Overview of Disease Testing: What Test for What Purpose for Major Diseases

Overview of Disease Testing: What Test for What Purpose for Major Diseases Cindy Wolf, DVM University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine for American Sheep Industry - January 2014

What s a major disease? One of perceived or real importance to you Influenced by: flock type/goals geographic/climatic conditions buying practices and biosecurity program existing known diseases diagnostic efforts One of importance to your customers One that has cost your operation $ or has real potential to create losses

What should you test for? Answer may depend on what you do with your sheep, i.e. do you sell breeding stock, commercial lambs/wool, sheep for research Answer is influenced by opinions, perception, data-driven reality & how will you use the results will they change how you operate? Is the disease affecting your profitability? If introduced to a naïve population, does it have potential to affect your profitability?

Parasitology

Great comprehensive information on doing Quantitative Fecal Egg Counts (synonyms-fec or McMasters) http://www.scsrpc.org/scsrpc/publications/part6.htm We are often asked to train producers on how to do their own FEC due to cost and convenience. Be sure to validate your technique with an expert to trust your results. Visit www.acsrpc.org website frequently to stay current!

Free presentation describing worm tests http://wdiagnosticsww.slideshare.net/schoeni an/worm- Above site provides guidance of interpretation of FEC, when to intervene based on counts One producer s approach to selecting parasite-resistant sheep @ http://www.acsrpc.org/resources/pdf/bluepr intforselection.pdf

Newish Practical Test in NZ named CARLA http://youtu.be/yp8zpnoc1zi Available only in New Zealand Though doing research worldwide $12.50 NZD per test Major limitation: ensuring animals get good larval challenge

Parasitology- California Tests Specimen Type Container/ Shipping Parasitology Fecal Exam- McMasters 10gm Feces minimum required Sealed Container Fee In state Turnaround/Labs 10.50 each 3-4 days/ Tulare & Turlock http://www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu/lab_tests/

Parasitology-Texas (TVMDL) Tests Specimen Type Fee In state Fee Outstate Feces McMasters egg/gm count 3-5 gm $12.00 for first (1) animal(s) $6.00/ for each additional animal(s) $14.40 $12.00 Location College Station run M-F results in 5 days Amarillo run M-F results same day http://tvmdl.tamu.edu/tests_services/index.php?dept=s&submit=search

Parasitology- Minnesota Tests Fee Specimen: Shipping Container:/Coolant: Quantitative Fecal Egg Count 23.25 (10 or more samples 17.00 ea) 15 gm or 3 tablespoons of fresh feces Leak-proof container/ Frozen gel packs Days Tested: M-F 1-2 bus. days Turnaround time http://www.cvm.umn.edu/vdl/ourservices/parasitology/home.html#qfe

Parasitology- UGa Tests Fee Specimen: Turnaround:/Site: Egg Load (McMasters) In State 7.00 5 gm as fresh as possible; 1-2 days/athens-par Out Not fixed; 7.00 Ship on ice http://dlab.vet.uga.edu/labsportal/webportalcatalog/list?offset=60&max=30&sort=a gent&order=asc Take home message-there is price variability between labs.

DrenchRite DrenchRite Larval Development Assay used to detect dewormer resistance Has specific requirements i.e. pooled sample from 10 animals, > 500 epg, remove air from sample and protect from weather extremes, send overnight express, $450 Call Ms. Sue Howell or Mr. Bob Storey 706.542.0742 prior to sending jscb@uga.edu

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)

OPP ELISA - WSU to detect antibody 2 OPP virus infection Tests Serology Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (ELISA) - See Small Ruminant Lentivirus (CAE/OPP) Specimen Type Fee In state Serum, 1ml 4.20 6.30 Fee Outstate http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/depts_waddl/immunodx.aspx

OPP/MVV ELISA - Minnesota Tests Fee Specimen: Shipping Container:/Coolant: Serology OPP MVV Elitest (ELISA) 6.00 1mL serum Tube/frozen gel packs Days Tested: M,W,Th 2-5 bus. days Turnaround Time OPP (AGID) 5.25 1mL serum Tube/frozen gel packs Days Tested: M-W 2-4 bus. days Turnaround time http://www.cvm.umn.edu/vdl/ourservices/home.html

OPP Genetic Susceptibility Testing

Red Top (Serum tubes) for testing for infection Purple Top (Whole Blood) for genetic susceptibility testing

OPP or Scrapie Genetic Susceptibility Testing FTA Card Purple top tube=whole blood

FTA Card Also called blood spot card Can get blood from sterile needle & syringe or ear prick DNA in blood fixed to filter paper forever so can send via mail at convenient time To avoid microbial growth that secretes enzymes which degrade DNA: 1. Allow blood to completely dry before closing card 2. Don t apply too much blood---slow drying

FTA Cards

Hair Card for genetic susceptibility testing Pluck 25-30 coarse hairs with roots(bulb) attached and place them inside adhesive layer of collection card DNA is within the hair roots Easier for many producers to collect than blood Most commonly used for cattle but works with sheep

Caseous Lymphadenitis

Caseous Lymphadenitis Testing (CL, CLA, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis) 1) grow the bacteria or 2) test serum for recent vaccination response or present/past infection Tests Bacteriology Aerobic Culture Serology Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis antibody SHI Specimen Type Swab, fluid, tissue Container/Shipping Fee In state Cool 15.90 Serum, 1ml RTT or serum/cool 7.30 http://www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu/lab_tests/

Caseous Lymphadenitis-Texas (TVMDL). Tests Specimen Type Fee In state Fee Outstate Serology Caseous lymphadenitis screen (SHI) Caseous lymphadenitis titer (SHI) 1 cc serum. NOTE: Specimens that test positive will be titered at extra cost unless "screen only" is specified. Serum, 1mL $7.20 for each animal(s) $9.60 for each animal(s) Location $12.00 College Station $14.40 College Station http://tvmdl.tamu.edu/tests_services/index.php?dept=s&submit=search

Johnes Disease

Johnes- UGa Tests Fee Specimen: Turnaround:/Site: In/Out Johnes (Culture) 25.00 Fresh tissues or Feces 2-8 wks/tipton-bact Johnes ELISA 7/8 Serum 1-4 days/tipton-sero; Athens- Ser Johnes PCR 32/50 Tissue or Feces 2-5/Tipton-Bact; Athens-Mol Johnes Culture Pool of 5 35.00 Feces 2-8 wks/tipton -Bact http://dlab.vet.uga.edu/labsportal/webportalcatalog/list?offset=60&max=30&sort=ag ent&order=asc Testing for this disease is a whole talk by itself, which test you chose depends on what you are trying to accomplish-individual diagnosis, flock screening, individual screening.

Pneumonia

Pneumonia Washington State College of Veterinary Medicine In-State Out-State Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae Price for each sample < 4 samples Price for each sample > 4 samples 36.80 25.00 55.20 37.50 http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/depts_waddl/immunodx.aspx

Footrot Diagnosis by Examination

Brucella ovis Epididymitis

B. ovis- California Tests Specimen Type Container/Shipping Fee In state Serology Brucella ovis antibody ELISA (sheep) Serum, 1ml RTT or serum/cool 8.80 http://www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu/lab_tests/

What should you test for? Answer may depend on what you do with your sheep, i.e. do you sell breeding stock, commercial lambs/wool, sheep for research Answer is influenced by opinions, perception, data-driven reality & how will you use the results will they change how you operate? Is the disease affecting your profitability? If introduced to a naïve population, does it have potential to affect your profitability?

Washington State- College of Veterinary Medicine Testing Caprine/Ovine Abortion Profile: In state Out state -BVD (VN) -Toxoplasma (IFA) -Q-fever (ELISA) -Brucella abortus (3% Card) -Chlamydia (This is a send out upon request for an additional fee) Caprine/Ovine Biosecurity Screen: -Small Ruminant Lentivirus (CAE/OPP) (ELISA) -CL (SHI) -Johne's (ELISA) Caprine/Ovine Respiratory Profile: -IBR (VN) -BVD (VN) -PI3 (VN) -BRSV (VN) -Small Ruminant Lentivirus (CAE/OPP) (ELISA) 19.30 w/out Chlamydia 14.70 22.05 21.00 31.50 28.95 w/out Chlamydia http://www.vetmed.wsu.edu/depts_waddl/immunodx.aspx

California Animal Health Food Safety testing Test Name Specimen Type Container/S hipping Fee (in state) Abortion Antibody Panel [BTC, C. burnetii, Lepto-5, Toxoplasma, Brucella 3% (goat); B. ovis, BDV (sheep)] Serum 1 ml RTT (red top tube) or serum/cool 31.70 Respiratory antibody panel (BDV, OPP/CAE, BTV, P13) Serum, 1 ml RTT or serum/cool 31.70 http://www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu/lab_tests/

TVMDL Testing Caprine/Ovine Abortion Profile: B. abortus (CD), Bluetongue (AGID), Chlamydia (CF), L. canicola, L. grippo, L. hardjo, L. ictero, L. pomona (MAT), Q. Fever (EL), Toxoplasma IgG (IFA) $58.60/for first (1) animal(s) $46.80/for each additional animal(s) $62.40 $58.80 http://tvmdl.tamu.edu/tests_services/index.php?dept=s&submit=search

Scrapie

Use FTA card or whole blood from purple top tube for Scrapie genotyping

Scrapie- USDA Approved Laboratories for Genotype Testing www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_diseases/s crapie/app-labs-genotype-test.shtml Colorado Department of Agriculture Rocky Mountain Regional Animal Health Laboratory 2331 West 31st Avenue Denver, CO 80211 Contact: Tiffany Brigner, Microbiologist Phone: 303-477-0049 Fax: 303-458-7857 Colorado Department of Agriculture Web Site Gene Check, Inc. 1175 58th Ave. Suite 100 Greeley, CO 80634 Contact: Tresea Briggs Phone: 970-472-9951 Fax: 970-472-9956 http://www.genecheck.com GeneSeek, Inc. 4711 Innovation Dr. Lincoln, NE 68521 Contact: Mr. Abe Oommen Phone: 402-435-0665 Fax: 402-435-0664 http://www.geneseek.com

Bluetongue

Bluetongue- California Tests Biotechnology Blue Tongue virus qrt PCR (fluids) Specimen Type 1ml whole blood Container/Shipping Purple stopper EDTA tube/cool Fee In state 24.80 BlueTongue virus qrt PCR (tissue) Tissue Cool 41.80 Serology Blue Tongue Virus antibody (celisa) Blue Tongue Virus antibody AGID (export) Serum, 1ml RTT or serum/cool 6.80 Serum, 1ml RTT or serum/cool 9.60 http://www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu/lab_tests/

Bluetongue-Texas (TVMDL) Tests Serology Specimen Type Fee In state Bluetongue (AGID) Serum, 1ml 6.00 for first (1) animal(s) $4.80 for each additional animal(s) Bluetongue (celisa) Serum, 1mL 6.00 for first (1) animal(s) $4.80 for each additional animal(s) Fee Outstate $7.20 $6.00 $7.20 $6.00 Location College Station & Amarillo College Station & Amarillo http://tvmdl.tamu.edu/tests_services/index.php?dept=s&submit=search

Q fever Coxiella burnetii Sheep Placenta infected with C. burnetii

Q fever- California Tests Specimen Type Container/Shipping Fee In state Serology Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Antibody ELISA Serum, milk, plasma, 1ml http://www.cahfs.ucdavis.edu/lab_tests/ RTT or serum/cool 11.00 This test is used to indicate exposure or infection.

Tests Serology Q Fever (ELISA) Q fever-texas (TVMDL) gives more detailed information regarding stage of infection Specimen Type 1 cc serum, plasma Fee In state $10.00 for each animal(s) Q Fever Phase 1 and 2 (CF) 1 cc serum $18.00 for each animal(s) Q fever screen for Phase 1,2 (IFA) Q fever titer for Phase 1,2 (IFA) Screen test required before titration. Screen charges will also apply. 1 cc serum $12.00 for each animal(s) 1 cc serum 18.00 + $6.00 accession fee Fee Outstate Location $12.00 College Station Amarillo $22.00 College Station Amarillo $18.00 College Station 24.00 + $7.50 accession fee College Station http://tvmdl.tamu.edu/tests_services/index.php?dept=s&submit=search

Important Details This presentation doesn t include every laboratories tests or every test for every disease. It is common to use regional labs. Veterinary practitioners have additional costs in sample preparation, shipping and interpretation of results. Sending stable samples by FedEx ground can save cost.

How can your veterinarian help with your flock s health Producers need their veterinarians to: Review their disease control program Recommend number of animals to test Help interpret lab test results Review control program s progress *Remember a veterinarian visits lots of farms and see what works and what doesn t, better than Dr. Google can!

Questions