Parasitology Amoebas Sarcodina Entamoeba hisolytica (histo = tissue, lytica = lyse or break) (pathogenic form) o Trophozoite is the feeding form o Life Cycle: personfeces cyst with 4 nuclei with thicker cell wall water ingest cyst small and large intestine in mucosa and villi o Cyst will break into 4 trophs o Will die with extreme heat or cold. o Muscularis mucosa = muscle layer of intestine. These parasites cause cramping at this level Flagyl Metranidozole Being exposed vs being infected. Being exposed doesn t necessarily mean you will be infected. Associates with E. histolytica (non-pathogenic) o Endolimax nana (very small) o Entamoeba coli (different number of nuclei in cyst) o Iodamoeba buetschlii o Chilomastix mesnili Mastigophora ======= F. Trichomonidae o Trichomonas vaginalis humans (transmitted venereally) Treatment: Flagyl o Tritrichomonas foetus cattle abortions in cattle o Trichomonas tienax endocommensal teeth sockets, in the gums o T. giardia intestinalis causes Giardiasis: infection with Giardia. Hook on to intestinal villi with the concave portion of their bodies. Vector = water. Asymptomatic infection with Giardia in intestines, few to no symptoms. Symptomatic pathology: malabsorption of nutrients and fats. Epidemiology spread the parasites mostly to children because they put everything in their mouth. Primes their immune systems to handle this. If less exposed, more prone to asthma
Parasitology Phylum: Apicomplexa Apical Complex 2 types classified by vector or mode of transmission o Vector can use organism or passive vector (ingestion of food, water, wind). Family: Eimeriidae o Eimeria protozoa, infective stage is a cyst. Single host. Family: Toxoplasma ======== Infect inverts mammals and birds (verts). Centrifuge oocysts float to the top. Oocysts are resistant Each cysts contains 4 sporocysts which contain 2 sporozoites each A different genus has Isospora with 2 sporocysts and 4 sporozoites Eimeria neischulzi Life cycle: mammal rat Feces usually unsporulated oocysts (not infective right when they come out. Sporulate with higher concentrations of oxygen). Sporulates ingestion by rat oocyst breaks open and sporozoites come out and develop in intestine. o Toxoplasma gondii Oocyst is the resistant form Life cycle: cats (definitive host) or rat (intermediate host). Infected cat feces (takes 4-5 days for sporulation) Sporulation infected oocysts mice, rats, any other vert cysts in tissues carnivory OR back to cat Look up whether cats have problems with toxoplasma across the placental barrier Don t have your kids play with cats o **Assignment: Bring a grasshopper to lab** 2
Malaria caused by Plasmodium Malaria is the second biggest killer of people, behind dysentery. o Around 660 million people infected by malaria right now o About 1.5 billion people at risk o (sickle cell anemia came from a strain of Plasmodium) Malaria was thought to be caused by bad air Darwin Passages from Darwin s book: o The air from swamps infected people; pools of water RONALD ROSS - Read in book. Mosquito gut saw the sexual stages of Plasmodium on the wall of the gut (August, 16, 1897) Plasmodium life cycle Mosquito pulls in macro-gametocytes(female) and microgametocytes(male) in blood Microgametocytes break apart and fertilize the macro-gametocytes (inside stomach) Embed in epithelial tissue on the outside of the stomach of the mosquito Sporogony (tons of sporozoites) Sporozoites go to salivary glands of mosquitos Mosquito bites mammal or other vertebrate or bird and injects sporozoites into bloodstream. Go to liver and enter liver cells asexual; schizogony (growing and splitting) Merozoites are released into bloodstream and into red blood cells = different rates of reproduction in the red blood cells due to type of Plasmodium. Trophozoites in the red blood cells *Mosquito uses saliva for anesthetic and anticoagulant* Mosquitos are definitive host Types of Plasmodium 3
Genus: Anopheles (unique feeding position back feet sticking up in the air). Anopheles are always the hosts. - Plasmodium vivax mostly Asian form, but has been known worldwide. About 40% of human cases. - Plasmodium ovale West Africa. Much lower case load - Plasmodium malariae recrudescence (relapse in liver) up to 53 years after you ve had the infection. Cryptozoites hidden deep inside your tissues - Plasmodium falciparum deadly. 60-70% of red blood cells infected. *antigenic variation* Antigens present on red blood cell s outer coat ========= Biological annihilation article 6 th mass extinction is here - now Ceballos, ehrlich Dirgo 50% of animal individuals are gone Habitat conversion, climate disruption, toxification (bad water), species invasions Proximate: disease, large-scale (potential nuclear war) Ultimate: human overpopulation, overconsumption (by the rich) Map and Malaria life cycle papers Histomonas meleagridis (flagellate protistan) a venereal disease of nematodes o Blackhead in chickens and other O. Galliformes (ex: chickens) o Life cycle: Infected chicken poop Heterakis gallinarum eggs (unembryonated morula stage) soil (juvenile egg stage with H. meleagridis inside, too) earthworm ingests egg chicken eats worm egg hatches in chicken gut dead chicken o Egg can last up to 20 years in soil as long as it is not exposed to UV light. 4
L. myxozoa P. Mesozoa o How did it get into the egg?? Nematode Histomonas into vulva of female uterine canals of Nematode formed into the eggs o Cl. Disyemida o Cl. Orthonoectida o Common ancestor between mesozoans and anellids 5