Workshop for OIE National Focal Points for Wildlife Lyon, France Day 2 Pathogens and Diseases in Wild Animals Background Information Practical Examples Working Group Session OIE Collaborating Centre for Wildlife Disease Surveillance and Monitoring, Epidemiology and Management Canada
The National School for Veterinary Services L Ecole Nationale des Services Vétérinaires V (ENSV) Created in 1973 Has been settled in Lyon since 1994 It has been created as a school in charge of the training of french official veterinarians But nowadays the ENSV have also other activities : international Cooperation, training for foreign veterinary services In 2004, it becomes a collaborating centre of the OIE for the training of official veterinarians. Ecole vétérinaire v de Lyon «vet agro sup» soon The wildlife health platform Environmental safety Population dynamics of pathogens in vertebrate populations Wildlife risk or conservation and veterinary public health Speakers in this session: Prof. Marc ARTOIS, epidemiologist Dr. Eva WARNS PETIT Veterinary officer Prof. Emmanuelle GILOT, epidemiologist
Wildlife Defined 1 Pathogens and diseases from all four groups must be reported Wildlife Focal Points may be asked to report on Pathogens in: Wildlife Feral Animals Captive Wildlife (Zoos, Wildlife Parks, etc.) 1 OIE Working Group on Wildlife Diseases 1999 Wildlife definition The term wildlife refers to living organism that are not in any way artificial or domesticated and which exist in natural habitat. Wildlife can refer to Flora (plant) but more commonly refers to fauna, (animal). Needless to say, wildlife is a very general term for life in various ecosystems. http://www.definition-info.com/wildlife.html
positive list Wildlife List Protected Ex British Columbia wildlife list Pest negative Wild animals = those who are not on the list of domesticated species Ex: French regulation, environment ministry About perception of wild animal in a veterinary perspective Interaction Host (animal) Source Perception. Neutral Demand for Interference. weak Value Target Positive Strong + Source Negative Strong - Nuisance Target Positive None
Introduction and General Background Information Social, economic and ecological importance of wildlife Aim To suggest that Sociology History Prejudices Economy Politic can influence decision making in wildlife disease investigation and management
Disease: Two questions, two issues Diseases/morbidity Ecology, management and conservation (= impact of disease) Pathogens and parasites (micro/macro)* Transmission (spread of the pathogen): Epidemiology (= veterinary public health ) * Anderson & May, 1979 Wildlife as host or reservoir
Ex. : Bovine tuberculosis Maintenance in a wild living population Feed-back conservation Initial foyer Pardel Lynx, Coto Donana. Reservoir source + transmission + target No disease therein
Significance Global richness map of the geographic origins of EID events from 1940 to 2004. K. JONES et al. 2008 SIDA AIDS HIV 2 HIV 1 AIDS Pandemic
Classical swine fever (hog cholera) 2005/ 2009 SWINE Classical swine fever (hog cholera) 2 2005/ 2009 WILD BOAR
Wildlife rabies Disease as a threat: Ethiopian wolf Canis simensis, the most endangered Canid species in the world
Rabies Bulletin Europe WHO/ 2008 à 2009 The control of rabies: vaccination
Wildlife pathogens as weapons Bio-defence and intelligence Virus Rickettsiae Fungus Parasites Bacteria Toxins Bio-agents Prions Bio regulators Modified organisms animals humans plants Médecin général g inspecteur (2s) Michel Curé Ancien directeur du CRSSA Secrétaire général du Haut comité français pour la défense civile
Biological agents classification Agents A (CDC, Atlanta) Variola major (Variole) Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) Yersinia pestis (Plague) Franciscella tularensis (Tularemia) Clostridium botulinum toxin (Botulism) Haemorrhagic fevers (filovirus [ex. Ebola, Marburg] & arenavirus [ex. Lassa, Machupo]) Wildlife pathogens Potential impact Agent Anthrax Tularemia Q Fever Brucellosis Typhus Tick born encephalitis Rift valley fever Deaths 95 000 30 000 150 500 19 000 9 500 400 Incapacity 125 000 125 000 125 000 100 000 85 000 35 000 35 000
Risk Bioterrorism Emergence Re-emergence emergence Bio-mystake Outbreak disorder Appropriate surveillance Value of wildlife
Value of Wildlife Economic Value Food & Materials Recreation & Tourism Cultural and Aesthetic Value Ecological and Environmental Values Stable Environments Ecological Services Use and misuse of wildlife Non consumptive Aesthetic value Charming Tourism Visible disease: Floppy trunk / IKC Chamois Attempt to increase Socio-cultural significance Hair, horn, grease, snout, skin, pellet, bile 27 uses in West Africa Attempt to keep Consumptive Farming/ Ranching Hunting CWD. USA Attempt to increase availability Diseases = threat
Eco-tourism : animal sighting Type of visitors Kenya : leading foreign exchanges Tunisia : 4.8millions tourists/np: 100 000 visitors/ 6% foreigners Looking for Scenery France PN Ecrins Wolf and bears : Abruzzes NP (Italy), 2millions Game Farming and Ranching, hunting Traditional Diverse Numerous Ex : deer farming, >4.8millions, in 36 countries EU Hunters: 6 500 000 9.88billions 100 000 jobs
Movements of wildlife Myxomatosis Angulo & Cook (2002) Molecular Ecology.
Traffic Influenza 18 Oct 2004 : customs, Brussels airport Thailand two mountain hawkeagle Spizaetus nipalensis positive for avian influenza virus. type H5N1. Van Borm et al. 2005 African horse sickness 1987-91: Spain, Portugal Imported zebra carriers New Culicoides species 1989: Spain and Portugal 137 outbreaks - 104 farms 206 equines died or destroyed 170,000 equines vaccinated 82 of vaccinated equines died Eradication program cost $1.9 million SPAIN
Frequency of mammals resulting from translocation acclimatization 1/5 1/4 Half Rodents (7/33) Carnivores (4/16) Lagomorphes (1/4) Ungulates (5/10) Observed in France, end of XX th century Estimate of diseases introduced in Europe by translocation SPECIES PATHOGEN CONTEXT Flying Fox* Lagos Bat Virus Gard, 1999 Magot* Rabies virus(vaccine strain) France, 1980 Fox Rabies virus Cher, 1992 " Echinococcus multi. (tape worm) NDL, DK Raccoon. Baylisascaris procyonis (round w.) USA -> Germany B. Hare Brucella suis 2. -> W Boar " Francisella tularensis -> Hare G. Squirrel Pox virus -> Red squirrel Sika deer Ashwortius (round worm) -> Red, Roe deer Zebra African Horse Sickness V. -> Horse, 1987 * Exotic pet Rabies: zoonotic Pox: not transmissible to humans
Certification How do you skin-test those fellows?
Certification: Standard tests for wild species Very few of the standard tests used for the diagnosis of disease in domestic animals have been validated for use in wild animals. Standard tests Identification of the pathogen Identification of the immune response of the host OK Trouble
Standard tests 119 Reference laboratories, 36 replied 173 tests for 32 diseases listed. Very few actually validated for specific use in wildlife. ASF direct immunofluorescence, CSF virus isolation in wild boars, Rabies FAT, Rabies fluorescent focus inhibition test, Rabies ELISA in foxes, tuberculosis ELISA in seals, Brucellosis rose bengal test in bison and cervids, TSE (CWD?) in mule deer and elk, Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in wild goats, Parapox virus characterisation by various methods excluding PCR, and trichinellosis detection by direct methods. CITES convention Concern for diagnostic samples from Annex 1 species
Zoonose risk assessment and management: the OWOH concept One world one health
One medicine Claude BOURGELAT (1712-1779) P. RAYER (1793-1867) R. VIRCHOW (1821-1905) E. NOCARD (1850-1903) Question
From a remote cave up to an international bank counter Direct epidemiological link: SARS Reservoir Civet Super-spreader Pandemics Recent extension of E. multilocularis Source: www.eurechinoreg.org Eckert & Deplazes, Parasit. Today, 1999.
Messages to take home Probability of concern HUMAN High sensibility Low sensibility Higher probability of problems Low density Well managed ANIMAL High density ENVIRONMENT Badly managed
Some animals are more involved Waterfowl Carnivores Fox, Badger, feral & exotic Rodents Wild boars Newcastle dis., Influenza, Avian.TB Rabies, TB, Echinococcosis HFRS, Leptospirosis Brucellosis, TB, Trichinellosis, CSF, Aujeszky Opportunistic and anthropogenic species are more involved in disease management Seriousness of the dangers Food security Danger for health and welfare of stock animals Economical threat Sanitary security Food Quality of produces Environment Pollution Human health Demand of society Animal conservation Welfare of wildlife
Zoonose risk: a bias in perception Type of disease Zoonotic Economical Game targeting Threatened species targeting Role played by wildlife Reservoir Reservoir Reservoir & Victim Victim As far as veterinary interest is concerned, health of involved wild animals is rarely affected Bee aware but keep your distance
Remerciements Le groupe de travail des maladies de la faune sauvage en 2005 Merci aux Dr Vet. Alex CARON & Bernard VALLAT François MOUTOU et Jean HARS Further readings