern regions of Tanzania Size: small and compact The plumage: multicolor and can be brown, white, black or black/white Feather pattern: mottled, penciled and cackoo Comb single or rose No tail color of egg shell: yellow
Indigenous chicken strains cont Kishingo Kinyavu Found in every regions of Tanzania Plumage: multicolor and the common color are red, brown, black, black/white and buff Feather patterns: mottled, penciled and cuckoo Body frame: small and the shape is angular Comb types: single and rose The tail: long and legs are short Color of egg shell: white or light brown Found in all regions of Tanzania The plumage color: variable and can be brown, red, white The feathers are frizzle The tail is medium to long in length Skin color: black, blue or yellow Color of egg shell: white or light brown Comb type: single
Indigenous chicken strains cont Kuchi Found mainly in Tanga, Singionsida, Shinyanga, Mwanza regions Plumage color: brown, black, buff, black and white spotted Feather pattern: penciled, cackoo or mottled Body frame: medium Shape of body: angular Color of skin: yellow Egg color: white