Goodall Films Four classic films from the 1960s of Goodall s early work with Gombe (Tanzania East Africa) chimpanzees Introduction to Chimpanzee Behavior Infant Development Feeding and Food Sharing Tool Using
Primates!
Specifically the EXTANT primates, i.e., the species that are still alive today: these include some prosimians, some monkeys, & some apes (-next: fossil hominins, who are extinct)
Diversity...200$300&species&
Taxonomy What are primates?
Overview: What are primates? Taxonomy of living things Distinguishing primate characteristics Primate taxonomy: distinguishing characteristics within the Order Primate Prosimians (Strepsirhines) Lorises Lemurs Tarsiers (?) Anthropoids (Haplorhines) Platyrrhines Cebids Atelines Callitrichids Catarrhines Cercopithecoids Cercopithecines Colobines Hominoids Hylobatids Pongids Hominins
Taxonomy: Hierarchical and Linnean (between Kingdoms and Species, but really not a totally accurate representation) Subspecies Species Genus Family Infraorder Order Class Phylum Kingdom
Tree of life -based on traits we think we observe -Beware anthropocentrism, the concept that humans may regard themselves as the central and most significant entities in the universe, or that they assess reality through an exclusively human perspective.
Taxonomy: Kingdoms (6 here)
Kingdom Animalia Ingestive heterotrophs Lack cell wall Motile at at least some part of their lives Embryos have a blastula stage (a hollow ball of cells) Usually an internal digestive chamber
Phyla in Kingdom Animalia Phylum Meaning Group Acanthocephala Thorny head Thorny-headed worms Acoelomorpha Without gut Acoels Annelida Little ring Segmented worms Arthropoda Jointed foot Arthropods Brachiopoda Arm foot Lamp shells Bryozoa Moss animals Moss animals, sea mats Chaetognatha Longhair jaw Arrow worms Chordata Cord Chordates Cnidaria Stinging nettle Coelenterates Ctenophora Comb bearer Comb jellies Cycliophora Wheel carrying Symbion Echinodermata Spiny skin Sea Urchins Echiura Spine tail Spoon worms Entoprocta Inside anus Goblet worm Gastrotricha Hair stomach Meiofauna Gnathostomulida Jaw orifice Jaw worms Hemichordata Half cord Acorn worms Kinorhyncha Motion snout Mud dragons Loricifera Corset bearer Brush heads Phylum Meaning Group Mesozoa Middle animals Mesozoans Micrognathozoa Tiny jaw animals Mollusca Thin shell Mollusks / molluscs Myxozoa Slime animals Nematoda Thread like Round worms Nematomorpha Thread form Horsehair worms Nemertea A sea nymph Ribbon worms Onychophora Claw bearer Velvet worms Orthonectida Straight swim Phoronida Zeus' mistress Horseshoe worms Placozoa Tubular animals Platyhelminthes Flat worms Flat worms Porifera Pore bearer Sponges Priapulida Penis Priapulid worms Rhombozoa Lozenge animal Rotifera Wheel bearer Rotifers Sipuncula Small tube Peanut worms Tardigrada Slow step Water bears Xenoturbellida Strange flatworm
Phylum Chordata Hollow dorsal nerve cord Trends Increasing cephalization Increased activity levels Increased predatory lifestyle
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicates: filter-feeding sea squirts) Subphylum Cephalochordata (Lancelets) Subphylum Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Infraphylum Agnatha (jawless vertebrates) Infraphylum Gnathosomata (jawed vertebrates) Superclass Osteichthytes (bony fishes) Superclass Tetraposa (four-legged vertebrates)
Subphylum Vertebrata BACKBONES Paired kidneys Heart, aorta Major transitions in some ancestral vertebrates Superclass: Tetrapoda (4 limbs to locomote on land) Amniotes Shell, yolk, amnion, internal fertilization Amnion = a membrane building the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects an embryo. It is developed in reptiles, birds, and mammals, but not in amphibians and and fish
Class mammalia From synapsids therapsids Therapsids were transitional mammal-like reptiles Nocturnal niche that dinosaurs didn t dominate Increased metabolism to keep warm (bugs) Chewing (mastication); specialized teeth Legs under body to turn more easily Oligokyphus (but some cranial features make it not a mammal) Mammals Survived age of dinosaurs First were tiny, nocturnal insectivores Escaped predation Survived global cooling Adaptive Radiation(~ 0-65 mya) Three groups: Monotremes Marsupials Placental Eutherians
Mammals What features distinguish mammals? Hair made of keratin Active metabolism endothermic hair and fat for insulation closed circulatory system + 4-chambered heart respiratory system connected to circulatory system diaphragm, a powerful muscle to enhance respiration Reproductive characteristics Amniote egg without shell retained in uterus Viviparity Lactation Cephalization Large Brains-key to human evolution Complex, social behaviors including parental care
Monotremes Platypuses and Spiny Anteaters Lay reptilian, yolked eggs! But have hair and produce milk to nourish their young Clear that modern monotremes are the survivors of an early branching of the mammal tree; a later branching is thought to have led to the marsupial and placental groups the egg is retained for some time within the mother, who actively provides the egg with nutrients. Monotremes also lactate, but have no defined nipples, excreting the milk from their mammary glands via openings in their skin Extant in Australia and New Guinea, but widespread before that based on fossil data Marsupials Opossums, kangaroos, koalas, sugar gliders Born early Complete embryonic development in pouch Nourished by milk (mammary glands) Diversified in Australia, few left in the Americas (e.g., the opossum) Convergent Evolution with Placental (Eutherian) Mammals Eutherians (Placentals) Long pregnancy Complete development in utero Nourished by a placenta fetal membranes (chorion) and maternal tissues intimately associated for gas exchange, nutrient supply, and waste removal! Mammals
More on Mammals About 5400 species around today Particular jaw feature defines mammals to paleontologists Vivipary in many (but not limited to mammals some sharks, etc.) Most are placental Most are terrestrial
Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa) Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa) Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara) Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia) Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia) Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (ctropical) Order Pilosa: sloths and anteaters (Neotropical) Order Cingulata: armadillos (Americas) (pink fairy armadillo here) Order Scandentia: treeshrews (Southeast Asia) Order Dermoptera: flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia) Order Primates: lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas) Order Rodentia: rodents Order Erinaceomorpha: hedgehogs Order Soricomorpha: moles, shrews, solenodons Order Chiroptera: bats Order Cetartiodactyla: whales, dolphins and porpoises, even-toed ungulates, including pigs, hippopotamus, camels, giraffe, deer, antelope, cattle, sheep, goats Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates, including horses, donkeys, zebras, tapirs, and rhinoceroses Order Pholidota: pangolins or scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia) Order Carnivora: carnivores Here: pink armadillo Orders in the Class Mammalia
Primates Mivart, 1873: "Unguiculate, claviculate placental mammals, with orbits encircled by bone; three kinds of teeth, at least at one time of life; brain always with a posterior lobe and calcarine fissure; the innermost digit of at least one pair of extremeties opposable; hallux with a flat nail or none; a well-developed caecum; penis pendulous, testes scrotal; always two pectoral mammae."
Order: Primates What is a primate? Lots of diversity
Diversity...200-300 species
Size
Lots of variation, but there are trends
Primates Motor adaptations Large size variation across taxa Five digits on hands and feet: pentadactylism Mobile limbs Nails instead of claws (on at least one digit) Grasping digits with tactile pads (and fingerprints) Erect posture with extensive head rotation Rapid and precise muscle control Opposable hallus (big toe) and thumb (pincer grip) Prehensile hands and/or feet Well-developed clavicles (collarbones)
Primates Sensory adaptations Enlargement of eyes Color vision Binocular vision: overlapping fields of vision Stereoscopic vision and forward facing eyes: neural wiring: sensory information from each eye relayed to both sides of brain depth perception + accurate distance estimation
Primates Cranial Adaptations Reduced snout and olfaction Dental characteristics Heterodont dentition (canines, incisors, molars and premolars) In most groups, 32 or 36 adult teeth
Teeth
Primates Life history characteristics Delayed maturation Increased infant dependency Long gestation (pregnancy) Long lifespan Low reproductive rate Large, complex brain
Primates Gregarious (many permanently live in groups) Male-female social associations Singleton births (in most species) Arboreal Diurnal Grooming (practical and social functions)
Primates How many species? 200-300(academic debates, hybrids ) Future DNA sequencing may help sort it out, but maybe not, as genes may or may not address issues of human views on essentialism (c.f., Bloom s book of recent) New primate species are found every few years or so, in swampy areas that primatologists have to slough through this work is not easy and cute, as we might think when we think about cute monkeys Extinction: pets and bushmeat (the next slide is rough)
Bushmeat and pets
Nonhuman (and undomesticated) animals are NOT meant to be pets These are animals with social lives that are significant: primates tend to be social, are NOT domesticated, and do not make good pets Food and trophies ( a Western construct?) Discussion?
Order Primates Prosimians (Strepsirhines) Loris group Lemur group Tarsiers (?) Anthropoids (Haplorhines) Platyrrhines: New World Monkeys Cebids Atelines Callitrichids Catarrhines: Old World Monkeys and Apes Cercopithecoids Cercopithecines Colobines Hominoids Hylobatids Pongids Hominids
Prosimians (Strepsirhines) Loris group Lemur group Tarsiers (?) Anthropoids (Haplorhines) Platyrrhines Cebids Atelines Callitrichids Catarrhines Cercopithecoids Cercopithecines Colobines Hominoids Hylobatids Pongids Hominids Order Primates
Rhinarium = nose wet, connected to upper lip strepsirhine Dry, not connected to lip haplorhine
Primates The order Primates consists of two major suborders: the Prosimians and the Anthropoidea. The prosimians were the first of the suborders to evolve; they are often called the "lower primates" The word prosimian literally means "pre-monkey." Strepsirhines = prosimians Haplorhines = anthropoids (monkeys and apes)
Primates Prosimians Dental comb Postorbital opening Smaller brain Grooming claw Many nocturnal species More seasonal breeding Anthropoids Dental comb absent Postorbital closure Larger brain Nails on all digits Few nocturnal species Less seasonal breeding
Postorbital Closure
Dental comb Lemur catta
Prosimians Nose Moist, naked rhinarium with the upper lip attached internally; greater reliance on olfaction than Haplorhine Facial expression: less range possible (than for Haplorhini), partially because of attached upper lip; also far fewer structural featuress like tendons and muscles in their faces Grooming "claw" on pedal digit for several (2nd digit) Teeth dental formula (with some exceptions): 2133/2133 dental comb: elongated incisors used for grooming Reproduction is generally seasonal Activity Period often (but not always) nocturnal (or cathemeral) Many diurnal prosimians on Madagascar (where no diurnal monkeys or apes occur) nocturnal species have large eyes possessing tapetum lucidum occasionally large & diurnal Infant care nocturnal species often "park" their infants or cache them in nests while foraging cathemeral & diurnal species usually carry them
Prosimians Lemuriformes: lemur group Lemuridae (lemurs) Indriidae (indris, avahis, sifakas) Daubentoniidae (aye-ayes) Lorisiformes: loris group Loridae (lorises, pottos, angwantibos) Galagonidae (galagos) Tarsiformes (tarsiers)???
Lemuriformes (the lemur family ) All only on Madagascar s perimeter (extinct on mainland) Lots of nocturnal species
22 or so mostly arboreal species All members of lemur group are only on Madagascar s perimeter (extinct on mainland) Madagascar
Taxonomy: Prosimians (lemur group) Family Body size* Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Cheirogaleidae Mouse & dwarf lemurs Lepilemuridae Sportive lemurs Tiny Nocturnal Solitary - give birth to twins & cache them in nests - hibernate & accumulate fat seasonally (in tails) Small Nocturnal Solitary - coprophagy - sluggish Lemuridae "True" lemurs Medium Nocturnal Diurnal Cathemeral Solitary Social monogamy Large multi-male, multifemale groups - the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) = only significantly terrestrial prosimian - female dominance over males sometimes Indriidae Indri & sifaka & avahi Small (avahi ) Nocturnal (avahi) Solitary (avahi) - female dominance over males sometimes Medium (sifaka) Large (indri ) Dirunal (indri, sifaka) Multi-male, multi-female groups (sifaka) Social monogamy (indri)
Lemur (lemur group) Body size Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Medium Nocturnal Diurnal Cathemeral Solitary Social monogamy Large multimale, multifemale groups - the ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) = only significantly terrestrial prosimian - female dominance over males sometimes
Lepilemur ( sportive lemur; lemur group) Body size Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Small Nocturnal Solitary Coprophagy, sluggish
Mouse lemur (lemur group) Body size Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Tiny Nocturnal Solitary - give birth to twins & cache them in nests - hibernate & accumulate fat seasonally (in tails)
Aye Aye (lemur group) Body size Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Medium Nocturnal Solitary - continuously growing incisors (rodent-like) - thin spindly middle finger = largest nocturnal primate
Others in the lemur group Indri Avahi ( wooly lemur )
Others in the lemur group Sifaka (hoppers because of long, springy legs that let them jump 30 feet in trees) http://www.arkive.org/verreauxssifaka/propithecus-verreauxi/ video-06b.html
Others in the lemur group Body size Activity Period General Social Pattern "Special" Features Small (avahi ) Medium (sifaka) Large (indri ) Nocturnal (avahi) Dirunal (indri, sifaka) Solitary (avahi) Multi-male, multifemale groups (sifaka) Social monogamy (indri) - female dominance over males sometimes
Lorisiformes (loris group) Distribution (Africa and Asia)
Loris
Bushbaby (galago: loris-group prosimian)
Potto
Tarsier
Tarsier map
Tarsier issue in classification: prosimians or anthropoids? order: Primates suborder: Prosimii Anthropoidea infraorder : Lemuriformes Lorisiformes Tarsiformes Tarsiformes? family: Lemuridae Indriidae Daubentoniidae Loridae Galagonidae Tarsiidae species: lemurs indris avahis sifakas aye-ayes lorises pottos angwantibos galagos tarsiers monkeys apes humans
Anthropoids Haplorhines Dry, unconnected noses Africa, Asia, South America Monkeys, apes and humans ***prosimians are NOT monkeys Two groups Catarhines Platyrhines
Rhine = nose Catarrhine: Old World Primate Platyrrhine: New World Primate
Old/New World
Differences Between Platyrrhines and Catarrhines
Platyrrhine vs. Catarrhine Dentition: 2132 and 2133 vs. 2123 (usually)
New World Monkeys
Ceboidea Family Subfamily Common Names Body size General Social Pattern Some Special Features Cebidae Squirrel monkey Small Large, multi-male, multi-female groups - strictly seasonal breeding Capuchin monkey Medium - large brain - tool use -adaptable & resourceful (like Old World macaques) - weakly prehensile tail Callitrichidae tamarins, marmosets small polyandry Atelidae Pithecinae Uakaris & Sakis Medium Socially monogamous Other? Alouattinae Howler monkeys Large One-male, multifemale groups ("harems") twins, high paternal investment, reproductive suppression red-faced uakari:sexual selection? Swamp dwellers (hard to study) - LOUD howling - prehensile tail (strong!) Atelinae Spider monkey, wooly monkey, woolly spider monkey Very large Large fusion-fission communities - prehensile tails (strong & dextrous!) Interesting social patterns (kind of like chimps and bonobos)
Cebids vs. Callitrichids cebids Callitrichids gross characterization true monkeys squirrel like monkeys body size medium tiny dental formula 2133 (top and bottom) 2132 (top and bottom) nails and claws nails on all digits claws on all digits except hallux (big toe) births Singletons twins male care of infants Rare and indirect present and direct in most species alloparental care Absent except in Perry s white faced capuchins present in most species
Callitrichids juvenile golden lion tamarin Pygmy marmoset (smallest primate)
Callitrichids Golden Lion Tamarins Emperor Tamarin Moustached Tamarin Cotton Top Tamarin Common Marmoset
Atelines Red-faced uakari Howler monkey
Atelines: prehensile tails Spider monkeys
Cebids Squirrel monkey Capuchin monkey
Catarrhines Cercopithecoids: the Old World monkeys Cercopithecines Colobinae Hominoidea: the apes
Old World Monkeys
Cercopithecoids
Cercopithecines Gelada baboon Hamadryas baboon Japanese macaque
Cercopithecines: female-bonded Celebes macaque
Colobines Black and white colobus Snub-nosed langur
Colobines Proboscis monkey
Colobines eat a lot of leaves
Hominoidea: the Apes Hylobatidae Hominidae Category Common names The lesser apes Gibbons and siamangs The great apes The human apes Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees Bonobos humans Distribution Southeast Asia Borneo, Sumatra -Lowland gorilla in West Central Africa -Mountain gorilla in volcanic mountains bordering Rwanda, Uganda, and Congo Tropical rainforests and tropical forests of West, East, and North-central Africa Central African Rainforests South of the big bend of the Congo River Global (plus?) Size Large (5-11 kg) Huge (35-70 kg) Huge (90-150 kg) Huge (30-45 kg) Huge (30-45 kg) Huge Grouping Pattern Socially monogamous Solitary Group (1 alpha male, his harem, and their kids) Large fissionfusion communities Large fissionfusion communities Large multimal/ multifemae communitie s
Ape Distribution
Brachiation gibbon siamang
Duetting (territoriality)
Monogamy
Orangutan
Orangutan
Gorilla
Gorilla: mountain vs. lowland
Chimpanzee
Chimpanzee
Bonobo
Human