Dredging and Threatened/Endangered Species in the Southeastern US

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Dredging and Threatened/Endangered Species in the Southeastern US DENA DICKERSON ERDC, Environmental Lab U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg, Mississippi

Southeastern US

Southeastern US USACE DISTRICTS Norfolk (NAN) Wilmington (SAW) Galveston (SWG) New Orleans (MVN) Mobile (SAM) Jacksonville (SAJ) Charleston (SAC) Savannah (SAS)

DREDGING ACTIVITIES IN WATER ON SHORE

Bucket or Clamshell

Cutterhead

Hopper Trailing Suction

26 Federal TE Species Potentially Impacted during Dredging Projects in the Southeastern US Beach jacquemontia (E) Seabeach amaranth (T) Stag horn coral (T) Elkhorn coral (T) Piping plover (T) Alabama red-bellied turtle (E) Kemp s ridley sea turtle (E) Hawksbill sea turtle (E) Leatherback sea turtle (E) Green sea turtle (E/T) Loggerhead sea turtle (T) Olive ridley sea turtle (T) Anastasia Island beach mouse (E) Southeastern beach mouse (T) West Indian manatee (E) North Atlantic right whale (E) Humpback whale (E) Blue whale (E) Fin whale (E) Sei whale (E) Sperm whale (E) Shortnose sturgeon (E) Atlantic sturgeon (Pending) Gulf sturgeon (T) Pallid sturgeon (E) Smalltooth sawfish (E)

26 Federal TE Species Potentially Impacted during Dredging Projects in the Southeastern US Limited Distribution (7) Beach jacquemontia (E) Seabeach amaranth (T) Stag horn coral (T) Elkhorn coral (T) Piping plover (T) Alabama red-bellied turtle (E) Kemp s ridley sea turtle (E) Hawksbill sea turtle (E) Leatherback sea turtle (E) Green sea turtle (E/T) Loggerhead sea turtle (T) Olive ridley sea turtle (T) Anastasia Island beach mouse (E) Southeastern beach mouse (T) West Indian manatee (E) North Atlantic right whale (E) Humpback whale (E) Blue whale (E) Fin whale (E) Sei whale (E) Sperm whale (E) Shortnose sturgeon (E) Atlantic sturgeon (Pending) Gulf sturgeon (T) Pallid sturgeon (E) Smalltooth sawfish (E)

Beach Plants Federal T/E Species SAJ SAC SAW Beach Jacquemontia (E) X Seabeach Amaranth (T) X X Beach Jacquemontia Seabeach Amaranth Photo: Geroge K. Rogers www.plantbook.org

Corals Federal T/E Species Staghorn Coral (Acropora cervicornis) (T) Elkhorn Coral (Acropora palmata) (T) SAJ X X Staghorn Coral Elkhorn Coral Photo: Wikipedia Photo: Wikipedia

Beach Mammals Federal T/E Species Anastasia Island Beach Mouse (E) Southeastern Beach Mouse (T) SAJ X X Anastasia Isl. Beach Mouse Southeastern Beach Mouse Photo: Florida DEP Photo: USFWS Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge

Freshwater Turtle Federal T/E Species Alabama Red-Bellied Turtle (E) SAM X Alabama Red-Bellied Turtle Photo: Bill Summerour

26 Federal TE Species Potentially Impacted during Dredging Projects in the Southeastern US Widespread Distribution (19) Beach jacquemontia (E) Seabeach amaranth (T) Stag horn coral (T) Elkhorn coral (T) Piping plover (T) Alabama red-bellied turtle (E) Kemp s ridley sea turtle (E) Hawksbill sea turtle (E) Leatherback sea turtle (E) Green sea turtle (E/T) Loggerhead sea turtle (T) Olive ridley sea turtle (T) Anastasia Island beach mouse (E) Southeastern beach mouse (T) West Indian manatee (E) North Atlantic right whale (E) Humpback whale (E) Blue whale (E) Fin whale (E) Sei whale (E) Sperm whale (E) Shortnose sturgeon (E) Atlantic sturgeon (Pending) Gulf sturgeon (T) Pallid sturgeon (E) Smalltooth sawfish (E)

Piping Plover Federal T/E Species SWG MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN Piping Plover (T) X X X X X X X X Piping Plover Photo: USFWS

Smalltooth sawfish Federal T/E Species SWG MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN Smalltooth Sawfish (E) (x) (x) (x) X (x) (x) (x) (x) Photo: USFWS

Marine Mammals Federal T/E Species SWG MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN West Indian Manatee (E) (x) (x) X X X (x) (x) (x) West Indian Manatee Photo: Dena Dickerson Photo: Dena Dickerson

Nearshore Whales Federal T/E Species SWG MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN North Atlantic Right Whale (E) X X X X X Humpback Whale (E) (x) (x) (x) X X X X X Photo: Wikipedia North Atlantic Right Whale Humpback whale Photo: Chris Slay Photo: Wikipedia

Nearshore Whales

Offshore Whales Federal T/E Species SWG MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN Blue Whale (E) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) Fin Whale (E) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) Sei Whale (E) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) Sperm Whale (E) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) Blue Whale Fin Whale Photo: Mike Johnson Photo: Wikipedia Sei Whale Sperm Whale Photo: www.mainwhales.com Photo: NationalGeographic.com

Sturgeon Federal T/E Species MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN Shortnose Sturgeon (E) (x) X X X X Atlantic Sturgeon (Federal Listing Pending) Gulf Sturgeon (T) X X X (x) X X X X Pallid Sturgeon (E) X

Atlantic and Gulf Coast Sturgeon Shortnose Sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) Photo NMFS Atlantic Sturgeon (Federal Listing Pending) (Acipenser o. oxyrinchus) Gulf Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi) Photo Fishes of Alabama and the Mobile Basin

Atlantic & Gulf Coast Sturgeon Kkkkkkkkkkkkkk jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj

Inland Sturgeon (Rare or Uncommon) Pallid Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) Photo J Hoover Alabama Sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus suttkusi) Photo USFWS

Inland Sturgeon The Lake Sturgeon is Presumed Extirpated in AL, LA, MS, NC, ND, WV. The Shovelnose Sturgeon is Presumed Extirpated in AL, NM, OH, PA, WV.

Dredging Impacts to Sturgeon From NMFS Biological Opinions Entrain adults, juveniles, larvae, eggs Bury sturgeon, eggs, habitat Disrupt migration Disturb spawning, foraging, refuge areas Destroy benthic food resources Release contaminated toxins

Take Incidental Take Art by J Hoover

Sea Turtles Federal T/E Species SWG MVN SAM SAJ SAS SAC SAW NAN Kemp s Ridley Sea Turtle (E) X X X X X X X X Loggerhead Sea Turtle (T) X X X X X X X X Green Sea Turtle (E/T) X X X X X X X X Leatherback Sea Turtle (E) X X X X X X X X Hawksbill Sea Turtle (E) X X X X X (x) (x) (x) Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (T) X

Southeastern US Sea Turtles Kemp s ridley Loggerhead Green Leatherback Hawksbill Olive ridley

Dredging Impacts to Sea Turtles On Shore Impacts In Water Impacts Entrain adults, subadults, juveniles Disrupt nesting activities Destroy nests and nesting habitat

77+ sites monitored Dredge Observer Program Sea Turtles Sturgeon Manatees Whales

Documented Takes by Dredges 693 Sea Turtles 1980-2011 (31.5 years) 34 Sturgeon 1990-2011 (21.5 years)

34 Documented Sturgeon Takes by Dredges (1990-2011) 3 Sturgeon Species 11 21 2 Shortnose Atlantic Gulf

693 Documented Sea Turtles Takes by Dredges (1980-2011) 3 Sea Turtle Species (61 Unknown) 467 84 74 Loggerhead Green Kemp s ridley

FY10 Sea Turtle Dredge Takes Atlantic (NC - FL) Loggerheads Kemp s Greens Hawksbill Total Allotted 35 7 7 2 51 FY10 1 1 4 0 6 Remained 34 6 3 2 45 US Gulf CW R CW R CW R CW R Allotted 32 8 16 4 11 3 3 1 78 FY10 1 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 8 Remained 31 5 13 4 10 3 3 1 70 CW=Civil Works; R=Regulatory Total FY10 Takes 14

Methods used to minimize dredging impacts on T/E species include.

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