Trends and challenges in Engineering geodesy Rudolf STAIGER rudolf.staiger@hs-bochum.de International Federation of Surveyors Féderation Internationale des Géomètres Internationale Vereinigung der Vermessungsingenieure 46. Geodetski dan: GEODET INŽENIR 1 Maribor, 16. marec 2018
Contents Introduction What is Engineering Surveying? Historical Development of Surveying Instruments Measurement Technology Today Instruments User s / Manufacturer s / Metrologist s view Limits of Accuracy? Surveying project yesterday today Surveyor 4.0 Surveyor 1.0/2.0/3.0 Conclusions -- 2 --
What is Engineering Surveying? Engineering Surveying Artificial objects Objects Tunnel Bridge Dam Railroad Highway High Building Industrial plant Accelerator Interaction when? Planning construction Monitoring during entire lifetime of the object -- 3 --
Surveying Instruments Technical Development in 4 Phases Archaic Optical Electro-Optical Multi-Sensor Archaic Periode 1590 Optical Periode 1924 Elektro-Optical Periode 1990 Multi-Sensor Periode 2015 -- 4 --
Technical progress since 1990 Performance weight Dimensions Compensators Digital Registration Tacheometry Calculating Instruments GNSS Application Programs Target Recognition Remote Control Motorization Effort / Costs Combination with GNSS Reflectorless Target Tracking RTK in Post Processing Videotacheometry CORS-RTK Combined with Tacheometry expenses Measurement time Time (Years) -- 5 --
The surveying equipment today single points Tacheometrie Binoculars + EDM + compass Tachymeter Laser Tracker Laser Radar Hand- Distancemeter GNSS Height Measurements GNSS-Rover GNSS- Base station Smartphone Digital Level Rotating Level -- 6 --
The surveying equipment today mass points Airborne Laser Scanner Camera Sensors Stadt Biberach (Trimble) -- 7 --
NMT1 - Ground Penetrating Radar -- 8 --
NMT2 - Radar Interferometry Source: http://www.igm-geophysik.de -- 9 --
NMT3 Fibre Optics for Deformation Measurement Source: https://www.marshall.edu -- 10 --
Is UAV just a Hype or...? Image from INTERGEO 2014 Flight Zone -- 11 --
UAV -- 12 --
Measurement the Customer s View Black box The customer is using the instrument like a Black box and like an Office-software 80% of our measurements are not controlled! Product life cycles (3 5 years) are too short! The user is convinced that his results are true! He does not care for a regular check of the entire equipment! -- 13 --
Measurement the Manufacturer s view Surveying is easy Market concentration Some Products are inspired by others! Reasons for a new product...? New or improved functionality Non-availability of electronic components Reduction of manufacturing costs Not every product, which could be developed technically appears on the market! 1. Fully automated leveling system 2. Highprecision-distance-measurement-device Kern Mekometer ME 5000 -- 14 --
Measurement the Metrologist s View All instruments are fulfilling their specifications! The traceability of geodetic measurements to national standards is not always given! The measurements are not always carried out with sufficient care! Geometrical Quality of our measurements? -- 15 -- Measurement system
The limits of accuracy - yesterday - multiple measurements - observer was directly involved in the measurement -- 16 --
The limits of accuracy- today 1 1. Distances Speed of propagation of light in the atmopshere 2. Heights refraction index n error rel. n/n T = ± 1 K ± 1 10-6 p = ± 1 hpa ± 0,3 10-6 e = ± 1 hpa ± 0,04 10-6 vertical refraction vertical temperature gradient dz desired acquisition: 0,01 K/m dn 3. Angles Horizontal refraction horizontal temperature gradient ( T)[mgon] 0,033 D[m] grdt[k/m] dn dx example grd T = 0,5 K/m, D = 500m -> = 8,2 mgon -- 17 --
The limits of accuracy- today 2 Measurements Measurements? Leveling & centering Influenced by optical plumet (well adjusted?) tripod Spirit level experience of the operator -- 18 --
The surveying tasks in the past and today -- 19 --
The different phases of a surveying project In the past Time Presence -- 20 --
The planning phase today 1 step 1 define the final product Data format Measurement data Reference Data Final product Product types Map Numerical analysis visualization 3D model interactive model Process data for machine guidance - Definition of the final product(s) Geometrical quality Latency Actuality LOD Time delay 0.1 s several months Refreshment period? LOD=Level of Detail Density of information Trueness, Accuracy, Repeatability, uncertainty Step 2 -- 21 --
The planning phase today 2 step 2 define the data acquisition and the data processing Choice of. Data processing strategy Data acquisition strategy dependencies Time frame Software for data processing Instruments types and models Object size Environmental conditions No Yes Requirements fulfilled? Vibrations refraction object sensitivity obstacles security aspects,.. -- 22 --
Surveyor 1.0 The Surveyor in these different periods Optical Electro-Optical Multi-Sensor Good mechanic! Good mechanic! Good mechanic! Good eyes! Good calculator! Good eyes! Good calculator! Good eyes! Mainframe PC HP-41 Good calculator! Weather proofed! Weather proofed! Weather proofed! Surveyor 2.0 Surveyor 3.0 Surveyor 4.0 1590 1924 1990 2018 -- 23 --
Comparison SURVEYOR 4.0 Surveyor 1.0 / 2.0 / 3.0 Past = Surveyor 1.0-3.0 Mapping Secret or limited access expensive Surveying The tasks were static and well defined Mono-Use of data for each task = 1 solution! Craftsmen / Engineers work the procedures are clear no decisions Public good Free of charge The tasks are dynamic Multi-Use of data For each task several solutions! Engineers / Managers work the procedures are changing Decisions to be taken -- 24 --
Conclusion The SURVEYOR 4.0 Master the entire process Planification Uncertainty budget Data treatment SURVEYOR 1.0/2.0/3.0 Master the instrument Validation Proof building Visualization Data analysis Presentation -- 25 --
Your customer wants... Good + cheap + fast.???? -- 26 --
Thank you for your attention!