L-1 Texs Guide fr cntrlling External Parasites f Liuestch and Pultry THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE OF TEXAS TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE. J. E. HUTCHISON, DIRECTOR, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS
E Texas Guide fr Cntrlling External Parasites f LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY C. F. GARNER AND R. L. RIDGWAY EXTENSION ENTOMOLOGISTS The A&M Cllege f Texas XTERNAL PARASITES f livestck and pultry are a cnstant menace. They lwer prductin f meat, milk and eggs by sucking bld frm the animals; they transmit diseases; and they cause lss in energy frm annyance. Organic insecticides will cntrl the majr external parasites. Hw t Use Insecticides Always weigh r measure an insecticide carefully t insure the crrect dsage. Use enugh spray t cver the animal thrughly, especially fr cntrl f ticks, lice and mites. Adequate spraying equipment, cnsisting f a high-vlume pistn pump sprayer with a suitable agitatr, must be used when applying sprays made frm wettable pwders. The sprayer shuld be perated at a pressure f at least 200 punds per square inch. The use f carse spray nzzles is desirable. Sprays give adequate cntrl f external parasites and frequently are preferred t dips because they are mre ecnmical; hwever, if dips are used, fllw instructins n manufacturer's label. Insecticide Frmulatins All rganic insecticides are txic t warm-blded animals and shuld be handled with cautin. Make sure exact dsages are used. Carefully weigh r measure the insecticide befre mixing. Fllw the directins fr amunt f insecticides t use as given in these recmmendatins r n the manufacturer's label. Wettable pwders r emulsifiable cncentrates may be used. There may be cnsiderable difference between emulsifiable cncentrates fr plant use and thse f the same insecticide which are designed fr animals. If manufactured especially fr plant use, the insecticide may ~(;)'p.t~i~ ~.slvent that wuld speed up absrptin by the animal and result in pisning. Als, the amunt f emulsifier may nt be adequate t keep the il in an emulsin frm. Only emulsifiable cncentrates manufactured fr use n livestck are recmmended: Cautins The Fd and Drug Administratin has established tlerances fr several insecticides recmmended fr use n livestck. Use nly the insecticides which have been apprved. Read thrughly the remarks and safety restrictins in the clumn ppsite each insecticide in the guide and n the manufacturer's label. Since residue studies indicate that if beef animals are sprayed, dipped r dusted with DDT, the tlerance may be exceeded, DDT is mitted frm the recmmendatins fr cntrlling pests f beef cattle.
Flies Manure shuld be spread thinly in fields s that fly eggs and larvae will be killed by drying and heat. If manure is stred in cmpst piles, the material added each day shuld be sprinkled with equal quantities f calcium cyanamid and superphsphate (1 pund f mixture t each bushel f manure). The additin f water will spread the chemicals mre thrughly and thus give better cntrl f fly larvae. Chemical cntrl shuld be used als as an aid t prevent fly breeding. In dairy barns, baits cntaining malathin, diazinn and Dipterex may be used in additin t residual sprays fr husefly cntrl. Fllw recmmendatins n manufacturers label. Spray dairy barns with 0.3 t 0.5% lindane, 0.5% Diazinn, 1% Rnnel (Krlan), 2.5% malathin r 5% methxychlr. Thrughly cver the resting areas where flies cngregate. D nt use materials in milkrms r cntaminate animal feed r water. Pultry manure in cage laying huses may be treated with a 21h percent malathin spray as needed fr fly larval cntrl. Several insecticides may be used in bait t cntrl adult flies in pultry huses. In mst instances, insecticides in bait frm can be purchased ready t use. Fllw directins n manufacturer's label. Insecticides recmmendei fr bait use are malathin, Dipterex, diazinn, DDVP, and rnnel (Krlan). Dipterex may be used in cage laying huses fr adult fly cntrl. Special precautins must be taken t prevent cntaminatin f fd, feed r drinking water. Fr cntrlling huse flies n dairy cattle, use a water spray cntaining 0.1% pyrethrin and 1% synergist. Apply at the rate f 1 quart per animal. This spray als is effective fr a few hurs if applied as a mist using abut 1 unce per animal. If an il spray cntaining these txicants is used, it shuld als be applied as a mist using nly 1 unce per animal twice a day. Treatments recmmended fr hrn fly cntrl n dairy cattle may als help t cntrl huse flies. STABLE FLIES-Stable flies are bld suckers and irritate animals. Lss in flesh and reductin f milk flw may ccur. These flies breed in mixtures f manure and decaying litter arund barns. Dispsal f manure and litter shuld be handled as indicated fr huse flies. Insecticides cannt cmpletely cntrl stable flies. Breeding areas must be eliminated. Areas where flies are fund resting shuld be sprayed as fr huse fly cntrl. HORN FLIES-If hrn flies are nt cntrlled, they may cst prducers 20 t punds f beef per animal each year. These flies breed in fresh manure. HORSE FLIES AND DEER FLIES-Hrse flies and deer flies are vicius biters and cause livestck t lse weight. These flies may carry anaplasmsis, anthrax and ther diseases. Mst insecticides have prved ineffective fr the cntrl f hrse flies. Keep animals ut f lw bttms near breeding areas during the breeding seasn. SCREW-WORM FLIES-Female screw-wrm flies are attracted t fresh wunds where th~y depsit eggs.
The screw-wrms feed n the flesh and may kill animals if the wunds are nt treated. BLACK BLOW FLY-Wl maggts attack sheep, but d nt cause death directly. Hwever, secndary infectins may fllw wl maggts. They appear arund the rump in urine-saked wl and near wunds. HEEL FLIES-Cattle grubs are immature frms f heel flies. Cattle ften are seen in the spring running frm heel flies r standing in water t prtect themselves frm the flies that are trying t lay their eggs. The grubs hatch frm eggs that usually have been laid belw the hck and bre int the flesh. They spend several mnths tunneling in the animal's bdy. The grubs mve up t the back in the fall and winter t cmplete their develpment. Several species f lice attack cattle. Sme f the species are bld suckers and ne species is a biting luse. Cattle infested with lice have a rugh, carse appearance and d nt gain nrmally. are mre abundant during the winter and spring when the hair is lng and cntrl can be btained by treating cattle in the fall. The hg luse is a bld-sucking parasite. The lice transfer frm ne animal t anther when the animals cme in clse cntact. Several species f lice attack sheep and gats. Sheep and gats infested with lice will bite and pull wl which encurages infestatin f screw-wrms. Pultry are attacked by several species f biting lice that irritate the birds and cause lss f weight, egg prductin and even death. Mites Mange mites burrw int the skin, prducing tunnels in which the eggs are depsited. Scab mites depsit their eggs at the base f hairs r in the skin and prduce scabs. The chicken mite is an intermittent feeder, usually remaining n the hst a shrt time. The nrthern fwl mite and the trpical fwl mite usually spend their entire life cycle n the hst. Depluming mites burrw int the skin f chickens and cause irritatin arund the base f the feathers. These mites may be cntrlled by dipping the chickens in a mixture f 2 unces sulfur and 1 unce so'ap in 1 galln water. Wet the feathers t the skin. Several species f ticks attack animals. The lne star tick ccurs principally in wded r brush areas. The Gulf Cast tick generally is fund within 150 miles f the Gulf Cast. The adults attack livestck arund the ears, pll and tp f neck. The spinse ear tick is fund primarily in dry areas. These ticks attack deep within the ears f livestck. The immature tick is picked up by animals arund mineral bxes, feed trughs r watering trughs. T eliminate these breeding areas, mve the mineral bxes and trughs peridically and spray the infested areas with creste r a mixture f ne-half crankcase il and ne-half kersene. (See table fr sprays t use in cntrl.)
The fwl tick (blue bug) injures pultry by sucking bld, causing lss in weight, lwered egg prductin and blemishes which greatly reduce market value. INSECTICIDE Fleas Several species f fleas attack pultry and husehld pets. Since the immature stages f the insect are spent in the sil, fleas ften becme a nuisance in garages and hme lawns. Fleas may serve as intermediate hsts fr certain internal parasites f husehld pets and may spread diseases. See L-311, Texas Guide fr Cntrlling Husehld Insects, fr flea cntrl n dgs. T cntrl fleas n the lawn and in garages, use a 2 % percent malathin spray, 4 percent malathin dust r 0.5% diazinn spray. See the table fr use f malathin n pultry. Rubbing Devices fr Hrn Fly Cntrl n Beef Cattle Back rubbers may be used with sme degree f success in suppressing hrn fly ppulatins. Hwever, under mst cnditins sprays will give better results. The degree f cntrl usually depends upn hw well the cattle use back rubbers. The rubbing devices prbably are mre successful in feed lts and trap pastures withut trees than in wded pastures with trees and ther cmpetitive structures n which the cattle may rub instead f the back rubber. The fllwing chart lists the dsages and restrictins fr insecticides t use in a back rubber: Rnnel (Krlan) 24% E. C.* Rnnel (Krlan) 12% E. C.* Txaphene 60% E. C.* Methxychlr 25% E. C.* Malathin 50% E. C.* F~WMDtk\ AMOUNT TO MIX WITH 1 GAL. OIL APPLICATIQ FOR 20 FT. OF CABLE TO SLAUGHTER 8 z. (1 cup) 16 z. (2 cups) 11 z. (1% cups) 26 z. (3%, cups) 5 z. (% cup) 42 42 Nne Nne *Use N.2 diesel il, kersene r light mineral il. D nt use burnt lube il. D nt allw animals t becme verexpsed t il in back rubbers. Read the Label-Fllw Directins If directins fr use as given n the manufacturer's label are carefully fllwed, yu may be reasnably certain that yur live3tck, pultry and pultry prducts are safe frm harmful residues. Cperative Extensin Wrk in Agriculture and Hme Ecnmics, The Texas A&M Cllege System and the United States Department f Agriculture cperating. Distributed in furtherance f the Acts f Cngress f May 8, 1914, as amended, and June, 1914. 25M-8-61, Revised
CONTROL PROGRAM Insecticide frmulatin and strength Insect Cattle grubs Hm flies BEEF ANIMALS AND NONLACTATING DAIRY CATTLE Minimum days frm Strength and amunt f frmulatin last applicatin per animal unless therwise indicated t slaughter Rtenne Rnnel (Trlene) (blus) See instructins under dairy animals One 37.5-gram blus' per 0 lb. bdy weight. C-Ral 1 gal. in ne spraying, r tw sprayings 2-4 weeks apart if animals are small r in shrt cat. Methxychlr Txaphene Malathin 0.5% C-Ral Rnnel (Krlan) 2 pt. Txaphene Spinse ear tick Screw-wrms 2 qt. Amunt f sprays f all materials depend n size f animal and amunt f hair. D nt apply rnnel (Krlan) mre frequently than nce every 2 weeks. D nt apply t lactating dairy animals r t dry dairy animals within 21 days f freshening. Spray thrughly. D n.t treat sick animals. One applicatin is usually sufficient, but a secnd applicatin may be needed 2 weeks after the first. D nt reapply within 2 weeks. Methxychlr' 0.03% spray Malathin Rnnel (Krlan) C-Ral Give rally with balling gun r disslve in water as drench. Treat between May 1 and Aug. 1. Animals shuld have access t water. Wet skin ver entire bdy. Treat between May 1 and Aug. 1. D nt treat sick animals r calves less than 3 mnths ld; spray animals 3-6 mnths ld nly lightly. D. nt use C-Ral with pyrethrins, allethrins r synergist. Apply t backs every 3 weeks r as needed. D nt treat sick animals r calves (with C-Ral) which are less than 3 mnths ld; spray animals 3-6 mnths nly lightly. D nt treat calves which are less than 1 mnth ld with malathin. 60 2 qt. Remarks and safety restrictins D nt use lindane n emaciated animals. 0.03% spray Txaphene C-Ral Rnnel (Krlan) 0.75% spray 0.75% in xylene-pine il 3% (EQ335 Smear) Rnnel (Krlan) 5% smear Rnnel (Krlan) Same as fr lice. Same as fr lice. Same as fr lice. Same as fr lice. Same as fr lice. C-Ral C-Ral 5.0% dust in squeeze bttle Rnnel (Krlan). Refer t restrictins under hrn flies. Spray thrughly. D nt treat animals less than 3 mnths with C-Ral. Spray animals 3-6 mnths ld lightly. Spray thrughly. Repeat after 2-3 weeks if needed. D nt treat sick animals. D nt use lindane n emaciated animals. D nt treat animals less than 3 mnths ld with C-Ral. Spray animals 3-6 mnt.hs ld lightly. An applicatin will give prtectin fr 2 t 3 weeks. T cntrl ear ticks the ears shuld be flushed ut at lw pressure t avid injury. Y2 unce Apply inside the ear with spring bttm iler. Use minimum amunt t treat wund, nt mre than 3 teaspns. Use minimum amunt t treat wund. If smears are used, brush r smear n wund and 21 1 t 4 qt. depending n size f animal. 1 t 4 qt. depending n size f animal. Apply lcally in ears and adjacent head areas, in and arund wunds, cuts, scratches, etc. Mange mites surrunding area. D nt use excessive amunts~ Treat twice first week and weekly thereafter until healed. D nt use mre than 1 tbsp. f Rnnel smear n baby calves. Spray wunds thrughly and wet entire bdy. Repea t after 2 weeks if needed. See safety restrictin under. Rnnel, and C-Ral are als available in a number f ther preparatins fr treating individual screw-wrm cases. Fllw instructins n manufacturer's label. Certain species f mange mites attacking cattle, sheep and gats are under quarantine regulatin. If presence f mange mites is suspected, cntact persnnel f the Texas Animal Health Cmmissin, 1020 State Office Bildg., Austin, Texas. DAIRY ANIMALS Cattle grubs Rtenne spray (7 Y2 lb. f 5% dust per 100 gal. f water) Rtenne 1.5% dust Pyrethrin 0.25% synergist Rtenne spray (1-2 lb. f 5% dust per 100 gal. f water) Rtenne 0.5-1% dust Methxychlr 50% wettable pwder + Hrn flies Screw-wrms Malathin 4-5% dust Pyrethrins 0.05% pyrethrins Smear 62 + 4 t 5 z. Depending n size f animal and amunt f hair Same as abve 1 tbsp. per animal 2 z. f 4% dust r 1 Y2 z. f 5% dust per animal synergist 3% smear (EQ335) Pyret'hrin spray 0.1 % pyrethrin synergist. Prepare frm cmmercial preparatin by adding water. Rtenne spray Mix 2 t 4 z. f 5% rtenne per gal. f water. 0.75% in xylene-pine il + Spinse ear tick 2 t 4 qt. Treat at 3-day intervals as lng as necessary, starting when grubs make a hle thrugh the skin. Direct spray t backs f animals. Machine shuld develp at last 200 lb. pressure. If dusts are used, rub thrughly n back. Spray r dust thrughly. Repeat applicatin after 2-3 weeks. Sprinkle n back and neck every three weeks. D nt use Methxychlr r malathin as spray r dip n dairy cattle. D nt apply malathin dust during r less than 5 hurs befre milking. Apply as a wet spray every 3 t 7 days. Brush r smear n wund and surrunding area, twice first week and then weekly until healed. D nt use mre than ne tbsp. EQ355 n baby calves. Minimum amunt necessary t treat wund. Minimum amunt necessary t treat wund, but nt ver 3 tsp. Spray animal thrughly Spray animal thrughly Y2 z. Spray animals thrughly as needed. Thrugh and repeated ~pplicatins are necessary t ref 11ce tick ppulatin Apply insitle the ear with spring bttm iler. Hrse flies, Stable flies, Fr the cntrl f these insects use pyrethrins plus synergist listed fr hm fly cntrl. and Msquites Dairymen must use gd judgment in the selectin and applicatin f insecticides. Certain materials may be used with safety if they are applied crrectly, but thers are nt recmmended because they may cntaminate the milk with harmful residues. Milk entering interstate cmmerce can be cnfiscated by the Fd and Drup Administratin if it cntains insecticidal residues. Accrding t- regulatins f this rganizatin, insecticidal residues are nt permitted in milk. Cnsequently, careless use f insecticides may be very cstly t the milk prducer. One imprtant surce f cntaminatin f milk with insecticides is hay r frage which the animal cnsumes. In purchasing baled hay r s' ilar feed material, the dairyman shuld be sure that the feed is free frm harmful insecticidal residues. SHEEP AND GOATS and keds (sheep tick) Screw-wrm Fleece-wrms r Wl maggts C-Ral 0.25% spray DDT r 0.15% dip r spray Txaphene r 0.025% dip r 0.05% spray Methxychlr (lice nly) r Malathin r Rnnel (Krlan) 0.25%- r dip Smear 62 3% (EQ335 Smear) Rnnel (Krlan) 5% smear Rnnel (Krlan) C-Ral 0.25 spray 3% (EQ335) 1 part t 9 parts water Rnnel (Krlan) 5% smear, 1 part t 9 parts water C-Ral 0.25% spray 0.025% dip r 0.05% spray Txaphene r Malathin C-Ral 0.25% spray Rnnel (Krlan) 0.25% t 0.5% dip r spray Demav 0.15% dip r spray 60 Depends n size f animal and amunt r hair. D nat use malathin n animals less than 1 mnth ld...- In many instances, sme species f biting lice have becme difficult t cntrl with txaphene and ther chlrinated 'hydrcarbns. If difficulty has been encuntered in cntrlling lice use malathin, Krlan, C-Ra r. 1-4 qt. Immerse, pray r dust thrughly. D nt treat sick animals. Use DDT nly nce, but repeat ther treatments after 2-3 weeks if needed. D nt use lindane 0 emaciated r lactating animals. Use insecticide n milk gats as listed under dairy cattle. D nt reapply within 2 weeks. D nt dip animals Ie s than 3 mnths ld. D nt treat animals less than 3 mnths ld with C-Ral. 84 D nt apply rnnel (Krlan) mre frequently than 2-week int~rvals. Brush r ~mear n and arund wund twice first week and then weekly until healed. Use minimum amunt necessary t treat wund. 21 84 Spray w nds thrughly with Rnnel spray. Wet entire bdy with C-Ral spray. D nt treat animals Ie s than 3 mnths ld. Wet infest d area and 3 in. arund it. See safety restrictin fr lice and keds. Depends n size f animal and amunt f hair. Immerse r spray thrughly. Repeat after 2-3 weeks if needed. D nt treat sick animals. On milk gats, use nly rtenne as listed under lice. D nt treat animals less than 3 mnths ld with C-Ral; spray animals 3-6 mnths ld lightly. See ther safety restrictins listed under lice and keds. 60 D nt re~pply within 2 weeks. Certain species f mange mites attacking cattle, sheep, r ~ats are under quarantine regulatins. If presence f mange mites is suspected, ntify persmlel ~f the Texas Animal Health Cmmissin, 1020 State Office Building, Austin, Texas: Mange mites SWINE Amunt f frmulatin t use per animal unless therwise indicated. Minimum days frm last applicatin t slaughter DDT r 10% dust Malathin.5% spray 0.05%-0.06% spray r 1% dust Methxychlr Txaphene Rnnel (Krlan) 0.25- C-Ral 0.05-0.06% spray Treat thrughly; amunt will depend n size f animal and amunt f hair. C-Ral 0.5% dust Malathin 3% Rst paint r 1% spray r 4-5% dust Use as a dust nly Insecticide frmulatin and strength Insect Sarcptic mange mite Remarks and safety restrictins D nt treat sick animals. Use lindane and DDT nly nce, but repeat ther treatments after 2-3 weeks if needed. D nt treat animals less than 3 mnths ld with C-Ral. Spray animals 3-6 mnths ld lightly. D nt use pyrethrins, ailethrins, r synergist with C-Ral. 42 D nt apply rnnel (Krlan) mre frequently than 2-week intervals. Treat animals thrughly. Amunt will depend n size and amunt f hair. D nt reapply within 2 weeks. Treat at first signs f the mites. Repeat applicatins in 10-15 days if necessary. Infested animals shuld be islated until mange is cleared up. D nt spray within days f slaughter. POULTRY r mites nly Fwl tick Sealey leg mites Chiggers infesting range areas Cautin: Nictine sulfate 40% nictine slutin Chlrdane Txaphene DDT Malathin 3% spray Kersene r crude il 1 pt./150 ft. Dust birds thrughly. D. nt use C-Ral mre ften than nce weekly. Paint rst thrughly. 1-2 gal./l,ooo sq. ft. Apply t litter. 1 lb./40 sq. ft. litter r 1 Ib./100 birds 1 gal./loo birds 1 pt./150-200 ft. Apply directly t birds. 1-2 gal./1,000 sq. ft. Apply directly t birds. Paint n rsts.nly. D nt apply w,hile birds are in the huse. Use chlrdane, txaphene and DDT fr utside use nly where ticks are numerus, such as trees, ld rsts, etc. These materials may be used in buildings nt currently being used by chickens. 1-2 gal./1,000 sq. ft. Spray wall, ceilings, and flrs thrughly. Dip scaley part f legs. Tw r three treatments at 2-week intervals may be necessary fr cntrl. D nt wet legs abve where the feathers start. Chiggers are frequently an imprtant pest f chickens and turkeys raised n the range. limitatins n use f sulfur. Remve birds fr ne day after applicatin. 1-2 gal./1,000 sq. ft. 1-2 gal./l,ooo sq. ft. Sulfur dust Pultry n range, 25-50 lb. per acre depending n amunt f vegetatin Malathin 15-20 lb. f 5% dust per acre r as a spray use 1 Y2 pt. (5 lb. per gal.) per acre. FOllOW all precautins n the labels; especially avoid cntaminating pultry r eggs With any insecticide nt labeled fr direct use n pultry; eggs Shuld nt be allwed t cme in cntact With any insecticide.