NAME PERIOD Points Homework Packet Principles of Heredity 2 Chromosome Mapping 2 Probability and Activities (#1-11) 2 Simple Genetics Problem (#12-15) 2 Practice Crosses (#16-24) 2 Dihybrid: You Try Problems (#25-27) 2 Test Crosses (#28-31) 2 Incomplete Dominance (#32-38) 2 Co-Dominance & Blood Types (#39-43) 2 Multiple Alleles (#44-46) 2 X-Linked Genes (#47-56) 2 Human Pedigree (#57-72) 2 Test Review 6 Interactive Notebook Visual Vocab Cards 5 Reflections 20 Quiz-Reflections 5 TOTAL 60 Score A multi-cellular organism develops from a single zygote, and its phenotype depends on this genotype, which is established at fertilization. Unit Assessments Points Due Date Exam-Genetics 100 Lab-Baby Reebops 25 Project: Genetic Disorders Planner 35 Project- Genetic Disorders Presentation 15
Name Period PRINCIPLES OF HEREDITY I D M S V G G F S P O N E N D B O V S C G O Q O W Y S P H P O X C S D L K I W O S M D H N Z T E M I W H N T Y J S U P M C I O Y Y O N D T A E P A F T U W I I G I N D W T O H A A T M M N W D B J W Q G T A V I T I G Y E T E V I S S E C E R V E N V Y M E L R B P H O M O Z Y G O U S N C P K R E O I Y R N U O I Y X P Z W Y E E Y G L Z N T B D I D D O Y I E O P J G Z E H Y C O D B A I D O V I U X T R P E S J G X N F Z E A B R C P U N N E T T T A O W E T I A R L D O B F G B U E T P E U L G Z U L Z X H F Z R Y G F U Q I E S R X E R L I A M X K J D P H H U Z H Y T Q B Q E T A M H Y B G A W G I V Z E Z V Q O L A O L G G K J W C V G L D U T A T N E D N E P E D N I X Q X O J W I E I C S Y J D F U V A I Q C F B Q P G M A W 1. Gregor, the "father of genetics" 2. The first generation is the offspring of a cross between parents that are pure for a given trait. 3. The principle of states that one allele is dominant and one is recessive 4. The outward expression or appearance: 5. Cross that involves parents that differ in TWO traits. 6. The study of heredity: 7. An alternate form of a gene: 8. The Law of Assortment, states that genes separate from their homologous pairs during meiosis. 9. Having non identical alleles (not pure): 10. Having identical alleles (pure): 11. Square used to determine probability and results of cross: 12. The allele that is masked by the dominant allele: 13. The genetic make-up or an organism: 14. A cross that involves ONE pair of contrasting traits: 15. The plants Mendel did his studies on: 16. The likelihood that an event will happen: 17. When both alleles are dominant 18. Principle of states that alleles separate when gametes are formed.
Chromosome Mapping: Should this dog be called Spot? Imagine this is a microscopic drawing. A sperm cell from a male dog fuses with an egg cell from a female dog. Each dog s gametes carry 39 chromosomes. The zygote that results from fertilization contains 78 chromosomes; 39 from each parent. One pair of the haploid chromosomes is shown below. Chromosome from a Female Dog Chromosome from a Male Dog Each chromosome of the homologous pair contains alleles for the same trait. One chromosome may have a dominant allele and the other a recessive allele. Use the drawing and table to answer the following questions. TRAIT DOMINANT GENE RECESSIVE GENE Hair Length Short (L) Long (l) Hair Texture Wiry (T) Silky (t) Hair Curliness Curly (H) Straight (h) Coat Pattern Spotted (A) Solid (a) 1. Remind me!!! Why does Meiosis occur? 2. Draw what the chromosome will look like after fertilization. 3. Will the new puppy have a spotted coat? 4. Will the new puppy have short or long hair? 5. Will the hair be curly or straight? 6. Will the hair be wiry or silky? 7. How do you know the answers to the above questions? 8. What is really happening within the organism that leads to the traits (think gene expression) 9. Imagine that a crossing over has occurred between the parental chromosomes (chromatids), draw what the new the new gene combinations. Assume that the genes for hair length and texture were involved.
PROBABILITY PROBABILITY WORKSHEET: show your math for all calculations! Activity 1: Deck of Cards Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Card pulled out a. How many cards are in your deck? b. How many Queen of Hearts are in your deck? c. What is the probability of pulling out the Queen of Hearts? d. How many cards have hearts as the suit? e. In which case do you have a greater probability: Pulling out a Queen of Hearts of pulling out a card with the heart on it? Activity 2: One Penny Toss Toss # Heads Tails 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 a. How many different possibilities can a penny toss have? b. From one toss, the penny either lands on or. c. What is the probability that the penny will land on tails? Activity 3: One Die Roll Roll # 1 2 3 4 5 6 Number Obtained a. How many different outcomes can you have from one roll of the die? b. How many times do 3 dots appear on one die? c. What is the probability that you roll a 3 with one die? 1
PRACTICE PROBLEMS Directions: State the rule that you used and show all math work for Rules 1 and 2. 1. If you toss a penny into the air, what is the probability that it will land heads up? Rule Used: 2. What is the probability rolling a 6 with one die? Rule Used: 3. What is the probability of pulling the ace of hearts out of a deck of 52 cards? Rule Used: 4. What is the probability of pulling any ace from a deck of 52 cards? Rule Used: 5. A bag of beans contains 100 white beans and 100 red beans. What is the probability of reaching into the bag and pulling out a white bean? Rule Used: 6. What is the probability of tossing two pennies and having them both land heads up? Rule Used: 7. What is the probability of rolling a pair of dice and getting snake-eyes (double 1 s)? Rule Used: 8. What is the probability of rolling a pair of dice and getting any doubles at all? Rule Used: 9. What is the probability that a woman s first child will be a baby girl? Rule Used: 10. What is the probability that the second child will be a baby girl? Rule Used: 11. Summarize how probability can be used in the study of Genetics. 2
SIMPLE GENETICS PRACTICE PROBLEMS 12) For each genotype below, Label as heterozygous (He) or homozygous dominant (HD) or homozygous recessive (HR) AA Ee Ii Mm Bb ff Jj nn Cc Gg kk oo DD HH LL Pp 13) For each of the genotypes below determine what phenotypes would be possible. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. PP Pp pp Bobtails in cats are recessive to normal length tails TT Tt tt 14) For each phenotype below, list the genotypes (remember to use the letter of the dominant trait) Straight hair is dominant to curly. straight straight curly Pointed heads are dominant to round heads. pointed pointed round Right handedness is dominate to left handedness right right left 15) Set up the Punnet squares for each of the crosses listed below. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds RR x rr How many of the offspring will be: Round? Wrinkled? RR x Rr How many of the offspring will be: Round? Wrinkled? Rr x Rr How many of the offspring will be: Round? Wrinkled? Rr x rr How many of the offspring will be: Round? Wrinkled? 3
PRACTICE WITH CROSSES. USE THE 6 STEP METHOD YOU HAVE BEEN TAUGHT, TO COMPLETE THE CROSSES LISTED BELOW. YOU WILL THEN USE THE ANSWERS, TO FILL IN THE BALNKS BELKOW. SHOW ALL 6 STEPS OR NO CREDIT!!!! 16) A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant). a) What percentage of the offspring will be tall? 17) A Tt plant is crossed with a Tt plant. a) What percentage of the offspring will be short? In Pea seeds round seeds are dominat to wrinkled seeds 18) A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR). a) What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous (RR)? 19) A homozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled seeded plant. a) What are the genotypes of the parents? x b) What percentage of the offspring will also be homozygous? In pea plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. 20) If two white flowered plants are cross, what percentage of their offspring will be white flowered? 21) A white flowered plant is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous for the trait. What percentage of the offspring will have purple flowers? In guinea pigs, the allele for short hair is dominant. 22) What genotype would a heterozygous short haired guinea pig have? a) What genotype would a pure breeding short haired guinea pig have? b) What genotype would a long haired guinea pig have? 23) Show the cross for a pure breeding short haired guinea pig and a long haired guinea pig. a) What percentage of the offspring will have short hair? 24) Two short haired guinea pigs are mated several times. Out of 100 offspring, 25 of them have long hair. a) What are the probable genotypes of the parents? x 4
Dihybrid Cross Two factor crosses involve 2 traits, like pod color & pod shape in pea plants. The inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of the other trait. This type of cross demonstrates Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment. SAMPLE #1: PEA PLANTS R = round seeds r = wrinkled seeds G = green pods g = yellow pods What s the genotype of a plant heterozygous for both round seeds and green pods? What s the genotype of a plant that has wrinkled seeds and homozygous green pods? What s the genotype of a plant that has wrinkled seeds and yellow pods? Now let s cross 2 plants that are heterozygous for the 2 traits (seed shape & pod color). 1) Identity Dominant and Recessive _ (done for you above) 2) Parent phenotypes x 3) Parent genotypes x 4) Sperm or Eggs (FOIL) 5) Punnett square 6) Possible Phenotypes 7) Phenotypic ratio SAMPLE PROBLEM #2: MARTIANS In Martians, yellow eyes (Y) are dominant over pink eyes (y). Webbed feet (F) are dominant over hoofed feet (f). What s the genotype of a Martian that is heterozygous for both traits? What s the genotype of a Martian that has heterozygous yellow eyes and hoofed feet? Now show the five steps of a cross between a homozygous yellow-eyed, heterozygous webbed-footed Martian with a pink-eyed, hoofed-footed Martian. 1) Identity Dominant and Recessive 2) Parent phenotypes x 3) Parent genotypes x 4) Sperm or Eggs (FOIL) 5) Punnett square 6) Possible Phenotypes 7) Phenotypic ratio 5
Practice 25) FOIL this Genotype TtRr 26) In humans, the gene for brown eyes (b) is dominant to the gene for blue eyes and the gene for right handedness (r) is dominant to the gene for left handedness. Cross two individuals heterozygous for both of these characteristics. a) Dihybrid Probability can be solved by multiplying the separate probabilities for each trait. Use math to solve for the probability instead of the Dihybrid cross. 27) In mice, the ability to run normally is a dominant trait. Mice with this trait are called running mice (R). The recessive trait (r) causes mice to run in circles only. Mice with this trait are called waltzing mice. Hair color is also inherited in mice. Black hair (B) is dominant over brown hair (b). Cross a heterozygous running, heterozygous black mouse with a homozygous running, brown mouse. a) Dihybrid Probability can be solved by multiplying the separate probabilities for each trait. Use math to solve for the probability instead of the Dihybrid cross. TEST CROSSES A test cross is used to determine the genotype of a dominant trait. (A dominant trait can be either homozygous dominant or heterozygous.) The unknown trait is crossed with the recessive trait. If any offspring show the recessive trait, the dominant parent had to be heterozygous. 28) A black guinea pig crossed with an albino. There are 5 black and 4 albino offspring. What is the genotype of the black parent? 29) In another cross of a black guinea pig with an albino, there were 10 black offspring. What is the genotype of the black parent? 30) Two normally pigmented parents have 10 children, two of which are albino. What are the parental genotypes? (Albinism is recessive) 31) Juan has six fingers on each hand and six toes on each foot. His wife, Alicia, and their daughter, Maria, have the normal number of digits. Extra digits is a dominant trait. a). What fraction of their children would be expected to have extra digits? b). What is Juan s genotype 6
Incomplete Dominance 32) Practice setting up keys for the phenotypes listed in each set. Remember that the "medium" trait must always be heterozygous a) Birds can be blue, white, or white with blue-tipped feathers. (Blue is dominant) b) Flowers can be white, pink, or red. (Red is dominant) c) A Hoo can have curly hair, spiked hair, or a mix of both curly and spiked (Curly is dominant) 33) In Smileys, eye shape can be starred, circular, or a circle with a star. Write the genotypes for the pictured phenotypes (Star eyes are dominant, circles are recessive) 34) Show the cross between a star-eyed and a circle eyed. a) What are the phenotypes of the offspring? b) What are the genotypes? 35) Show the cross between a circle-star eyed, and a circle eyed. a) How many of the offspring are circle-eyed? b) How many of the offspring are circle-star eyed? 36) In humans, curly hair is dominant over straight hair. a) Cross a woman heterozygous for hair curl with a man with straight hair. b) What is the phenotype ratio the offspring? 37) In four o'clock flowers red is dominant to white, Cross a red plant and a white plant 38) Cross any 2 of their offspring a) What is the phenotype ratio? Multiple Alleles: Smiley s Genetics In smiley s, the shape of the eye is controlled by MULTIPLE ALLELES, much like blood types. The smileys pictured show the four possible phenotypes. It is known that the star and dot eyes are codominant and the square eyes are a recessive trait. Assign genotypes to each of the smiley s pictured. 39) If a star-eyed smiley (homozygous) is crossed with a dot-eyed smiley (also homozygous) what will all of their offspring look like? 40) If the pair in the cross about were both heterozygous, what will their offspring look like and in what proportion? 41) If a starry-dot eyed smiley is crossed with a square eyed smiley, what type of eyes can their children have and in what proportion. 7
CO-DOMINANCE AND BLOOD TYPES Blood Type is controlled by 3 alleles: A, B, O. A & B are codominant, O is recessive. The Letter I represents the blood cell, and the allele is a superscript Dominant Recessive I A = A protein I B = B protein i = no protein R = has Rh protein r= no Rh protein 42) a) What are the two genotypes possible for a person who as A blood? b) What genotype does a person with AB blood have? c) What genotype does a person with O blood have? d) What are the two genotypes possible for a person who as B blood? 43) A man with type AB blood is married to a woman also with type AB blood. a) What blood types will their children have b) In what proportion? 44) A man with type AB blood is married to a woman with type O blood. They have two natural children and one adopted child. Jane has type A blood, Bobby has type B blood, and Grace has type O blood. a) Which child was adopted? 45) A woman with type A blood (genotype AO) is married to a type B person (genotype BO). What proportion of their children will have: a) A blood? b) B blood? c) O blood 46) Three babies get mixed up in the hospital: Baby #1 has type O blood. Baby #2 has type A blood. Baby #3 has AB blood. Using the parent s blood types below, determine which baby belongs to which of the parents. The Washington s The Lincoln s The Kennedy s MOM: 0 MOM: AB MOM: B (HET) DAD: A DAD: B DAD: B 8
X-Linked Genes In fruit flies, eye color is a sex linked trait. Red is dominant to white. 47) What are the sexes and eye colors of flies with the following genotypes: X R X r X R Y X R X R X r Y 48) What are the genotypes of these flies: white eyed, male white eyed, female red eyed female (heterozygous) red eyed, male 49) Show the cross of a white eyed female X r X r with a red-eyed male X R Y. How many are: white eyed, male white eyed, female red eyed, male red eyed, female 50) Show a cross between a pure red eyed female and a white eyed male. What are the genotypes of the parents: & How many are: white eyed, male white eyed, female red eyed, male red eyed, female 51) Show the cross of a red eyed female (heterozygous) and a red eyed male. What are the genotypes of the parents? & How many are: white eyed, male white eyed, female red eyed, male red eyed, female Math: What if in the above cross, 100 males were produced and 200 females. How many total red-eyed flies would there be? 9
52) In humans, hemophilia is a sex linked trait. Females can be normal, carriers, or have the disease. Males will either have the disease or not (but they won t ever be carriers) = female, normal = female, carrier = male, normal = male, hemophiliac = female, hemophiliac 53) Show the cross of a man who has hemophilia with a woman who is a carrier. a) What is the probability that their children will have the disease? 54) A woman who is a carrier marries a normal man. Show the cross. a) What is the probability that their children will have hemophilia? b) What sex will a child in the family with hemophilia be? 55) A woman who has hemophilia marries a normal man. a) How many of their children will have hemophilia, and what is their sex? 56) In cats, the gene for calico (multicolored) cats is codominant. Females that receive a B and an R gene have black and orange splotches on white coats. Males can only be black or orange, but never calico. Here s what a calico female s genotype would look like. X B X R a) Show the cross of a female calico cat with a black male? i) What percentage of the kittens will be black and male? ii) What percentage of the kittens will be calico and male? iii) What percentage of the kittens will be calico and female? 10
Pedigrees and Genetic Traits Worksheet Notes: A pedigree is a chart that shows the occurrence of a trait across several generations of a family. By analyzing a pedigree, it is often possible to determine whether a trait is controlled by a dominant allele or a recessive allele and whether it is autosomal or sex-linked KEY DD or Dd= dimples dd= no dimples 57) The children of couple A and B are 58) D is married to 59) Who are the grandparents of G and H? 60) Who has dimples? Who doesn t? 61) Is the gene for dimples dominant or recessive? How did you know? 62) Is the gene for dimples autosomal or sex-linked? How did you know? SEX LINKED PEDIGREES This Pedigree is for Duchesne Muscular Dystrophy a recessive gene on the X chromosome 63) Write The genotypes of all individuals N= Normal n= muscular dystrophy 64) Is Duchesne Muscular Dystrophy more likely to occur in males or females? Explain why? 65) Individual H is female with the disorder. How did she inherit the disorder? 66) Individual K has the disorder, yet his father did not. How is that possible? 67) Individual G does not have the disorder, yet his father does and his mother was a carrier. Explain how that is possible. 68) Why is the genotype of the father not important when investigating Sex-linked traits inherited by sons? 11
BUDGET GENETIC COUNSELING CENTER What are the three things that are wrong with this pedigree for being colorblind? a) b) c) This is a pedigree for baldness. Affected individuals are often lose their hair later in life. 69) Label the generation numbers 70) Use your notes to help you figure out the genotypes of the numbered individuals 71) Challenge yourself by figuring out as many of the other individuals as possible a. Is baldness a dominant or recessive trait? b. Is baldness a autosomal or sex-linked trait? a. What are the genotypes of the parents of individual #1 Mom Dad b. What is the genotype of person #1 #2 #3 #4 This is a pedigree for tardiness. Affected individuals are often tardy to class. 72) Label the generation numbers 73) Use your notes to help you figure out the genotypes of the numbered individuals 74) Challenge yourself by figuring out as many of the other individuals as possible a. Is tardiness a dominant or recessive trait? b. Is tardiness an autosomal or sex-linked trait? c. What allele symbol are you going to use for being tardy? not tardy d. What is the phenotype of person #1 genotype e. What are the phenotypes of the parents of individual #2 Mom Dad f. What is the phenotype of person #3 genotype g. What is the genotype of person #4 #5 REFLECTION: Create the following pedigree and Label each individual with their genotype Tongue rolling being able to roll your tongue is dominant to not being able to. A man and a woman get married. The man can roll his tongue, but the woman can t. They have two girls that can both roll their tongues. The man has two sisters. One can roll her tongue the other can t. Both of his parents can roll their tongues. The woman has three brothers two of them can roll their tongues, one can t. Her mother can t roll her tongue, but her father can. The two girls get married and have kids of their own. The older girl has twin sons who can t roll their tongues. The younger sister marries a man that can t roll his tongue. They have two tongue rolling girls and a son that can t. 12
GENETICS STUDY GUIDE 1) What is a gene? 2) What is an allele? 3) Explain the difference between a gene and an allele. 4) Who is the Father of Genetics? 5) What are the two types of crosses that we can give him credit for solving? and 6) What does the Law of Segregation mean? 7) What does the Law of Independent Assortment mean? 8) Do all crosses follow the rules established my Mendel s work with Pea Plants? Give some examples! a. b. c. 9) What does probability mean? 10) What is the formula we use to figure out probability? a. What is the probability of having a boy or a girl? b. What is the probability of having a boy and a girl? c. What are the three different ways you can write a probability? 11) What does the term Heterozygous mean? 12) What does the term Homozygous mean? 13) Using A s, what is the genotype for a person that is. a. Heterozygous b. Homozygous dominant 14) What is the actual difference between dominant and recessive alleles? HINT: mrna 15) Why do we use capital and lower case letters to represent the alleles? 16) What is a genotype? 17) What is a phenotype? 18) What is a Punnet square? Why do we use it? 19) What is a gamete?
20) What is actually being represented by the letters that we put for the mother and father? 21) What is represented by the inside boxes? 22) What does the F 1 stand for? 23) What does the F 2 stand for? 24) What is the type of inheritance we see in Snap Dragons? a. What color are the Heterozygous? b. Why? c. How can you be sure you choose the right type of dominance? 25) What do we call it when many allele sets control a trait? 26) What is an example of this? 27) What is the type of dominance that controls Blood type? 28) Fill out the table BLOOD TYPE GENOTYPE POSSIBILITIES A B AB 0 29) What is the normal genotype of a female 30) What is the normal genotype of a male 31) What do we call traits that are carried on the X chromosome? 32) What is an example of a sex-linked Genotype of a Female? Male? 33) How many alleles to men have for Sex Linked Traits? a) WHY? 34) Give an example of a sex-linked trait. 35) What are Sex Limited Trait s? 36) Give an example for one in each Sex (gender) a) b) 37) Does the environment effect gene expression? a) What are some examples? i) ii) iii)
38) For the following table, mark the box with an X if it applies to the traits listed INHERITANCE PATTERN Simple Dominance Incomplete Dominance Multiple Alleles Codominance Polygenic Sex-linked Hair Color Blood Type Eye Color Sickle Cell Anemia Skin Color Snap Dragon Color Human Height Colorblindness PUNNETT SQUARE PRACTICE MAKE SURE YOU INCLUDE ALL 6 STEPS! 39) Tongue curling is dominant to not being able to curl tongue. a) What is the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of a dominant male with a recessive female? b) What is the ratio of a heterozygous male with a heterozygous female 40) If Black is dominant to white in rats, what would the genotype be of a rat that is white? a. Why is it white ( be specific) b. What would the rat look like if its genotype was Ww? 41) In gerbil coat color, black is dominant and brown is recessive. Black male mates with a brown female and produces 10 offspring. Four offspring are black and 6 offspring are brown. a. What genotype is the father? b. What is a test cross? c. Prove it with a Punnet square!
42) In Snapdragons red flowers are dominant to white flowers. Cross a red flower and a white flower. a) What type of dominance is this? b) Cross any two of the offspring of the above cross. i) What is the new phenotype ratio? 43) A father has sickle cell anemia, and marries a woman that has normal blood cells. What are the chances of their child having Sickle Cell anemia? a) Show the cross! 44) A certain couple had a child with O blood type, but they are A type and B type. a) Is this possible? Explain! 45) Another couple had a child the same day at the same hospital. There are A and AB Could this child with 0 type be theirs? 46) Color Blindness is a genetic disorder. The mother is a carrier for the disorder and the father is normal, what are the chances that the son will be colorblind? a) What kind of inheritance is this? b) Can a women be colorblind? c) Explain: 47) A man is normal but marries a woman that is a carrier for hemophilia What are the chances that their child will have hemophilia?
48) In guinea pigs, the allele for rough coat (R) is dominant to the allele for smooth coat (r), and the allele for black fur (B) is dominant to the allele for white fur (b). Mate a heterozygous rough black guinea pig and a smooth white guinea pig. a) What are the possible eggs and sperm? (FOIL) X b) What are the Phenotype ratios? 56) In the following pedigrees a) Label each generation and individual b) Label each individual with the corresponding genotype c) State whether the condition is dominant or recessive. d) Sex linked or autosomal C C C D D D