ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Rajendranagar-30, Hyderabad

Innovations & ICT Initiatives in Poultry Sector R. N. Chatterjee DIRECTOR ICAR-Directorate of Poultry Research Rajendranagar-30, Hyderabad

Present & Past scenario in Poultry Sector 2

Share of Agriculture and Livestock Sector in Gross Domestic Product of India Year GDP total (Rs. in Billion) GDP Agriculture (Rs. in Billion) % to total GDP GDP livestock sector to total GDP (Rs. in Billion) % to total GDP GDP Livestock % to Agriculture 1980-81 1224 425 34.72 59 4.82 13.88 1990-91 2123 610 28.73 122 5.75 20.00 2000-01 18643 4072 21.84 986 5.29 24.23 2010-11 49370 6068 12.29 1703 3.45 28.07 2011-12 52436 6305 12.02 1786 3.41 28.33 Source: DAHD & F., GOI

Livestock and poultry sector -- contribution Source -- DAHD Contribution of livestock sector to GDP 1786 Billion Rs. % Contribution of livestock sector to total GDP 3.41% % Contribution of Poultry sector to Livestock about 16 % % Contribution of Poultry sector to total GDP about 0.56 %

Poultry Farming Why? Provides cost effective protein food Gives remunerative prices FCR very high Employment to over 4 million

Types of Poultry farming Intensive ---- Poultry industry Urban, periurban Big and small town Commercial Poultry Semi-intensive ---- Rural area Free range / Backyard ---- Rural Rural Poultry area Types of farmers High input high output ------- Urban area Medium input medium output ------ Urban / small town Low input low output ----- Rural / tribal area

PAST Growth in Chicken Egg & meat Production (1961 2010) Growth rate (6-8%/year) -- Egg Growth rate (10 12% / year) broiler meat ~ 16 times ~ 30 times FAOSTAT, 2006

PRESENT India Indian Scenario World Scenario World / Asia Egg 62 / per / year 70 billion (5%) eggs / year (3.12 million tons) from 250 million layers 72.8 million tons of eggs from 7.4 billion laying hens Egg 159 / per / yr Asia 161 Poul meat 2.50 kg / per / yr 3.2 mill ton (2.3%) of poult meat (2800 mill broilers) 104 million tons of poultry meat from 84100 million broilers Meat 12.62 kg Asia- 7.80 ICMR recomm Egg 180 & Meat 10.8 kg

Industry Outlook Poultry population- 729.21 million Ranks Third in egg production in the world Ranks Fifth in poultry meat production in the world The poultry industry -suffered major losses - bird flu, spiraling costs -feed materials - maize -soya - exports 9

Meat consumption (%) Type 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 Mutton 44 37 31 Beef 15 11 8 Pork 6 8 11 Chicken 36 44 53

INNOVATIONS / DISCOVERIES 11

Egg Production Milestones in Indian Egg Sector 1950-60 : Backyard Poultry 1970 : AICRP & Import of exotic strains 1975 : Cage Rearing of Layers 1982 : National Egg Co-ordination Committee (NECC established) Support from banking sector, emergence of feed pharmaceuticals 1995 : High Platform Cages, Vertical integration Corporate tendency 2000 : Automation in feeding, egg collection Environmentally controlled Housing Entry into export, egg producn plants 2010 : High capacity farms operating with low margin 2011 : Compartmentalization

Advances in Feeding Technology Least cost feed formulation Pelleted feeding Feed additives (performance promoters) Seasonal variations and adjustments Vertical integration of feed production with farming Feed analytical laboratories

Advances in Poultry Health Advent of vaccines against NCD, IBD, IB, FC Adoption of Bio-security measures water sanitation, restricted entry, dead bird disposal Breeder Management and chick quality Disease Surveillance Laboratories

Broiler Production Milestones in Indian Poultry meat Sector 1962 : Meat type strains (IRs and ICs) imported from Israel 1970 : AICRPs & Import of exotic strains 1980 : Entry of private sector (Cobb + Venkateswara) Pureline broiler stock Multiple batch farms 1995 : Contract farming system introduced all-in-all-out batches Rural based production Improvement of bio-security measures 2000 : Growth of Integrators Mammoth Hatcheries, Feed Mills Usage of feed additives (Growth promoters) 2010 : Entry of Broiler Breeding Giants Growth performance matching World standards 2.2 kg at 37 days with 1.6 FCR 2011 : Compartmentalization

Broiler improvement strategies at different times (Timeline) Technique Introduction Mass selection 1900 Trapnesting 1930 Hybridization 1940 Pedigreeing 1940 Osborne index 1957 Artificial insemination 1960 Family feed conversion testing 1970 Selection index 1980 Individual feed conversion testing 1980 BLUP breeding value estimation 1990 DNA markers 2000

Major Poultry Producing States North 16% East 11% West 12% 1 37% eggs South 61%

Commercial Poultry Sector Varieties Challenges New Opportunities Goals / Targets Approaches Availability & requirements of feed ingredients 18

COMMERCIAL STRAINS RELEASED/AVAILABLE Public Sector (AICRP on PB) - Layer ILI-80 : CARI, Izatnagar ILM-90 : KAU, Mannuthy ILR-90 : ANGRAU, Hyd Private Sector BV-300 Hyline Lohmann Bovans Public Sector (AICRP on PB) Broiler B-77 : CARI, Izatnagar IBL-80 : PAU, Ludhiana IBB-83 : UAS, Bangalore IBI-91 : CARI, Izatnagar Private Sector Cobb, Ross, Hubbard, Hybro, Arboracres, Lohmaan

Use of Information & Communication Technology Researchers Corporators Famers Consumers 20

Use of Information & Communication Technology RESEARCHERS Breeding Pure lines Osborne index selection using window programme Selection index BLUP Animal Model Genomic selection / GWMAS Least square Analysis (Harvey) Genetic & phenotypic correlation MSML SPSS SAS for parameter estimation RBD Grand parent lines Parent lines Commercials 21

Molecular Genetics RESEARCHERS DNA sequencing Analysis Oligo 3 Primer designing Meg align for alignment Phylip Phylogenetic analysis DNA Star DNASis PoP Gene 22

Use of Information & Communication Technology RESEARCHERS Equipment related software For Semen analysis ELISA Biochemical parameters 23

Use of Information & Communication Technology Farmers / End Users Nutrition For Feed formulae As per availability of feed ingredients Ambient temperature Climate change Health Disease Surveillance & Forecasting 24

News letter Folders New Technologies Leaflets Propagation of information through ICT tools New Technologies Advertisements through electronic media Consumers Export Private hatcheries Parent Breeders Commercial farmers 25

Strengths & Weakness Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions 26

Challenges India to become world s most populous country (1.60 billion in 2050): Production & Competition- poultry and human for cereals Consumer awareness about the welfare of chicken [Cage rearing, moulting through feed withdrawal] Increase in demand for specific nutrient enriched poultry products Global warming and climate change Outbreak of emerging (AI) and remerging diseases Food safety Disposal of poultry wastes

New Technologies, inventions and avenues Breakthroughs in Biotechnology (Transgenics, RNAi, Mol. Breeding) and Genomics to augment productivity Secondary Agriculture (Value addition of egg and meat) through Transgenics and Nutrition New Opportunities Delivery of drugs, peptides, vaccines, DNA, RNA by using nanotechnology Huge export potential Propagation of information through ICT tools Organic farming

To develop improved varieties for intensive and backyard farming to make available about 180 eggs and 10 kg meat per head per annum BY 2050 To control/minimize the incidence of emerging & reemerging diseases Goal/ Target To efficiently utilize poultry wastes for renewable energy or other purposes to get rid off pollution To improve nutrient utilization & optimize precision feeding for economizing feed cost To develop neutraceuticals, therapeutics and diagnostics

Country as a whole Way Forward/Approaches Augmentation of genetic potential through conventional breeding, genomics and biotechnological tools Development of improved chicken population according to consumer preferences Optimization of nutrition and development of low cost feeding strategies Development of health management practices Development of adaptation strategies to ameliorate impact of climate change Effective poultry waste management IP management and commercialization of technologies Nanotechnology and its application in production and health

Grains like maize, jowar, bajara, rice minerals major and trace minerals Grain by products Vitamins fat and water soluble Oilseed meals like soybean meal, mustard meal, groundnut meal,etc. Animal sources like fish meal, meat and bone meal

India: Grain Production (MnMT) mnmt Feed prod Total Maize 22.23 42% 9.34 Sorghum (Jowar) 5.330 20% 1.066 Millet 9.500 20% 1.900 Rice 104.40 15% 15.66 Wheat 92.46 10% 9.246 Soyabean 14.68 40% 5.872 Grain Byproducts 10.800 100% 10.800 Phy, NSP enz, LPL 4.169 Total 58.053 Requirement 64.649 Deficiency 6.596 Deficiency % 10.20

Development of health management practices Monitoring of the chicken lines for pattern and causes of mortality Development of effective vaccines and diagnostics Eradication of important vertically transmitted diseases Development of biosecurity strategies Alternative to antimicrobials

Emerging & Re-emerging diseases Avian Influenza IB nephro pathogenic Mycoplasma Synoviae CRD ILT 34

Development of adaptation strategies to ameliorate impact of climate change Assessment of climate change impacts Development of managemental and nutritional strategies to ameliorate heat stress; Shelter management Introgression of genes responsible for conferring better adaptability to the high performing low adaptive lines GHG emissions Europe 11% America 27% Asia 47%

Effective poultry waste management Physico-chemical assessment of poultry litter and wastes Use of poultry waste as feed and fertilizer Use of poultry litter as fuel

Rural Poultry Sector Why RPF? Availability of egg & meat Variety Contribution of RPP Breeding strategies Native germplasm 37

Types of RPF Why rural / backyard poultry? Supplementary income Alleviate protein hunger Integrate well with other agri-farmings Minimum labor / women choice Environment friendly Rural Poultry Small scale intensive Semi-intensive Backyard Free-range

Availability pattern Urban area Cosmo 150 Urban 100 Average 120 Rural Developed 25 Under developed 10 Average 15 Egg Meat Urban areas -2.25 to 3.5 kg Rural areas 1.00 to 1.25 kg

Some improved chicken varieties for rural poultry farming A. Developed by crossing an exotic breed with a synthetic population Variety Purpose Institution Vanaraja Dual DPR, Hyderabad Gramapriya Egg DPR, Hyderabad Srinidhi Dual DPR, Hyderabad CARI Devendra Dual CARI, Izatnagar Kuroiler Dual Kegg Farms, Delhi 40

Breeds Ankaleswar Aseel Bursa Chittagong Danki Daothigir Ghagus Harringhata black Kadaknath Kalasthi Kashmir Faverolla Miri Nicobari Punjab Brown Tellichery Native Indian breeds Home tract Gujrat Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Gujrat and Maharastra Meghalaya and Tripura Andhra Pradesh Assam Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka West Bengal Madhya Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Assam Andaman & Nicobar Punjab and Haryana Kerala

Contribution of RPF to total egg production 33% -1999-00 27% - 2001 26% - 2001-03 22% - 2004-05 23% - 2005-06 19.2% - 2006-07 20.7% - 2007-08 42

Advantages with Native breeds Adapted to local climates Resistant to many diseases Coloured plumage Longer shanks Better carcass / meat quality Fetches premium prices Good scavengers Low input birds Stress tolerant Major genes for stress and disease tolerance Disadvantages Native breeds Low growth rate Low egg production Higher age at sexual maturity Profit lesser Lack of purity of the breed due to intermixing

Housing & Management For Commercial poultry 44

Commercial flock -- Layer Housing & Management Brooding phase Grower phase Cage house Rat proof Layer phase 45

Commercial flock -- Broiler Housing & Management Pre-starter phase Starter phase Finisher phase 46

Breeder flock -- Layer Housing & Management Brooding phase Grower phase Grower house Layer phase 47

Breeder flock -- Broiler Housing & Management Brooding phase Grower phase Layer phase Feed Restriction from 5 weeks of age 48

Housing & Management Individual cages California type Colony cages Deep litter Backyard shelter Colony cages Wire floor Battery brooders 49

Grower house Wire floor Colony cages Backyard shelder Cage house 50

India s Export of Value Poultry Products Product Export Value (2010-11) (in Billion INR) (in Million USD) Live Poultry 0.0325 0.591 Poultry Meat 0.0602 1.095 Egg in Shell 1.5648 28.45 Egg not in Shell 1.1247 20.45

MODEL PROJECTS 2010-11 scale 52

Model Projects and Economics of Poultry Farming For 30,000 broiler parent S.No. Particulars Cost(Rs) 1 Land Nil 2 Buildings 1,81,91,750 3 Plant & Machinery 1,87,40,000 4 Point of lay cost 81,30,000 5 Overhead expenses 12,14,750 6 Pre-operative expenses 10,00,000 Grand Total 4,72,76,500 53

Poultry Sheds For 30,000 broiler parent 2a. Shed Quantity(sft) Unit(Rs.) Cost(Rs) Brooder 10,000 120 12,00,000 Grower 20,000 120 24,00,000 Layer 60,000 120 72,00,000 Buildings 2b. Buildings Quantity(sft) Unit(Rs.) Cost(Rs) Hachery 4500 650 29,25,000 Generator room 55 2850 1,56,750 Laboratory 30 2850 85,500 Store 70 2850 1,99,500 Security, incenerator etc. 4,50,000 54

Equipment 3. Plant and Machinery Growing Cages Laying Cages Incubators Vehicle Electrical installations Furniture & Fixtures Water pipeline For 30,000 broiler parent Total cost Rs. 1,87,40,000 4. Point of Lay cost Chick cost Feed cost Medicine cost Total Rs. 81,30,000 5. Overhead expenses Rs. 12,14,000 6. Pre-operative expenses Rs. 10,00,000 Total Cost (2-6) Rs. 4,72,76,000 55

Recurring expenditure (in lakhs) For 30,000 broiler parent Sno. Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1 Purchase of parents 2 Consumption of feed 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 34.5 72 175.5 175.5 175.5 175.5 3 Medicine cost 8.4 16.8 16.8 16.8 16.8 4 Vaccine cost 2.66 10 10 10 10 5 Packing material 6 Outward expenses(carr iage cost) 2.66 10 10 10 10 3.20 11.99 11.99 11.99 11.99 7 Selling 18.65 69.95 69.95 69.95 69.95 8 Overheads 42.5 62.5 85.39 85.39 85.39 9 Interest 58.5 55.82 46.27 36.71 27.16 10 Depreciation 36.96 36.96 36.96 36.96 36.96 Total 280.03 484.02 497.36 487.81 478.25 56

Model Projects and Economics of Poultry Farming For 10,000 commercial broilers bimonthly S.No. Particulars Cost(Rs) 1 Land Nil 2 Buildings 9,17,750 3 Plant & Machinery 58,000 4 Equipment 1,00,000 5 Electrical installations 32,000 6 Salaries 11,000 7 Growing chick cost 7,96,000 Grand Total 19,14,750 57

Building (Rs) Poultry shed 8,00,000 Bore well 15,000 Feed plant 90,000 Workers 12,750 Total 9,17,750 Plant & Machinersy (Rs) Pumpset& pipeling 28,000 Overhead Tank 30,000 Total 58,000 Equipment (Rs) Feeder & waterers 1,00,000 Electrical installations & fixtures (Rs) Electrical 12,000 Furnitures 20,000 Total 32,000 Chick & Medicine (Rs) Chick cost 1,30,000 Feed cost 6,46,000 Medicne 20,000 Total 7,96,000 For 10,000 commercial broilers 58

Profit & Loss account For 10,000 commercial broilers (bimonthly) Sno. Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 1 Income Sale of broiler Sale of gunny bags Sale of manure Total 2 Expenditure Chick cost Feed cost Medicine cost Salaries Overheads Interest Depreciation Total 2781475 24320 24000 2829795 780000 1938000 105000 43200 22000 115330 89288 3092818 3337770 24320 24000 3386090 780000 1938000 105000 43200 22000 104520 78404 3071124 3337770 24320 24000 3386090 780000 1938000 105000 43200 22000 75688 69339 3033227 3337770 24320 24000 3386090 780000 1938000 105000 43200 22000 46856 61749 2996805 3337770 24320 24000 3386090 780000 1938000 105000 43200 22000 18024 55356 2961580 3 Net Credit -- 263023 314966 352863 389285 424510 4 Opening stock of birds Closing stock of birds Profit before taxation Provision for taxation Total 0 255167-7856 0-7856 255167 255167 314966 78742 2336224 255167 255167 352863 88216 264647 255167 255167 389285 97322 291963 255167 255167 424510 106128 59 318382

Model Projects For Vanaraja commercials S.No. Particulars Cost(Rs) 1 Land Nil 2 Buildings 5000 4 Equipment 1500 5 Electrical installations 1500 Chick cost 15000 Total non-recurring expenses 23000 60

Capital cost statement For Vanaraja commercials Sl. No. Particulars Quantity (sft) Rate Land -- -- Nil Buildings Brooder shed (deep litter) Stores Total Equipment Feeder & waterers Exhaust fans Total 1000 25 3000 Lumpsum 150 350 Total 4,50,000 8750 4,58,750 30 90,000 1000 91,000 Electrical Installations 6500 61

Profit & Loss statement For Vanaraja commercials Sl. No. Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total 1 Purchase of chicks (10000/yr) 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 7.50 2 Feed cost 2.47 2.50 2.60 2.75 2.80 13.12 3 Medicine cost 0.06 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.38 4 Vaccination cost 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.90 5 Miscellaneous 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.50 Labour 1.40 1.40 1.40 1.50 1.50 10.20 Total 5.71 5.81 5.96 6.26 6.36 30.10 Depreciation 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 3.50 Total RC Anticipated recpts 6.41 6.51 6.66 6.96 7.06 33.60 62

Sl. No. Recurring expenditure For Vanaraja commercials Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total 1 Sale of grown up chicks 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.00 7.00 35.00 2 Sale of manure 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.50 3 Sale of empty bags 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.30 4 Total 7.16 7.16 7.16 7.16 7.16 35.80 63

IT & E-Governance solutions Citizen charter Disease management through mobile phone Monthly, Half-yearly & Annual reports monitoring through emails 64

Robust supply chain management Rural Poultry Commercial Poultry 65

Robust supply chain management Rural Poul DPR, Hyderabad Poultry Seed Project Durg Vet. Col. Mohanpur, WBUAFS BAU, Patna Sikkim Nagaland Manipur Mukteswar Kashmir Port Blair Goa Hosur, TN SAHD ICAR Instt KVKs SAU/SVU AICRP on PB KVASU, Mannuthy KVAFSU, Bangaluru OUAT, Bhubaneswar BAU, Ranchi AAU, Guwahati CARI, Izatnagar GADVASU, Ludhiana MPUAT, Udaipur HPKVV, Palampur ICAR, Agartala Vety Univ., Jabalpur AAU, Anand 66

Robust supply chain management

Commercial Poultry Robust supply chain management Private Hatchery / Pure line breeder / ICAR Instt. Having -- Pure lines / GP / Parent lines Parents Commercials Parent Breeders Poultry Farmers Commercials 68

Contract Farming\ Since 1995 Robust supply chain management Private Hatchery / Pure line breeder / ICAR Instt. Having -- Pure lines / GP / Parent lines Parents Chicks (DOC) Feed Medicines Vaccines Commercials Parent Breeders Poultry Farmers Commercials Chicken Eggs 69

Chicken products / bye-products Chicken Eggs Egg shell powder Poultry Manure etc. Robust supply chain management Production centre Mainly Urban, peri-urban areas, big towns --- Commercial farmers (huge numbers) Hyderabad, Vijaywada, Namakkal, Punjab, Haryana, etc. Odhisa, WB, Assam, all NEH states, Jharkhand etc. 70

INNOVATIVE PRACTICE 71

Propagation Model Hatching eggs PD on poultry (Nodal Agency) RURAL GERMPLASM Grown up chicks 4/6 wk Small farmers Hatchery Indigenous hen Day old chicks Consultancy KVK NGO AHD SIRD DWACRA Nursery Unit NGO or individuals Grown up chicks 4/6 wk VANARAJA Rural farmer/house hold

Work Plan Gramapriya DPR, Hyderabad Vanaraja Report Supply Parent DOC Centres Parent rearing Fertile eggs DOC Nursery/ 4/5 weeks Feed Back (SRF/JRF) Farmers

Scenario in A & N Islands

About A & N Islands Total area - 8,073 sq. km Southern India 572 Islands----- 34 are inhabited Population -- Mini India

Egg production in A & N Islands A & N Islands Year 2010 11 (in millions) Fowls Ducks Total Eggs Year 2011 12 (in millions) Fowls Ducks Total Eggs Year 2012-13 (in millions) Total eggs 62.7 4.5 67.2 72.7 5.3 78 74.13 AP (United) Tamil Nadu West Bengal 20128 -- 20128 21210 -- 21210 22297 11514 -- 11514 11852 -- 11852 11933 2854 1140 3994 3129 1214 4343 4711 76

Information about poultry population 2011-12 in no. per year A & N Islands Rural (R) (in millions) Urban (U) (in millions) Total (R + U) (in millions) Per capita availability Egg (in mil) 2012-13 estimated 1.15 0.01 1.16 137 74.13 AP 159.2 2.14 161.33 164 22297 Tamil Nadu West Bengal 105.9 11.4 117.35 251 11933 51.1 1.7 52.84 48 4712 All India 62 77

Information on Backyard poultry Census 2012 State No. of house hold owning birds in rural areas Backyard poultry (in millions) A & N Islands 68713 0.623 AP 14.98 millions 28.77 Tamil Nadu 10.46 millions 13.45 West Bengal 14.48 millions 22.82 78

Major Challenges for commercial poultry in A & N Islands Geographical barrier Transport facility -- Moderate Purchasing power of common man Marketing network -- Poor Water & Electricity Not sufficient

Opportunities Commercial Rural Towns Conducive for rural poultry Majority are nonvegetarian Organic farming Islands 80

What we have? SAHD CARI KVKs Poultry Seed Project centre RKVY support? 81

Present scenario of A & N Islands Total poultry population = 9,71,335 Poultry population (under backyard) = 3,61,090 Improved = 12,475 Desi = 3,48,615 Per capita consumption of eggs = 140 Per capita consumption of poultry meat = 1.62 kg ----? Human population = about 4.25 lakhs Total Poultry meat = 648 t/ annum -- requirement = 1774 t/ann Total egg production = 672 lakhs / annum Source : DAHD ; Kundu & Sujatha, 2012

Per capita availability of eggs in Andaman & India during 2007-08 to 2010-11

Road map for Chicken in A & N Islands Conservation Diff. Islands Propagation Propagation Genetic Improvement Variety development

Indigenous chicken ------- Conservation / Genetic Resource Management Nicobari Frizzle Naked neck Ducks Non-descript Desi Introduced Chara Chambelli Khaki Campbell

Genetic enhancement Conventional breeding Molecular breeding alone Conventional breeding along with molecular genomic information

KEY AREAS Improved parent germplasm - availability Training & Awareness Breeder farm Commercial Rural Control of emerging & reemerging diseases Marketing channels Basic facilities and infrastructures Biosecurity 87

Species of Poultry CHICKEN - most popular (95% Egg Production ) DUCK - constitute 6% of poultry population & 3% of egg production (WB, Assam, Kerala, AP, TN & A&N) Other species insignificant (quails, turkeys, ostriches, emus, guinea fowls etc.)

Diversified Poultry Japanese quail introduced in CARI, Izatnagar, in 1974 under UNDP programme. Turkey introduced in India by Christian missionaries in the 18 th century. Guinea fowl were introduced into the Indian sub-continent during mediaeval period.

Duck Production Duck farming in India is mostly under extensive rearing pattern and mostly reared for eggs, but also consumed as meat. The States of West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa have duck population. During 2010-11 the Duck population was 14.57 million Egg production was 1.60 billion during 2010 11 Broiler ducks have good market in Kerala and Western Tamil Nadu

Future Opportunities Increasing population & increasing demand Growing awareness on nutritious food Increasing per capita income and changing food habits Wider market for chicken (than beef or pork) Low cost animal protein source to middle and lower income groups. Unexploited export opportunities Challenges HPAI (Bird Flu?) Emerging and re-emerging diseases and lack of early warning mechanisms Rising cost of feed ingredients Welfare issues Environmental Issues Food Safety

Thank You

Japanese Quail 1. Requires less rearing space 1 sq.ft. floor space -- sufficient to rear 5 broiler quails. 2. Low input high output farming Requires less fixed investment for housing and equipment 3. Return on investment in a short period of 5 weeks. 4. More disease resistance than chicken - does not require any vaccination

Japanese Quail Meat Type: Market Age (d) : 5 6 weeks Market Weight (g) : 200 250 g Feed Efficiency : 2.4 2.6 Livability (%) : 88 92 Egg Type: Age at Maturity (d) : 40 45 days Egg Weight (g) : 9-12 g Egg No. (7 45) : 200 220 / yr Total Hatchability(%) : 68-75

Turkey is reared for meat purpose only. Turkey farming is becoming popular in southern parts of India especially Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, Varieties available in the country is Beltsville mini, medium and large variety. Market age : 12 14 wk Market weight Male : 3.00 3.25 kg Female : 2.25 2.50 kg Floor space 0-4 weeks : 450 cm 2 5-14 weeks : 1350-1800 cm 2 Feed efficiency : 3.8 4.0 Livability : 90 92% Turkey Farming

Guinea Fowl Production Guinea fowls are reared in backyards of farm houses and of late, they are also preferred for meat. Variety Pearl, Lavender & White Mostly pearl variety is reared, though grey and lavender are not uncommon. ASM : 24 27 wk Egg Number : 170 / yr Total hatchability: 76 78% Livability : 96 98% Market Age : 12 weeks Market weight : 950 g Feed efficiency : 3.2 3.4