Variation Pattern for Some Reproductive Characters among Selected Breeds of Rabbits in Bauchi, Nigeria

World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 6 (): 17-131, 010 ISSN 1817-3047 IDOSI Publications, 010 Variation Pattern for Some Reproductive Characters among Selected Breeds of Rabbits in Bauchi, Nigeria 1 1 P.A. Addass, A. Midau and M.A. Tizhe 1 Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State, University, P.M.B. 5 Mubi Adamawa State, Nigeria Department of Agriculture, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria Abstract: The study was conducted for a period of twelve (1) months at experimental farm of the school of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria. To investigate the variation among reproductive parameters of some selected breeds of rabbits. The mean Doe initial weight (DIW) was 1.56±0.01kg for Chinchilla (CC), 1.9±0.03kg for Dutch belted (DB) and 1.84±0.08kg for New Zealand White (NZW). The mean age at first parturition were 11.75±0.54 months (CC), 11.9±0.53 months (DB) and 1.30±0.50 months (NZW). The mean gestation length was ranged between 30.51±0.83 days in NZW to 30.56±0.08 days in CC. However, Chinchilla breed recorded the highest (4.9±0.19) mean number of kits kindled alive (NKA) and mean litter weight at birth (436.80±18.40g). The mean parturition interval (PI) was 48days in DB and 44days in NZW. Significant (p<0.001) breed differences were recorded for NKA, litter birth weight (LBW) and number of kits weaned. Key words: Rabbit breeds Reproductive characters Gestation length Parturition interval Kindling Weaning INTRODUCTION comparable. Although a lot of works have been done on rabbit, very fragmentary information is available on rabbit In recent years, there have been many advances in production in Nigeria. livestock production with potential application in the The environment has a direct effect on the rabbit [6] tropics. Unfortunately most of these advances have which could be mediated through nutrition, disease and failed to satisfy the basic needs of the rural populace for management. Reproduction in particular is strongly secured food supplies, particularly of animal origin. affected which is reflected in traits such as age at first Some investigators have suggested ways of increasing parturition, parturition interval, litter size and litter weight the low animal protein intake of the rural populace, etc. Poor reproduction limits productivity and hence the especially of Nigeria [1, ]. One of the cheapest sources of availability of the much desired animal products (meat). meat, but which has been neglected is the rabbit The objective of this study was to assess variation effect (Orytalagus cuniculus), this may be associated with among reproductive characters of selected rabbit breeds ignorance on its profitability. De Blas and Garvey [3] and to evaluate association among reproductive pointed out that rabbit is suitable to be raised for meat characters on the productivity of rabbit in Bauchi, Nigeria because of its high fecundity, prolificacy, profitability, in order to highlight areas of possible intervention and short generation interval and high feed conversion improvement by the farmers. efficiency. Checke [4] reported that rabbit use protein more efficiently than broiler and that up to 0% roughages MATERIALS AND METHODS could be included in their diet without any adverse effect. Reedy, et al. [5] found that rabbit is close to modern Experimental Animals: Three rabbit breeds, CC, DB and broiler chicken in terms of feeding economy. They grow NZW were used for the study. Five females and one male as fast as broiler chicken and the meat quality is also of each breed making a t otal of eighteen formed the Corresponding Author: P.A. Addass, Department of Animal Production, Adamawa State University, P.M.B. 5 Mubi Adamawa State, Nigeria 17

foundation rabbits of the study. The females and males of the different breed were of the same age of five and seven months respectively. Two days before the arrival of the animals, house, cages, feeders and waterers were cleaned and disinfected. Before the commencement of the experiment, animals were kept for a preliminary period of two weeks to allow the animals adjust to the new environment and feeds. After which the females were randomly allotted to fifteen individual cages made up of iron sheet measuring 90 50 60cm and at about 75cm above the ground level. All animals were identified cage-wise to enhance proper record keeping. The males were kept in individual mating pens of 1.5m, large enough to allow mating and convenience of cleaning. The floor and roof of the cages were covered with wire mesh of 1cm to ease ventilation, cleanliness and to avoid feed contamination as the faces would drop from the cage freely no vaccination was given. Animal Management: Plastic feeders and waterers of the same size and colour were provided in the cages. Kindling nest made up of wooden materials, dried grasses, straw and wood shavings were also provided in each cage th th from the 0-5 day of gestation. Routine management operations such as regular cleaning and disinfection of pens, cages, feeders, waterers and treatment of sick animals were carried out regularly throughout the research period. Nutrition Animals Were Fed on Forages: tridax, legumes, hay, kitchen waste, amaranthus waste and cereal offals. Broiler finishers feed at the rate of 10 g per animal per day were provided as supplementary feed throughout the study. Clean water was also provided ad-libitum at all times. Mating: Hand/stud mating, whereas the females were carried to the male s pen was adopted. Females were carried to the same breed for mating at 6-7am and 6-7pm in order to enhance mating since temperatures during these periods were generally low. Seven days rebreeding interval was adopted for all the breeds. Palpation for pregnancy was carried out on day 14 in accordance with the procedure described by Fielding [6]. Does must be relax and sitting naturally whereby fingers were gently run along the abdomen between the back legs, small bead-like lumps would be felt if the doe was pregnant. If found not pregnant, such an animal was to be rebred immediately. Data Collection: Date of mating, kindling, weaning, gestation length, litter birth weight, litter weight at 7, 14, 1 and 8 days were recorded. In addition, litter mortality at 7, 14 and 1 and 8 days, still birth, doe initial weight and weight at 7, 14, 1 and 8 days and weight at parturition were taken. Milk yield determination as described by Lukefehr, et al. [7], that is, the suckleweigh- suckle method at day 7, 14, 1 and 8 day were carried out. Numbers of kits weaned per individual female per breed were also recorded. Data Analysis: Data collected were summarized and subjected to statistical analysis using the General Linear Model (GLM) of [8]. Breed, Parity, Year, Season and Month were considered the major factors (fixed variables) while the covariates (random factors) were age at first parturition (AP), doe initial weight (DIW), gestation length (GL), parturition interval (PI) and number of kits kindled alive at birth (NKA). The seasons were as follows: Early rain - April to June Late rain - July to September Early dry - October to December Late dry - January to March Correlation analysis among measured reproductive characters were done. RESULTS Table 1 shows the mean ± SE of reproductive characters for studied breeds. The mean doe initial weight was 1.56 ± 0.01, 1.9 ± 0.03 and 1.08 ± kg for Chinchilla, Dutch belted and New Zealand White, respectively. While the mean age at first parturition were 11.75 ± 0. 54, 11.9 ± 0.53 and 1.30 ± 0.50 months respectively. The mean gestation lengths were 30.50± 0.08, 30.54 ± 0.08 and 30.51 ± 0.08 days, respectively. The number of kits kindled alive was 4.9 ± 0.18, 4.83 ± 0.18 and 3.49 ± 0.16, respectively. Similarly, the mean litter weights at birth were 385.10 ± 13.80, 436.80 ± 18.40 and 317.70 ± 14.80g, respectively. Mean litter birth weight were 79.54 ± 1.69, 90.76 ±.0g and 90.75 ±.10g, respectively. The mean parturition interval were 47.94 ± 3.37, 44.59 ± 1.59 and 44.03 ± 1.06 days and the number of kits weaned was.78 ± 0.1,.41 ± 0.18 and 1.54 ± 0.15, respectively. The effect of breed on gestation length, average birth weight of litter, parturition interval, litter weight-14 days, average litter weight -7, 14, 1 and 8 days, partial milk yield -7, 14, 1 and 8 was not statistically significant. 18

Table 1: Mean ± Standard error by Breed of some Rabbit Parameters No. GL NKA LBW ABWL NW Breed NS *** *** NS *** CC 36 30.56±0.08 4.9±0.18 385.10±13.90 79.54±1.69.78±0.1 DB 37 30.54±0.08 4.84±0.18 436.80±18.40 90.76±.0.41±0.18 NZW 37 30.51±0.08 3.49±0.08 317.70±14.80 90.75±.10 1.54±1.48 Breed No. GL No. LW-7D LW-14D LW-1D NS ** NS ** CC 31 47.94±3.37 36 388.0±14.50 417.80±6.80 473.40±33.90 DB 3 44.59±1.59 37 389.30±1.60 415.90±9.60 454.30±36.40 NZW 3 44.03±1.06 37 44.10±1.50 50.0±6.10 83.60±30.0 No. LW-8 No. ALW-7D No. ALW-14D Breed ** NS NS CC 36 53.80±40.10 36 108.44±3.36 36 140.34±5.69 DB 37 504.00±39.40 37 13.64±3.73 36 160.30±6.07 NZW 37 334.90±36.00 35 10.90±4.38 3 155.9±7.31 N0. ALW-1D ALW-8D No. PMY-7D PMY-14D Breed NS NS NS NS CC 36 163.80±7.3 186.06±6.68 36 50.86±1.6 64.08±1.9 DB 35 186.16±6.9 08.61±7.3 37 50.54±1.00 61.43±.0 NZW 3 186.40±10.40 18.40±11.70 37 44.19±1.99 49.19±3.3 No. PMY-1D PMY-8D Breed NS NS CC 36 67.69±1.50 49.17±0.97 DB 37 61.6±.69 46.89±.07 NZW 37 5.30±3.57 40.35±.78 Note: CC=Chinchilla, DB=Dutch belted, NZW=NewZealand White, No.=Number of observation, ABLW=Average birth weight of litter, LBW=Litter birth weight(g), GL=Gestation length(days), NKA=Number of kits kindled alive, NW= Number weaned, PI=Parturition interval(days),lw-7d-8d=litter weight at day 7-8(g), ALW-7D-8D=Average litter weight at day7-8(g),pmy-7d-8d=partial milk yield at day7-8(g), NS=Not significant, **= p<0.01, ***= p<0.001 However, significant breed effect (p<0.001) was observed at birth was not a determining factor for weaning weight for number of kits kindled alive, litter birth weight, number in rabbits as also reported by other investigators [10,11]. of kits weaned and litter weight at 7, 1 and 8D. The days New Zealand White breed had the least litter birth weight were not statistically significant. However, significant than CC and Db breeds which aggress with the report of breed effect ( p<0.001) was observed for number of kits Ferraz, et al. [1] that litter weight at birth is affected by kindled alive, litter birth weight, number of kits weaned the doe breed. and litter weight at day 7, 1 and 8. Significant breed effect on NKA aggress with the findings of Rouvier [13], Hulot and Matheron [14] and DISCUSSION Lukefahr, et al. [7] who reported that heavy breeds had significantly larger litter at birth. Rouvier, et al. [15] in The variation observed among the three rabbit breed Khalil, et al. [16] reported that variability in litter size at in litter size at birth, number alive at birth and number of birth and at weaning might be due to differences in kits weaned could be due to inherent breed differences. biological component (ovulation rate and pre-implantation Also, significant differences in litter weight at birth and viability) among the breeds. On the other hand non NKA among breed may be attributed to variation in the significant breed differences in average litter weight mean values for litter weight at birth NKA among the (ALW) could be attributed to the similar milk production breeds. These differences coincided with the findings of among the breeds. This was in agreement with the Iyeghe-Erakpotobor, et al. [9] who reported that litter findings of Lukefahr, et al. [17] who reported positive size at birth and alive at birth are the major causes of relationship between milk yield and litter weight among variations in litter weight among rabbit breeds. rabbit breeds. Also the report of McNitt and Moody [18] However in this study, it was discovered that litter size was in support whereas, they found out that growth of 19

Table : Means ± SE by Year of mating and Parity of some Rabbit Parameters No. GL NKA LBW ABWL NW No. PI Year NS NS NS NS NS *** 1 104 30.53±0.05 4.48±0.1 385.50±10.0 86.88±1.8.1±0.1 89 44.74±1.11 6 30.67±0.1 3.17±0.60 81.70±49.40 90.67±3.57.67±0.4 6 56.70±11.6 Parity NS NS NS NS *** NS 1 15 30.33±0.13 3.60±0.3 77.00±9.30 76.90±3.06.47±0.9 - - 15 30.53±0.13 4.7±0.30 347.00±6.60 81.7±.65.87±0.6-45.67±4.60 3 15 30.53±0.13 4.7±0.1 369.70±11.70 88.54±3.39 3.07±0.3-41.0±1.17 4 15 30.53±0.13 4.67±0.33 403.00±30.0 86.99±3.31.53±0.9-39.60±0.87 5 15 30.53±0.13 4.0±0.30 407.00±.30 97.45±3.71.53±0.0.4-4.93±1.50 6 15 30.73±0.13 4.93±0.5 44.30±19.00 91.47±.5 0.80±0.18-47.33±1.97 7 15 30.47±0.13 5.47±0.4 456.70±16.0 85.8±.38 1.33±0.5-56.33±4.96 8 5 30.80±0.0.80±0.58 48.00±44.0 90.80±4.38.40±0.40-45.0± Note: No. =Number of observation, ABLW=Average birth weight of litter, LBW=Litter birth weight (g), GL=Gestation length (days), NKA=Number of kits kindled alive, NW= Number weaned, PI=Parturition interval (days), NS=Not significant, ***= p<0.001 litter among rabbit breeds is directly related to the In conclusion significant variations among the quantity of milk received. The non significant breed effect three breeds of rabbit studied were observed in number on milk yield in this study could be due to the similar of kits kindled alive, litter birth weight and number of nutritional condition available among the breeds. This kits weaned. Generally from the results obtained, the finding aggresses with the report of Sandford [19] that Chinchilla breed performed better than the Dutch belted nutrition is the determinant factor of milk production in and NewZealand White breeds in Bauchi where the study rabbit. The non significant breed effect on gestation was conducted. length (GL) in this study is contrary to the report of Tahir [0] that pure NZW breed had longest GL of 33±0.3 REFERENCES days whereas the local genotype had shortest, 31.70 ± 0.13 days. Aduku and Olukosi [1], reported that 1. Ademosun, A.A., 1970. Nutritive evaluation of GL in rabbit last between 8 and3 days which is in Nigerian forages I. Digestibility Pennisetum agreement with what was obtained in the study. A non Parpureum by sheep and goats. Niger Agric. J., significant breed difference was found with regard to 7: 19-6. parturition interval (PI) which again could be due to the. Olubajo, F.O. and V.A. Oyenuga, 1971. The role of nutrition on body physiology. The finding is in measurement of yield, voluntary intake and animal support of the report of Smith and Somade, [] who also production of tropical pastures, J. Agric. Sci., 77: 1-4. found out that poorly fed animal often show nutritional 3. DeBlas, J.C. De and J.F. Garvey, 1975. A note on the anoestrus. retention of energy and nitrogen in rabbits, J. Animal The effect of parity on some rabbit parameters is Production, 1: 345-3477. shown on Table. Significant (P<0.001) parity effect was 4. Checke, P.R., 1987. Rabbit feeding and Nutrition observed on number of kits weaned (NW). Third parity academic Press, Orlando Fa. had the highest number of kits weaned (3.07± 0.8) 5. Reddy, P.G., L. Maertins and G. De groote, 1977. while the sixth parity had the least NW (0.800± 0.175). The influence of dietary energy content on the Generally, NW increased with increasing parity up to the performance of post-partum breeding does. third and decreased thereafter. Year of mating had Proceedings of the fourth World rabbit congress, significant (P<0.001) effect only on PI with the year 3: 1-9. having longer (56.70 ± 11.6 days) periods than year 1 6. Fielding, D., 1991. The Tropical Agriculturalist, (44.74± 1.11 days). The significant effect of year of mating C.T.A. Macmillan Education Ltd London and on PI agrees with the findings of other works [3-6]. Basingstoke, pp: 50-60. The authors attributed the year effect to changes in 7. Lukefehr, S.D., W.D. Hohenboken P.R. Checke nutrition, climatic and disease conditions as well as and N.M. Patton, 1983a. Doe Reproduction and changes in genetic constitution during the several years Preweaning litter performance of straight breed and of breeding. cross breed rabbits. J. Animal Sci., 57: 1090-1099. 130

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