Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (5) 35, -5 Brief reports Heat stability of the antimicrobial activity of sixty-two antibacterial agents Walter H. Traub and Birgit Leonhard Institut fur Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitat des Saarlandes, Haus 3, D -66 Homburg/Saar, Germany Sixty-two antimicrobial agents, including several combinations, were examined for stability at 56 C for 30min and C for 5min, respectively. A microtiter broth dilution test and an agar disk diffusion test served to test each chemo-agent for residual antimicrobial activity. Eleven drugs were partially heat-labile (s raised four- to eight-fold after autoclaving) and 6 drugs were heat-labile (s raised > 6-fold following autoclaving); the remainder proved heat-stable (s raised < two-fold after autoclaving). Surprisingly, the /?-lactams, azlocillin, aztreonam, mezlocillin, and oxacillin, were remarkably heat-stable. Introduction In a recent study sera from patients in early convalescence from systemic Acinetobacter baumannii infection were tested for opsonizing antibodies against homologous isolates (Traub, Leonhard & Bauer, ). Most sera contained antibacterials as determined by a simple agar diffusion method (Traub & Leonhard, ) and conventional heatinactivation at 56 C for 30min failed to inactivate the antibacterial activity in the majority of cases. Therefore, a systematic study was undertaken to determine the heat-lability as opposed to heat-stability of a large number of antimicrobials. Bacterial strains Materials and methods The following strains were employed: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 53, 5. aureus ATCC 3, Escherichia coli ATCC 5, E. coli ATCC 35, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. Downloaded from http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of California, San Diego on December, 03 Media Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) and broth (MHB), brain heart infusion broth (BHIB), and Tryptic Soy agar (TSA) were purchased from Difco Laboratories (Detroit, MI). The bacterial strains were maintained on TSA slants at C (bimonthly transfers) and, for backup purposes, in a mixture of volume of BHIB plus volume of bovine serum without additives (Behringwerke AG, Marburg, Germany) at 65 C. 03-753/5/00 + 06 $0.00/0 5 The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Antimicrobial Amikacin Amoxycillin Amoxycillin in mg/l clavulanic acid Ampicillin Ampicillin in 0 mg/l sulbactam Azlocillin Aztrconam Carbemcillin Ccfamandole Cefazolin Cephalothin Cefixime Cefotaximc Cefotiam Cefoxitin Ccfpirome Ccftazidime Ccflizoximc Ccftriaxone Ccfuroximc Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxactn Clarithromycin Clavulanic acid Oindamycin Coumermycin Doxycycline Erythromycin Fojfomycin in 5 mg/l G-6-P* Fusidic acid 5. aureus ATCC 53 RT 56 <OI5 <OI5 < 6 6 «; < 0 5 <OI5 <O5 < CO-5 I 6 6 <0 5 <0 5 COI5 6 3 5*56 Jc56 5*56 ^56 5*56 6 J.56 <OI5 Table I. s of antibacterials after heat-treatment at 50 c C for 30min or C for I5min S aureus ATCC 3 RT 56 <0 5 6 6 0 5 3 <OI5 <0 5 <O5 <OI5 6 6 3 < COI5 6 6 5»56 5*56 5*56 5*56 5*56 >56 6 >56 <0 5 RT E. <OI5 6 6 <OI5 <O5 <O5 CO-5 < < <O5 3 3 6 3 5*56 coli ATC 5 56 6 «;0 5 6 <OI5 <O5 <O5 < <0 5 < 3 3 6 6 i56 3 6 6 6 5*56 5*56 5*56 6 J.56 5*56 6 3 3 >56 <0 5 3 J.56 >56 S56 RT * 6 E. <OI5 3 <O5 <O5 <0 5 <0 5 <OI5 <0 5 <0 5 3 3 3 3 >56 om http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of California, San Diego on December, 03 coli ATCC 56 <OI5 6 3 <OI5 <O5 < < <0 5 CO 5 6 <0 5 3 3 3 3 >56 35 Jt56 >56 <0 5 >56 >56 >56 Jt56 >56 3 6 6 >56 <OI5 3 >56 6 6 6 >56 >56 RT <0 5 <OI5 <OI5 C0-I5 < 6 0 5 <O-I5 <OI5 <O5 <O-I5 <O5 6 < <O5 B. sublilis ATCC 6633 > inhibition zones (mm) 56 RT 56 < <OI5 <OI5 <OI5 < 6 <OI5 <0 5 < <OI5 <OI5 3 <OI5 <OI5 < <0 5 <OI5 6 6 3 3 3 3 >S6 >56 5*56 6 6 <0 5 <OI5 >56 7 6 7 7 0 3 7 33 0 3 7 7 5 3 3 7 7 5 6 6 6 0 0 3 6 3 0 7 6 3 3 6 7 5 0 7 3 3 6 7 7
Gentamicin Imipenem Jojamycin Kanamycin Lalamoxcf Meropenem Mcthicillin Mczlocillm Mupirocin Nalidixk acid Nclilmicin Nitrofurantoin Norfloxacin Novobiocin Ofloxaan Oxacillin Penicillin G Piperacillin Pipcracillin + tazobactam : Polymyxin B Rifampicin Sulbaclam Tazobactam Teicoplanin Tcmocillin Tctracycline Ticarcillin Ticarcillin in mg/l clavulank acid Tobramycin Trimethoprim Co-lrimoxazole Vancomycinm <OI5 < <OI5 6 <OI5 <OI5 3 <OI5 6 >56 006/ <O5 <O5 <OI5 6 <OI5 <OI5 I 3 <OI5 6 >56 0/ -3 <0 5!>56 >56 6 <OI5 6 6 6 < >56 >56 3 0 5 0/ 3 <OI5 <O5 6 3 <OI5 6 _ / -5 G-6-P = glucose-6-phosphatc. *, data not prejenlcd as strains were highly resistant. RT. No treatment; 56-56 C for 30 min; - II C for 5 min. <O5 < 6 3 < 6 / -5 >56 >56 3 6 3 6 3 6 6 <OI5 3 / -5 0 5 <OI5 <O5 < < <0 5 6 6 0 / -3 <O5 <0 5 <OI5 <OI5 <O5 3 3 0/ 3 >56 5>56 0 5 3 <OI5 <OI5 6 3 6 6 5*56 3 0/ 3 <O5 <O5 6 <0 5 6 <OI5 <OI5 3 >56 / -5 m http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of California, San Diego on December, 03 <0 5 <0 5 6 <0 5 6 <O5 <O5 3 Je56 6 / 5 >56 >56 3 < <OI5 3 6 >56 J»56 6 >56 >56 / 5 <OI5 <OI5 <OI5 <O5 <OI5 <OI5 < < <OI5 <OI5 < 6 6 <0 5 < 0 5 < < < <0-03/ 0-6 <OI5 <OI5 <OI5 <OI5 <OI5 <0 5 <0 5 6 <0 5 <0 5 < <OI5 3 6 <OI5 <OI5 < <OI5 <0 5 006/ - <OI5 >56 <O5 >56 <OI5 3 <OI5 <OI5 6 6 <O5 6 6 3 <0 5 «;o 5 < KOOil 06 3 0 0 7 6 3 7 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 0 0 7 5 3 7 7 3 0 0 3 5 5 3 3 5 7 6 7 6 5 7 6 II II 3 3
5 W. H. Traub and B. Leonhard Antimicrobials Reference substances of the antimicrobials listed in Table I were gifts of the respective manufacturers; stock solutions were prepared according to the manufacturers' specifications to a concentration of 560 mg/l (co-trimoxazole contained 30 mg/l trimethoprim and 600 mg/l sulphamethoxazole), sterilized by membrane nitration (0- /im; Nalge Sybron Corp., Rochester, NY), dispensed as -5 ml aliquots, and stored at -65 C. Heat-exposure of antimicrobials The stock solution of each antimicrobial drug was diluted five-fold in MHB (5 mg/l) except for co-trimoxazole which was 6/6 mg/l (trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole). This solution was divided into three aliquots. The first aliquot was held at room temperature, the second aliquot was exposed to 56 C for 30 min in a waterbath, and the third aliquot was autoclaved at C for 5 min. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests A previously described microtiter method (Traub, Spohr & Bauer, 6), using MHB and bacterial inoculum adjusted to -5 x 0 5 cfu in 0 ml, was used to determine the s of each treated or untreated solution (RT, 56 C and PC) against the five test strains. The concentrations tested ranged from to mg/l (co-trimoxazole 3/60-0.06/- mg/l (trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole)). The microtiter plates were incubated at 35 C overnight. In addition the treated and untreated solutions were further diluted two-fold, and tested for residual activity against B. subtilis strain ATCC 6633 using a simple agar diffusion procedure (Traub & Leonhard, ); sterile disks ( mm diameter) (Schleicher & Schiill, Dassel, Germany) were charged with 0 nl of the respective antibiotic solution and pressed gently against the surface of B. subtilis - inoculated MHA plates ( cm diameter) which were incubated at 35 C overnight. The diameters of resultant inhibition zones were recorded in mm ( mm = No zone of activity). Results and discussion Among the 6 individual antimicrobials or combinations tested, the majority of /Mactam antibiotics were extensively or totally inactivated by autoclaving (Table I). Surprisingly, however, azlocillin, aztreonam, mezlocillin, and oxacillin were remarkably heat-stable. All aminoglycosides, all quinolones, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, coumermycin, fosfomycin, josamycin, mupirocin, novobiocin, co-trimoxazole, trimethoprim, and vancomycin proved heat-stable. Several /?-lactam antibiotics, fusidic acid, nitrofurantoin, polymyxin B, rifampicin, and teicoplanin were partially heat-labile, in that antibacterial activity was reduced four- to eight-fold. Erythromycin, doxycycline, and tetracycline were markedly heat-labile. Table II summarizes these findings and groups the antimicrobials on the basis of their heat stability. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive examination of a large number of antimicrobials with regard to heat-lability. The data obtained might simplify the development and preparation of antibiotic-containing selection media, in that Downloaded from http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of California, San Diego on December, 03
Heat-stable (s raised < two-fold) (n = 5) Amikacin Azlocillin Aztreonam Clarithromycin Chloramphenicol Ciprofloxacin Clindamycin Coumermycin Fosfomycin Gentamicin Josamycin Kanamycin Mezlocillin Mupirocin Nalidixic acid Netilmicin Norfloxacin Novobiocin Ofloxacin Oxacillin Table II. Heat-stability of 6 antimicrobials or combinations, after autoclaving at C, 5min Sulbactam Tobramycin Trimethoprim Trimethoprim + Sulphamethoxazole Vancomycin Partially heat-stable (s raised four- to eight-fold) Amoxycillin Ampicillin Ampicillin + sulbactam Carbenicillin Fusidic Acid Nitrofurantoin Penicillin G Polymixin B Rifampicin Tazobactam Teicoplanin rom http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of California, San Diego on December, 03 Amoxycillin + clavulanic acid Cefamandole Cefazolin Cephalothin Cefixime Cefotaxime Cefotiam Cefoxitin Cefpirome Ceftazidime Ceftizoxime Ceftriaxone Cefuroxime Clavulanic acid Doxycycline Erythromycin Imipenem Latamoxef Meropenem Methicillin Heat-labile (s raised ^6-fold) (n = 6) Piperacillin Piperacillin + tazobactam Temocillin Tetracycline Ticarcillin Timentin s a ss o *> ED S Imi r> 3o o; w sq.
5 W. H. Traub and B. Leonhard candidate heat-stable antibiotics may be added to rehydrated media before autoclaving. An additional noteworthy finding was that exposure to 56 C for 30 min failed to raise the s of any of the agents tested by more than two-fold (the only exception was tobramycin assayed against E. coli ATCC 5). The disc diffusion test results on the whole agreed with the results. However, since tests are relatively insensitive to small changes in concentration heat treatment at 56 C for 5 min could significantly reduce concentrations measured by a more sensitive technique such as immunoassay, HPLC or bioassay. These data indicate that the majority of the tested antimicrobials would not be destroyed by autoclaving prior to disposal, a potentially ecologically significant finding, although since only antimicrobial activity was measured it cannot be ruled out that degradation or conversion to other microbiologically active products did not take place. Acknowledgements The gifts of antimicrobials are appreciated. We thank Ms. Beate Ebel for the preparation of this manuscript. References Traub, W. H. & Leonhard, B. (). Detection of antimicrobial drugs with Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 6633: an update. Chemotherapy 3, 55-. Traub, W. H., Leonhard, B. & Bauer, D. (). Exposure of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and genospecies 3 to defibrinated human blood with and without added human 'natural' or (patient) immune antibodies. Chemotherapy, in press. Traub, W. H., Spohr, M. & Bauer, D. (6). Streptococcus faecalis: in vitro susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs, single and combined, with and without defibrinated human blood. Chemotherapy 3, 7. (Received July ; accepted September ) Downloaded from http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/ at University of California, San Diego on December, 03