EXTENSIONS EXTENSIONS IN READING SERIES D IN READING PROVIDES CHALLENGING INSTRUCTIONAL ACTIVITIES FOR 12 READING STRATEGIES STRENGTHENS CRITICAL READING, ORGANIZATIONAL, AND WRITING SKILLS FEATURES ASSESSMENT IN READING COMPREHENSION
Table of Contents STRATEGY ONE Finding Main Idea..........................................4 STRATEGY TWO Recalling Facts and Details..................................14 STRATEGY THREE Understanding Sequence...................................24 STRATEGY FOUR Recognizing Cause and Effect................................34 STRATEGY FIVE Comparing and Contrasting.................................44 STRATEGY SIX Making Predictions........................................54 STRATEGY SEVEN Finding Word Meaning in Context...........................64 STRATEGY EIGHT Drawing Conclusions and Making Inferences...................74 STRATEGY NINE Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion.....................84 STRATEGY TEN Identifying Author s Purpose................................94 STRATEGY ELEVEN Interpreting Figurative Language............................104 STRATEGY TWELVE Summarizing............................................114 STRATEGIES ONE TWELVE REVIEW............................................124 3
STRATEGY TWO Recalling Facts and Details Learn About Recalling Facts and Details Thinking about the strategy When you read, you can look for facts and details that give more information about the main idea of a paragraph, passage, or selection. Facts and details answer the questions Who? What? When? Where? Why? and How? about main ideas. Names, dates, and events are facts and details that can help explain the main idea. To find facts and details in a paragraph or passage, first identify the main idea. Then look in the surrounding sentences for facts and details that give more information about the main idea. Authors try to present facts and details in as interesting a way as possible, so look for facts and details in dialogue, quotations, lists, and descriptions. Main Idea Fact/Detail Fact/Detail Fact/Detail Studying a model The main idea of the passage is America s journey to the moon. Details about NASA and President Ke n n e d y give backgro u n d i n fo r m a t i o n. July 16, 1969, tells when the flight to the moon began. Other details include the names of the astronauts and of the spacecrafts. Read the passage and the notes beside it. America s journey to the moon began in October 1958, when NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) officially started. NASA s goal was to see if humans could live in space. On May 25, 1961, President John F. Kennedy added a new challenge to the space program. He asked the nation to work at landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s. On July 16, 1969, astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins blasted off for the moon aboard the spacecraft Columbia. Three days later, Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon s surface in the Eagle, a smaller spacecraft attached to the Columbia. Six hours after that, Neil Armstrong became the first human being to walk on the moon. 14
Learn About a Graphic Organizer Understanding a timeline A timeline can help you organize facts and details that are presented in time order and those that are presented out of order. You can use a timeline when reading biographies, autobiographies, news articles, and stories about historical events. Before creating a timeline, you may wish to take notes. Then you can order your notes and record them in a timeline. You can order your notes from top to bottom or from left to right. Here is a timeline for the passage on page 14. It shows facts and details in the order they happened in time. In this timeline, the facts and details are listed from top to bottom. Use date details in the timeline. Write facts next to the date they happened. October 1958 May 25, 1961 July 16, 1969 July 19, 1969 NASA starts. Goal is to see if humans can live in space. President Kennedy challenges the country to land a person on the moon before the end of the 1960s. Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins blast off for the moon in the Columbia. The Eagle lands on the moon. Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the moon. When you complete a timeline, you get a snapshot of the important facts and details about a specific topic. A timeline makes it easy to recall these facts and details when studying for a test, writing a report, or explaining the main idea of a selection. When was NASA started? October 1958 Who was the first person to walk on the moon? astronaut Neil Armstrong As you read, ask yourself What is the main idea of the paragraph, passage, or selection? What facts and details give more information about the main idea? 15
Learn About a Form of Writing Focusing on a biography A biography tells the true story of a person s life. The author, also called the biographer, tries to show why the person s life is important. Besides telling important dates and events in the person s life, a biographer will often use short stories, quotations, and the person s own words to make the person come alive for readers. A biography has these features. It tells the story of a person s life from the author s point of view. It usually presents facts and details in time order. It explains why the person s life is important. Here is a paragraph from a biography about the famous Italian artist, Leonardo da Vinci. Notice that facts and details are presented in time order. Leonardo da Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy, on April 15, 1452. As a boy, he was probably good at drawing. Around 1466, his father took him to Florence to be an apprentice to the artist Andrea del Verrocchio. da Vinci worked hard to learn the skills of an artist. In the following years, he created some of his finer paintings, such as The Annunciation (1474) and the Adoration of the Magi (1481 1482). In 1482, he wrote to Duke Ludovico Sforza of Milan. He told the duke, in painting [I] can do any kind of work as well as any man. This self-confidence helped da Vinci get the job of Painter and Engineer to the Duke. In 1503, da Vinci painted his most famous work, the Mona Lisa. Organizing ideas in a timeline Born, April 15, in Vinci, Italy A biography usually includes facts and details about a person in time order. You can use a timeline to organize these facts and details. Here is a timeline for the paragraph above. The facts and details are listed from left to right. Goes to Florence to be an apprentice to artist Verrocchio Leonardo da Vinci The Annunciation Adoration of the M a g i Moves to Milan Mona Lisa 1452 1466 1474 1481 1482 1503 16
Prepare for the Reading Selection Gaining knowledge People have longed to fly for thousands of years. Ancient Greeks told the story of Icarus who flew with wings made from wax. Sadly, Icarus flew too close to the sun, and his wings melted. Leonardo da Vinci, the 15th-century Italian artist and inventor, was certain that humans could fly with the help of machines. One of his drawings shows the first helicopter. da Vinci never got off the ground. Thousands of years later, however, modern inventors created aircraft that soared miles above the clouds at amazing speeds. Of course, the first airplane did not fly that high or that fast. On the following pages, you will read about the two men who built it. Learn Vocabulary Understanding vocabulary investigate minister graduate mechanics original propellers aviation The boxed words below are boldfaced in the selection. Learn the meaning of each word. Then write the word that matches the clue. 1. This is used to describe something new. 2. This is what detectives do to solve a mystery. 3. These are airplane parts that spin around. 4. This has to do with how the parts of a machine work. 5. This is someone who works for a church. 6. This has to do with building and flying airplanes. 7. This is what students do who finish high school. 17
Reading Selection Part One Read the first part of the biography The Wright Brothers and Their Flying Machine. The Wright Brothers and Their Flying Machine Milton and Susan Wright of Millville, Indiana, already had two sons when they welcomed their third son, Wilbur, into the world on April 16, 1867. Four years later, on August 19, 1871, Wilbur s brother Orville was born. By then, the Wrights were living in a new home at 7 Hawthorne Street in Dayton, Ohio. Three years later, on the same day, August 19, the Wrights only daughter Katharine was born. The Wright family home was warm and loving, and the perfect place for Wilbur and Orville, two very curious and clever boys. We were lucky enough, Orville wrote many years later, to grow up in an environment where there was always much encouragement... to investigate whatever aroused curiosity. Milton Wright, the boys father, was a minister who later became a bishop. Bishop Wright traveled a lot for his church. He often returned home with small gifts for his children. In 1878, he brought home a toy that looked like today s helicopter. As they played with that helicopter toy, Wilbur and Orville had their first thoughts about flying. From 1878 to 1884, the family moved several times because of Milton s work. They moved from Ohio to Iowa to Indiana and then finally back to Dayton in 1884. In school, Orville did average work. Wilbur was a very good student. Because the family moved right before Wilbur was to g r a d u a t e from high school, he never picked up his diploma. Plans for college also were put aside when Wilbur was injured in an ice skating accident in 1886. Wilbur was playing a ball game on the ice with friends when he was hit by a flying bat. Soon after he began suffering with a heart problem. Of the two boys, Orville was the more lively. In 1889, he left high school before graduation and started his own printing business. Together, he and Wilbur built a printing press, using parts from an old horse-drawn carriage and a broken tombstone. The Wright brothers used their press to publish the West Side News a four-page, weekly paper that Wilbur edited. That same year, their mother Susan died. 18
Orville and Wilbur began a new business in 1892. The two brothers had always been interested in how machines work. After they bought bicycles, they became experts in the mechanics of the bicycle. When their friends started bringing their bikes to them to repair, Orville and Wilbur opened The Wright Cycle Shop. They also designed and built their own bike models. They named their bikes the Van Cleve and the St. Clair. The Wright Cycle Shop was in business until 1904. In 1896, Orville got very sick. Wilbur took care of him. During this time, Wilbur read that a German glider pilot named Otto Lilienthal had died in a crash. Wilbur was sorry to read of the pilot s death. At the same time, the article stirred up old thoughts. Wilbur started thinking seriously about flying. He read everything he could on the subject. On May 30, 1899, he wrote a letter to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. He asked for any printed materials the Institution had about aeronautics, which is the study of flight. Completing a timeline April 16, 1867 August 19, 1871 Some of the timeline for the first part of the biography has been filled in. Add more facts and details to complete the timeline. Wilbur Wright is born in Millville, Indiana. Orville Wright is born in Dayton, Ohio. 1878 Bishop Wright brings home a toy helicopter. 1878 1884 The Wrights move from Ohio to Iowa to Indiana and finally back to Ohio. 1886 19
Reading Selection Part Two Read the second part of the biography The Wright Brothers and Their Flying Machine. In 1899, Orville and Wilbur built a kite biplane that was five feet wide. (A biplane has double wings.) The brothers had an idea that would allow a pilot to control a plane. Their idea was to attach strings to the tips of the wings. When the pilot pulled on these strings, the wings would twist, and the plane would turn. Orville and Wilbur used their kite model to test and prove this new idea. Next, the Wright brothers built full-size planes. From 1900 1901, they built three gliders, using their kite design. Since a glider is powered by wind, the brothers wanted to test their first glider in a windy place. They asked the United States Weather Bureau for help. They learned that the fishing town of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, had steady winds. Its wide sandy shore was also perfect for taking off and landing a plane. During their glider tests at Kitty Hawk, the Wright brothers added a tail to the design of the plane. The next step was to add a motor. The Wright brothers built the first airplane with a motor in 1903. They named it Flyer. Like a glider, Flyer had biplane wings. Unlike a glider, Flyer was powered by a twelve-horsepower gasoline engine. The most original feature on this plane, however, was not the engine. What really made this plane special was the two propellers that were placed behind the wings. The engine would give the plane the power to fly. The propellers would give it the power to move forward. The Wright brothers hoped to fly their new plane by the fall, but bad weather forced them to wait until December 14. On that day, they took Flyer to the beach at Kitty Hawk. They tossed a coin to see who would pilot the first flight. Wilbur won, but the flight was not a success, and Flyer was damaged. Three days later, Flyer was repaired. The brothers returned to the beach. This time, Orville climbed into the pilot s seat. At exactly 10:35 A.M. on December 17, 1903, Orville Wright made the first flight in a motorized plane. The flight lasted twelve seconds and traveled 120 feet. Orville and Wilbur made three more flights in Flyer that day. The final and longest flight lasted 59 seconds and went 852 feet. 20
Later that day, a strong gust of wind blew Flyer over. The damages were too bad to repair, and Flyer was never flown again. At first, no one was very interested in what the Wright brothers were doing. Some people did not believe that they had really flown. That didn t stop Wilbur and Orville from building new and better airplanes or from performing more flying experiments. By 1905, they had built their third plane. On October 5 of that year, Orville flew this plane 24 miles for 39 minutes! As the stories of these flights were proven true, more and more people became interested in flying. The Wright brothers ideas about flying and airplane design had started the new and exciting business of aviation. Wilbur Wright died in 1912. Orville died in 1948. Flyer, their first airplane, was rebuilt in 1985. It can be seen at the Smithsonian s National Air and Space Museum. Using a timeline Use facts and details from the second part of the biography to create a timeline. 21
Check Your Understanding Think about what you ve read. Then answer these questions. 1. Which of these is true? A Orville and Wilbur Wright were twins. B Wilbur was four years older than Orville. C Orville was three years older than Wilbur. D Wilbur and Orville shared the same birthday, August 19. 2. Wilbur and Orville were encouraged to investigate whatever made them curious. They were encouraged to A make up questions. B become detectives. C invent things. D find answers to questions. 3. What first made the Wright brothers think about flying? A a broken tombstone B a news article C a toy helicopter D a flying bat 4. What did Orville do right after he quit high school? A He built a glider. B He started his own printing business. C He opened a bicycle repair shop. D He moved to Indiana. 5. To learn the mechanics of a bicycle, Orville and Wilbur had to learn A how to ride a bicycle. B why people like to ride bicycles. C to tell the difference between different bicycles. D how the parts of the bicycle work together. 6. What happened when Wilbur read about Otto Lilienthal s glider crash? A He started thinking about flying. B He decided gliders were not safe. C He wrote a letter to Lilienthal s family. D He thought about being a minister. 7. The author s main purpose in Part One of the selection is to A describe the Wright family home. B explain how the Wright brothers became interested in flying. C entertain readers with stories of the Wright brothers childhood. D persuade readers to learn more about flying. 8. If you were to visit Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, what would the weather probably be like? A rainy B sunny C windy D snowy 9. From the information given, what can you figure out about gliders before 1900? A They crashed often. B They had no tails. C They had movable wings. D They had no place for a pilot to sit. 10. How were early gliders and Flyer alike? A Both had propellers. B Both had small engines. C Both were five-feet wide. D Both had biplane wings. 22
11. Which of these is an opinion? A The first motor-powered flight took place on December 17, 1903. B Flyer was the Wright brothers first plane. C As children, the Wright brothers were very curious and clever. D Wilbur Wright wrote a letter to the Smithsonian Institution on May 30, 1899. 12. The Wright brothers stayed in aviation for the rest of their lives, which means they continued A to build and fly airplanes. B to invent new machines. C to publish a newspaper about flying. D to enter flying contests. Extend Your Learning Perform a Play In a group, write a play based on the biography of the Wright brothers you just read. Look at the notes in your completed timelines to get ideas for different scenes to include in your play. Focus on major events. Imagine what the characters would feel and say during these events. Then work together to write dialogue for your play. Practice and present your play to the class. Create a Timeline Use the Internet and other resources to learn more about America s space program. Jot down facts and details about the space program, including the dates of important events. Then use your notes to create a timeline for America s space program. Write a Biography Write a short biography of someone in history who interests you. Look through your social studies, science, and literature textbooks for ideas. You might choose an inventor like Wilbur or Orville Wright, an artist such as Leonardo da Vinci, or any other person of interest. Include facts and details that tell about the person s life and that show why the person is important. 23
STRATEGIES O N E T W E LV E Re v i e w Reading Selection One Read the fable The Ant and the Dove. The Ant and the Dove One summer afternoon when the sun was high in the sky, an ant crawled down to the river s edge. Rain had fallen earlier in the day, making the ground muddy and slick. The ant was very thirsty. All he could think of was how cool and refreshing the water would taste. In a rush to get a drink, he slipped down the bank and into the river. Help! Help! yelled the ant. Help! Help! It so happened that a dove was perched on a branch above the river. The dove heard the ant s cries for help. He saw the ant struggling to keep his head above the water. Quickly, the dove grabbed a leaf from the branch and dropped it into the river. Climb onto the leaf, the dove yelled to the ant. It will carry you downstream and close to land where you can get off. The ant did what the dove told him. Soon, he was once again on solid ground, very happy to be alive. Some time later, the ant saw a hunter sneaking up on the dove. In a moment, the hunter had dropped a net over the dove. Help! Help! yelled the dove. Help! Help! Like a bolt of lightning, the ant struck and bit the hunter s foot. The hunter howled in pain. The ant bit him again, harder. This time the hunter dropped the net and ran screaming out of the forest. The dove quickly flew to safety but not before turning to the ant to say thank you. You helped me when I was in trouble, the ant replied. I m just glad that I could 124
Check Your Understanding Think about what you ve read. Then answer these questions. 1. What is the best meaning of the word slick in the fable? A muddy B slippery C hard D cold and wet 2. Why does the ant fall in the river? A He trips over a branch. B He falls off a leaf. C He is running away from the hunter. D He is in a rush to get a drink of wa t e r. 3. Where is the dove when he sees the ant in the river? A under a net in the mud B on the river bank C in the river D on a tree branch above the river 4. From the information in the fable, you can draw the conclusion that A the ant cannot swim. B the river is swift and deep. C the dove and ant have been friends for a long time. D the dove is bossy. 5. Which of these is an important detail that belongs in a summary of the fable? A The sun was high in the sky. B Rain made the ground muddy. C An ant slips into the river and cries for help. D A leaf was on a branch. 6. In the fable, the ant is compared to A a leaf. B a hunter. C a bolt of lightning. D a river. 7. What happens after the hunter runs from the forest? A The ant sees the hunter sneaking up on the dove. B The dove drops a leaf in the river. C The ant yells, Help! Help! D The dove thanks the ant. 8. In what way are the dove and the ant alike? A They both act quickly in times of danger. B They are both good swimmers. C They are both hunters. D They both like to drink from the river on hot sunny days. 9. What is this fable mostly about? A an ant who almost drowns B a dove who watches over the river C an ant and a dove who save each other s lives D a hunter who tries to catch a dove with a net 10. The author wrote this fable mainly to A persuade people not to hunt for doves. B describe a river after it rains. C explain the living habits of ants and doves. D entertain readers with a story that teaches a lesson about helping others. 125
Reading Selection Two Read the article So You Want a Pet Puppy. So You Want a Pet Puppy Unless a family already has one or more pets, sooner or later most young children ask for a pet. Some children want cats. Some want birds. Some ask for gerbils. Others ask for hamsters. A few think it s cool to have pet mice. If you re like many children, however, when you ask for a new pet, you will ask for a puppy. Think of how much fun it will be to play with a cuddly little dog. Think of what great friends you and your new puppy will be. However, having a puppy or any other kind of pet is a big choice and a big responsibility. You should know and understand what that choice and responsibility involves. CHOOSING YOUR PUPPY Once your family decides to get a puppy, you will have to decide what kind of puppy to get. The first thing you should do is look around your home. Do you live in a small city apartment? Do you live on a busy street? Do you live in a large house with a back yard? Do you live on a farm with acres and acres of land? Remember, puppies grow into dogs. While some puppies do not grow very large, others grow into huge adults. For example, a full-grown Chihuahua weighs only 6 pounds and is only 5 inches tall. On the other hand, a full-grown collie weighs as much as 75 pounds and is about 25 inches tall. Make sure that the puppy you choose will not outgrow your home. Another thing to think about before you choose a puppy is how much money you have to spend. A mixed-breed puppy one that is a mix of different kinds of dogs that you get from an animal shelter will not cost as much as a pure breed. However, even a mixed-breed puppy will require visits to the veterinarian for checkups and shots. A veterinarian is an animal doctor. Dogs also eat special food to stay healthy. Dog food costs money; so do food bowls, chew toys, collars, and leashes. Many people forget how expensive it can be to own a dog. Make sure that you can afford to take care of a dog before you bring it home. 126
CARING FOR YOUR PUPPY Okay. You have chosen your puppy. Now it s time to take your puppy home. When you begged for your puppy, you probably promised that you would be the one to take care of it. Here are some things you should know about caring for your puppy. Puppies need food. To find out how much and what kind of food to feed your puppy, you can ask your veterinarian. You might also ask a dog breeder or a pet store owner. You can also look in a book about dogs. Make sure that you keep your puppy s dish clean. This will help to keep your puppy healthy. Puppies need to be house-trained. You will have to take your puppy out several times a day. When you are not going to be around, make sure that whoever is around is responsible for taking the puppy out. Puppies need exercise. Give your puppy plenty of exercise. Like you, your puppy needs exercise to have a healthy body and a healthy mind. Take your puppy for walks. If you live on a busy city street, be sure to walk your dog on a leash. Your puppy also gets exercise when you play fetch or tag, or when you wrestle around on the ground. Actually, playing together is the best part of having a puppy. So have fun, and remember one more thing. Just like you, puppies need love and attention. Give your puppy lots of both, and your puppy will probably give you lots of love and attention right back. 127
Check Your Understanding Think about what you ve read. Then answer these questions. 11. What is the best meaning of the word responsibility in the article? A the duty to take care of B a difficult choice C price or cost of something D form of entertainment 12. Which of these sentences from the article best tells the main idea of the entire article? A H aving a puppy or any kind of pet is a big choice and a big responsibility. B Remember, puppies grow into dogs. C Dogs also eat special food to stay healthy. D Just like you, puppies need love and attention. 13. Because some puppies can grow into very large dogs, you should A move to a home with a large yard. B not get a dog unless you live on a farm. C choose a small puppy. D choose a dog that will not outgrow your home. 14. What is the main difference between Chihuahuas and collies? A Collies live only on farms. B Chihuahuas need exercise. C Chihuahuas are smaller than collies. D Collies need special dog food but Chihuahuas do not. 15. From the information in the article, you can predict that an adult collie will A weigh less than six pounds. B will weigh more than 150 pounds. C be larger than any other dog. D be about two feet tall. 16. What is the best meaning of the word breed in the article? A a mixture B one special kind C the cost of something D to grow 17. Which of these is not an opinion? A Most young children ask for a pet. B A veterinarian is an animal doctor. C Many people forget how expensive it can be to own a dog. D Playing together is the best part of having a puppy. 18. From the information in the article, you can figure out that A a dog can get sick if its dish is not kept clean. B it does not matter how much or when a dog eats. C most people cannot afford to keep more than one dog. D dogs that live in the city do not get enough exercise. 19. Which of these is not an important part of caring for a puppy? A buying chew toys B feeding a puppy C exercising a puppy D giving a puppy love and attention 20. The author wrote the article mainly to A tell an enjoyable story about a puppy. B convince readers that most children should have a pet. C describe different kinds of dogs. D help readers understand how to choose and care for a puppy. 128
10103.0 EXTENSIONS IN READING SERIES D Reading Strategies Finding Main Idea Recalling Facts and Details Understanding Sequence Recognizing Cause and Effect Comparing and Contrasting Making Predictions Finding Word Meaning in Context Drawing Conclusions and Making Inferences Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion Identifying Author s Purpose Interpreting Figurative Language Summarizing Forms of Writing Magazine Article Biography Informational Story Realistic Fiction Story Essay Short Story Feature Story Journal Entry Play Folktale Myth Fairy Tale Graphic Organizers Main Idea Chart Timeline Sequence Chain Cause-and-effect Map Venn Diagram Prediction Map Words-and-meaning Chart Conclusions/Inferences Diagram Fact-and-opinion Chart Author s Purpose Questionnaire Figurative Language Chart Story Map Reading Selections The Surprising Road to Discovery The Wright Brothers and Their Flying Machine Pirate Games The Play Fly by Day, Fly by Night The Way Back Move for Your Health Annie s Journal A Pilgrim Voyage Why the Male Lion Has a Mane The Story of King Midas Cinderella The Ant and the Dove So You Want a Pet Puppy Vocabulary Building Definitions Word Meaning Antonyms Synonyms Cloze Word Clues Comprehension Checks Selected-response Questions Assessment of Reading Strategies Extend Learning Writing Researching Illustrating Performing Summarizing Brainstorming Reading Storytelling Reorder No. CA10103 Single CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES, Inc. North Billerica, MA 01862 Phone: 800 225-0248 (U.S. & Canada) Fax: 800 366-1158 (U.S. & Canada) E-mail: cainfo@cainc.com Web: www.cainc.com FREE product training: www.catraining.com