National Wildlife Disease Surveillance Systems: an European perspective Marc ARTOIS VetAgro Sup, OIE working group on wildlife. Diplomate ECVPH 1
Surveillance = making good decision with poor data 2 2 2
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Outline: WILDLIFE SURVEILLANCE Use of data Aims Case definition Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion Conclusion 3
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion What is surveillance 1 Monitoring Ongoing process Real time Early warning 2 Decision & management Information of veterinary services, other bodies Management options Often fail Protection & Prevention K Capello et al. 2010, Eurosurveillance 15; (28) 4
Use of data Main use of surveillance data Maps Graph H5N1HPAI, OIE H. Roberts et al., DEFRA report OIE information department 5
Use of data Data extracted for epidemiological studies Incidence & seroprevalence of pestivirus infection in a population of Pyrenean chamois. PIOZ, M. et al. 2007. Vet Microbiol http://www.parcsnationaux.fr/layout/set/fiche/content/view/full/7568 6
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Aims of wildlife surveillance Natural habitat Wild animal Pathogen Other species 7
Aims Humans or domestic animals : target/ victim Environment Wildlife Source Release risk Target 8
Aims Wildlife can be target/ victim Environment Wildlife Source Exposure risk Target 9
Aims Main aims for surveillance in wildlife Exposure risk Diseases affecting Game species populations Endangered populations Wildlife as sentinel (environment health) Release risk Highly communicable pathogens Pathogens in wild maintenance or liaison host Possibly emerging pathogens Disease Pathogen 10
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Disease in wildlife Affect wild animal (victim) Surveillance based on clinical signs Important for game management, animal conservation. http://thierrydacko.typepad.fr/grandeurnature/2008/09/la-krato-conjon.html 11
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Data for diseases surveillance Lesions Tissue Modification Aetiology Diagnostic TB lesions in Roe deer http://www.thestalkingdirectory.co.uk/showthread.php?4582-tb-in-roe-deer 12
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion An example of syndromic surveillance in wildlife Syndrome 2 Trend Monitoring & expected background noise WARNS PETIT, E.. PhD Univ Grenoble 13 See: Warns Petit, E. et al. 2010, BMC veterinary
A hidden danger Surveillance of pathogen in wildlife Wild animals frequently are healthy carriers of pathogens: clinic is useless 14
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Carriage (infection/intoxication) in wildlife Target the pathogen (pathogen surveillance) Diagnostic test http://wildlifedisease.nbii.gov/aiworkshop/index.jsp?search=cloa ca&pagemode=submit Download: FAO Wild bird highly pathogenic avian influenza surveillance. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a09 60e/a0960e00.htm 15
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion Sampling Power/ precision Enough data Reliability/ representativeness i.g. CWD in Europe (EFSA report, 2010. 8, 10, 1861) Artois, M. et al. 2009. Springer 16 conclusion
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Randomised sampling or planed sampling True active surveillance... Does not exist, yet: Mostly sub sampling of hunted carcasses 17
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Ad hoc or opportunistic sampling Probability of detection, A function of Prevalence Level of awareness Iceberg metaphor 18
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Data processing & management Transmission Validation & coding Storage Analysis WOBESER G. (2007) Springer. See: DUFOUR, B., HENDRIKX, P. et al. (2009). OIE 19
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Case study: the SAGIR network FDC Interlocutor ONCFS Veterinary laboratory Field watcher hunter, public Anses ONCFS FNC Data storing Data management Communication 20 TERRIER, M.E. et al. 2006; Bull. Acad. Vet. Fr http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/reseau-sagir-ru105
Case studies Current situation of surveillance in Europe 21 Ryser-Degiorgis, M. et al. 2009, EWDA report
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Europe: state of the art 25 replies to the questionnaire/23 no Few generalist, country-scale surveillance Roughly 20 000 carcasses examined (minimum) Most: gross lesions few: histology and parasitology Some: bacteriology and virology Occasionally: toxicology & serology 5 top diseases Avian influenza, CSF, Rabies, Trichinellosis, Tuberculosis Ryser-Degiorgis et al. 2009 22
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion Discussion conclusion Critical points arising with ad hoc and generalist wildlife surveillance Diagnostic Data Complex (many species, many diseases ) Lack of accuracy Quality of tests Code (putting words & digits) Skill, imputation? Population size & structure Low frequency of notifiable diseases 23 Difficulty of assessment Financial and human cost of the network http://www.astronomypictures.net/pictures_of_sta rs.html
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Basic data needed Unique Ref/ Date/ Tissue/ Name of test or Modification/ test result Animal Context: Single/ cluster/ mass mortality Species name (Genus species, e.g. Cervus elaphus) Location Extra Age class Sex Tag (if any) Cause of death or disease (+ imputation) 24
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Consequences of notification The notification of a disease or even an infection of a wild animal can have a deleterious effect on trade. http://samaw.com/mizoram-on-bird-flu-alert-india-h5n1-news/849 25
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Risk resulting from wildlife infection (still) needs to be appropriately assessed Can the infection spread FROM wildlife to domestic animals? Are any cases in domestic animals notified? Are wild animals Maintenance hosts Spill over hosts? credit: Texas A&M University; the photo is apparently from an outbreak in South Africa in 1897 http://www.samefacts.com/2010/11/uncategorized/virusmovies/ 26
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Conclusion Good decision = good information Good information = A network = means human eyes, noses and ears in the fields The best data = Accurate and simple Steady record Steady report http://ecobirder.blogspot.com/2008/01/immature-red-shouldered-hawk-on-sanibel.html 27
WDA EWDA 2012 meeting Convergence in wildlife health" 61 st International conference of the WDA 10 th biennial conference of the EWDA Marcy l Etoile & Lyon (France) from Sunday July 22 nd through Friday July 27 th 2012 http://wda2012.vetagro-sup.fr/ 28
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion References Existing report on Wildlife surveillance in Europe Anonym (2005). (IREC) Ciudad Real, Spain, IREC. Briones, V. (Editor, 2000), Universidad de Madrid: 70p. Leighton, A. (1995).." Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizootie 14(3): 819-830. Ryser-Degiorgis, et al. (2009). EWDA. Brussels, EWDA: 7p. General references on Wildlife surveillance Artois, M., R. Bengis, et al. (2009)... Kuiken, T., F. A. Leighton, et al. (2005 ). Mörner, T., D. L. Obendorf, et al. (2002).. Pittman, M., A. Laddomada, et al. (2007). Thulke, H.-H., D. Eisinger, et al. (2009). 29
Wildlife Defined 1 Pathogens and diseases from all four groups must be reported Wildlife Focal Points may be asked to report on Pathogens in: Wild animal (free living) Feral animals Captive Wildlife (Zoos, Wildlife Parks, etc.) 1 OIE Working Group on Wildlife Diseases 1999 30
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Liaison, Maintenance, Spill-over, Vector, Victims... 31
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Comparisons and sharing of data Standards Babel Tower : we do speak the same language Need of a medical nomenclature 32 http://secondthoughts.typepad.com/second_thoughts/2006/06/country_or_comp.html
Use of data Aims Case def. Sampling Data storing Case studies Discussion conclusion Acknowledgments Prof F. LEIGHTON (OIE coll. Centre, Saskatoon) Dr Eva WARNS PETIT 33