THE BROILER CHICKEN INDUSTRY IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY IN 2012 AND PROSPECTS FOR 2013 SUMMARY produced parent stock accounted for In 2012, a production of 673.87 million day-old chicks was reported by the industry and the production of broilers was 637.00 million birds. For 2013, a production of 770.22 million day-old chicks and 720.11 million broilers is projected. There are 23 broiler parent stock companies with annual 93.0% of the total parent stock population. The monthly ex-farm price of day-old chicks fluctuated between RM0.90 and RM1.95 per chick with an annual average of RM1.33 per chick. The monthly ex-farm prices for broilers fluctuated between RM3.20 and RM5.50 per kilogram live day-old chicks production capacities weight with an annual average of RM4.30 ranging from 1.38 to 158.7 million birds per kilogram. Cost of production of broilers operating in 2012. The standing parent was between RM4.72 and RM5.09 per stock population in 2012 was about 5.66 million birds. Cobbs and Ross are the kilogram. Export of live broilers in 2012 was 42.78 million birds showing a 7.16% principle breeds accounting for 96.6% of lower than the previous year. The the total parent stock. Other breeds are importation of chicken cuts in 2012 Arbor Acres and Indian River. Locally increased by 4.6% from 2011. SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND DATA COLLECTION The survey of broiler breeding farms and hatcheries were conducted during the months of June, July and August 2012. During the survey, data and information were collected to prepare this report. The data was analysed on a regional basis i.e Northern (Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak), Central (Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Malacca), Southern (Johore) and East Coast (Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan). BREEDER FARMS Number of Breeder Companies Twenty three (23) broiler parent stock companies of which ten (10) are integrators and 13 are nonintegrators with a total of 79 farms are in operation in the year 2012 (Table 1 and Table 2). 1
Table 1: Number of Broiler Parent Stock Companies Table 2: Distribution of Broiler Parent Stock Farms Region Number of Companies Northern (Perlis, Kedah, Penang and Perak) 8 Central (Selangor, N. Sembilan, and Malacca) 6 Southern (Johore) 6 Eastern (Pahang, Terengganu and Kelantan) 3 Production Capacity The annual production capacity of day-old chicks by the breeder companies varied. The smallest company produced about 4.07 million day-old chicks and the largest produced about 158.7 million dayold chicks (Table 3). BROILER PARENT STOCK Standing Population The total standing parent stock population in June 2012 was 5.66 million birds and 6.35 million birds is projected for 2013 (Table 4). Total 23 Table 3: Annual Production Capacity of Broiler Parent Stock Companies Annual Production Capacity (million Chicks) State Number of Farms Perlis 0 Kedah 4 Penang 7 Perak 12 Selangor 3 Negeri Sembilan 11 Malacca 11 Johore 25 Pahang 2 Terengganu 1 Kelantan 3 Total 79 Number of Companies (2010 ) Number of Companies (2011 ) Number of Companies (2012 ) 1 to < 5 7 3 5 5 to < 10 8 5 5 10 to < 20 4 5 5 20 to < 40 3 3 2 40 to < 80 2 6 4 80 to < 120 0 0 1 > 120 1 1 1 Total 25 23 23 Table 4: Standing Parent Stock Population Companies 2010 2011 2012 2013(forecast) Integrators 3,537,614 3,891,308 4,071,804 4,485,968 Non-Integrators 1,320,293 1,448,322 1,589,088 1,861,861 Total 4,857,907 5,339,630 5,660,892 6,347,829 Breeds The breeds available and their market share in 2012 are as shown in Table 5. The principal breeds are Cobb and Ross, accounting for 96.6% percent of the total population. In 2012, most of the companies used the locally bred Cobbs and Ross (Table 6). 2
Table 5: Market Share of Individual Breeds of Broiler Parent Stock Breeds 2010 2011 2012 2013 Cobb Ross Arbor Acres Indian River Hubbard 3,370,998 3,806,380 4,176,346 4,594,523 1,306,322 1,312,480 1,290,105 1,385,345 180,587 220,770 194,441 333,106 0 0 0 34,855 0 0 0 0 Total 4,857,907 5,339,630 5,660,892 6,347,829 Emplacement of Day-Old Parent Stock Source of Day-Old Female Parent Stock Table 9 shows the number of companies using locally produced parent stock. In 2012, of the total day-old female parent stock emplaced, 96.46 percent were supplied locally and 3.54 percent were imported (Table 10). Table 6: Use of Breeds by Broiler Parent Stock Companies Year Breed 2010 2011 2012 2013 Cobb 23 19 16 17 Ross 15 17 12 12 Arbor Acres 8 8 4 4 Indian River 0 0 0 2 Hubbard 0 0 0 0 Table 7: Annual Emplacement of Day-Old Female Parent Stock by Companies Companies 2011 2012 2010 Integrators 3,537,614 3,964,722 4,605,889 Number of Emplacement Day-old female parent stock emplacement were 6.33 million birds in the year 2012 as shown in Table 7. The emplacement of day-old parent stocks by integrators and the non-integrators were 72.77 percent and 27.23 percent respectively. The number of emplacement stock according to region and month are as shown in Table 8 and Table 11 respectively. Table 8: Annual Emplacement of Day-Old Female Parent Stock By Region Region Number of birds (million) 2010 2011 2012 Northern 0.92 0.85 0.85 Central 1.01 1.11 1.65 Southern 2.84 3.37 3.53 Non Integrators 1,320,293 1,638,788 1,723,288 Total 4,857,907 5,603,510 6,329,177 East Coast 0.34 0.28 0.31 Total 5.10 5.60 6.33 3
Table 9: Use of Locally Produced and Imported Female Parent Stock SUPPLY OF DAY OLD BROILER CHICKS FOR 2012 AND 2013. Breed Arbor Acres Number of Companies 2011 2012 Local Imported Local Imported 6 0 5 0 Cobb 19 2 18 2 Hubbard 0 0 0 0 Ross 2 14 20 2 Source of Day-Old Broiler Chicks The number of day-old chicks produced by the integrators has increased by 16.17 percent compared to the previous year whilst nonintegrators shows an increase by 5.16 percent compared to 2011. Table 10: Sources of Day-Old Female Parent Stock By Broiler Parent Stock Companies (%) Source 2010 2011 2012 Malaysia 91.69 88.44 96.46 U.S.A/Canada 0 1.13 0 E.U Countries 0 1.44 0.81 Indonesia, Korea, Japan, New Zealand Table11: Monthly EmPlacements of Day-old Female Parent Stock Month 0 0 0 0 0 0 Australia 8.31 8.90 2.73 Number of Birds 2010 2011 2012 Day Old Chicks Production The total day-old broiler chick production reported by the industry was 673,868,330 chicks as shown in Table 12. The weekly production ranged from 12.26 million to 13.84 million chicks. The supply of day-old broiler chicks is projected to be about 770,224,690 chicks for 2013 (Table 16). In 2012, the integrators and non-integrators contributed 72.84% and 27.16% respectively of the total day-old broiler chicks production (Table 14). Table 14: Production of Day-old Broilers Chicks by Integrators And Non-Integrators January 307,803 370,837 531,133 Year Integrators (%) Non-integrators (%) February 298,274 544,132 479,893 March 324,148 438,391 307,521 April 445,175 512,760 429,390 May 504,552 597,898 478,159 June 368,217 352,279 383,238 July 511,810 449,667 559,792 August 671,825 462,943 735,538 September 283,344 478,928 590,610 October 417,660 523,887 736,772 November 669,027 511,118 449,552 December 300,314 360,670 647,579 2006 55.55 44.45 2007 63.41 36.90 2008 61.24 38.76 2009 71.63 28.37 2010 73.55 26.45 2011 70.75 29.25 2012 72.84 27.16 Prices of Day-Old Chicks The weekly price of day old chicks fluctuated from RM0.90 to RM1.95 per chick. The annual average price was RM1.33 per chick. Total 4,539,311 5,603,510 6,329,177 4
Supply of Day-old Broiler Chick in Peninsular Malaysia 2012 ( Survey Reported) Date end of week Weekly Output 7-Jan-12 12,608,074 14-Jan-12 12,692,461 21-Jan-12 12,761,180 28-Jan-12 12,851,341 4-Feb-12 12,761,983 11-Feb-12 13,059,906 18-Feb-12 13,347,112 25-Feb-12 13,839,783 3-Mar-12 13,813,536 10-Mar-12 12,952,852 17-Mar-12 13,049,831 24-Mar-12 13,214,608 31-Mar-12 13,257,906 7-Apr-12 13,114,108 14-Apr-12 13,192,099 21-Apr-12 13,096,335 28-Apr-12 13,143,921 5-May-12 13,181,513 12-May-12 13,161,539 19-May-12 13,254,640 26-May-12 13,151,261 2-Jun-12 12,943,277 9-Jun-12 12,651,342 16-Jun-12 12,431,623 23-Jun-12 12,649,463 30-Jun-12 12,681,603 7-Jul-12 13,012,668 14-Jul-12 13,156,348 21-Jul-12 13,427,649 28-Jul-12 13,614,609 4-Aug-12 13,276,360 11-Aug-12 13,201,201 18-Aug-12 13,248,482 25-Aug-12 13,421,923 1-Sep-12 13,488,593 8-Sep-12 13,320,816 15-Sep-12 13,373,886 22-Sep-12 13,360,782 29-Sep-12 13,044,257 6-Oct-12 12,714,026 13-Oct-12 12,487,423 20-Oct-12 12,435,188 27-Oct-12 12,490,406 3-Nov-12 12,568,915 10-Nov-12 12,262,671 17-Nov-12 12,443,675 24-Nov-12 12,322,895 1-Dec-12 12,391,318 8-Dec-12 12,549,874 15-Dec-12 12,138,022 22-Dec-12 12,426,240 29-Dec-12 12,826,806 Total 673,868,330 Table 12 Supply of Broiler Chicken in Peninsular Malaysia 2012 ( Survey Reported) Date end of week Weekly Output 7-Jan-12 11,107,778 14-Jan-12 11,280,412 21-Jan-12 11,381,200 28-Jan-12 11,134,681 4-Feb-12 11,134,265 11-Feb-12 11,977,670 18-Feb-12 12,057,838 25-Feb-12 12,123,121 3-Mar-12 12,208,774 10-Mar-12 12,123,884 17-Mar-12 12,406,911 24-Mar-12 12,679,756 31-Mar-12 13,147,794 7-Apr-12 13,122,859 14-Apr-12 12,305,209 21-Apr-12 12,397,339 28-Apr-12 12,553,878 5-May-12 12,595,011 12-May-12 12,458,403 19-May-12 12,532,494 26-May-12 12,441,518 2-Jun-12 12,486,725 9-Jun-12 12,522,437 16-Jun-12 12,503,462 23-Jun-12 12,591,908 30-Jun-12 12,493,698 7-Jul-12 12,296,113 14-Jul-12 12,018,775 21-Jul-12 11,810,042 28-Jul-12 12,016,990 4-Aug-12 12,047,523 11-Aug-12 12,362,035 18-Aug-12 12,498,531 25-Aug-12 12,756,267 1-Sep-12 12,933,879 8-Sep-12 12,612,542 15-Sep-12 12,541,141 22-Sep-12 12,586,058 29-Sep-12 12,750,827 6-Oct-12 12,814,163 13-Oct-12 12,654,775 20-Oct-12 12,705,192 27-Oct-12 12,692,743 3-Nov-12 12,392,044 10-Nov-12 12,078,325 17-Nov-12 11,863,052 24-Nov-12 11,813,429 1-Dec-12 11,865,886 8-Dec-12 11,940,469 15-Dec-12 11,649,537 22-Dec-12 11,821,491 29-Dec-12 11,706,750 Total 636,997,602 Table 13 5
Supply of Day-old Broiler Chick in Peninsular Malaysia 2013 ( Forecast Survey Reported) Date end of week Weekly Output 7-Jan-13 12,111,544 14-Jan-13 11,972,173 21-Jan-13 11,528,259 28-Jan-13 11,693,136 4-Feb-13 11,812,161 11-Feb-13 12,057,471 18-Feb-13 12,167,904 25-Feb-13 12,284,843 4-Mar-13 12,135,807 11-Mar-13 12,186,440 18-Mar-13 12,394,920 25-Mar-13 12,722,575 1-Apr-13 13,121,679 8-Apr-13 13,546,713 15-Apr-13 13,890,698 22-Apr-13 14,149,964 29-Apr-13 14,293,914 6-May-13 14,425,979 13-May-13 14,763,109 20-May-13 14,767,997 27-May-13 15,059,545 3-Jun-13 15,367,398 10-Jun-13 15,652,718 17-Jun-13 15,926,076 24-Jun-13 16,306,841 1-Jul-13 16,466,382 8-Jul-13 16,857,563 15-Jul-13 16,763,685 22-Jul-13 16,751,448 29-Jul-13 16,877,651 5-Aug-13 16,846,704 12-Aug-13 16,727,264 19-Aug-13 16,709,793 26-Aug-13 16,674,815 2-Sep-13 16,788,066 9-Sep-13 16,633,930 16-Sep-13 16,649,137 23-Sep-13 16,486,561 30-Sep-13 16,254,455 7-Oct-13 16,069,969 14-Oct-13 15,943,553 21-Oct-13 15,777,920 28-Oct-13 16,099,664 4-Nov-13 15,784,854 11-Nov-13 15,545,941 18-Nov-13 15,401,046 25-Nov-13 15,229,258 2-Dec-13 15,117,820 9-Dec-13 14,877,725 16-Dec-13 14,797,111 23-Dec-13 14,986,309 30-Dec-13 14,766,202 Total 770,224,690 Table 17 Supply of Broiler Chicken in Peninsular Malaysia 2013 ( Forecast Survey Reported) Date end of week Weekly Output 7-Jan-13 11,771,752 14-Jan-13 11,922,380 21-Jan-13 11,531,121 28-Jan-13 11,804,928 4-Feb-13 12,185,466 11-Feb-13 11,505,967 18-Feb-13 11,373,564 25-Feb-13 10,951,846 4-Mar-13 11,108,479 11-Mar-13 11,221,553 18-Mar-13 11,454,597 25-Mar-13 11,559,509 1-Apr-13 11,670,601 8-Apr-13 11,529,017 15-Apr-13 11,577,118 22-Apr-13 11,775,174 29-Apr-13 12,086,446 6-May-13 12,465,595 13-May-13 12,869,377 20-May-13 13,196,163 27-May-13 13,442,466 3-Jun-13 13,579,218 10-Jun-13 13,704,680 17-Jun-13 14,024,954 24-Jun-13 14,029,597 1-Jul-13 14,306,568 8-Jul-13 14,599,028 15-Jul-13 14,870,082 22-Jul-13 15,129,772 29-Jul-13 15,491,499 5-Aug-13 15,643,063 12-Aug-13 16,014,685 19-Aug-13 15,925,501 26-Aug-13 15,913,876 2-Sep-13 16,033,768 9-Sep-13 16,004,369 16-Sep-13 15,890,901 23-Sep-13 15,874,303 30-Sep-13 15,841,074 7-Oct-13 15,948,663 14-Oct-13 15,802,234 21-Oct-13 15,816,680 28-Oct-13 15,662,233 4-Nov-13 15,441,732 11-Nov-13 15,266,471 18-Nov-13 15,146,375 25-Nov-13 14,989,024 2-Dec-13 15,294,681 9-Dec-13 14,995,611 16-Dec-13 14,768,644 23-Dec-13 14,630,994 30-Dec-13 14,467,795 Total 720,111,194 Table 18 6
SUPPLY OF BROILERS IN 2012 AND FORECAST FOR 2013 Production of Broilers In 2012, the total production of broilers was 637.00 million birds with a weekly production ranging from 11.11 million birds to 12.93 million Price of Broilers The weekly ex-farm price of live broilers fluctuated in the range of RM3.20 to RM5.50 per kg live weight. The annual average ex-farm price for the year was RM 4.30 per kg. birds (Table 13). The average daily output was 1.75 million birds with an increase of 4.17 percent compared to 2011. The production of broilers for 2013 is projected to be about 720.11 million birds with an average daily production of 1.97 million birds (Table 18). Export Of Broilers and Chicken Meat A total of 42.78 million live broilers and 13,816 metric tons of raw and marinated chicken meat were exported in 2012 (Table 15 and Table 16). Year Live Broilers (million birds) Chicken Meat ( 000 m tones) 2009 43.08 0.92 2010 44.93 4.16 2011 46.07 10.60 2012 42.78 13.82 Table 15: Export of live Broiler and Chicken Meat Month 2010 2011 2012 Cost of Production Cost of production of broilers ranged from RM4.72 to RM5.09 per kilogram live weight. The annual average cost of production was about RM4.83 per kilogram. Throughout the year, the cost of production was higher than the ex-farm price. The cost increment was attributed to the high cost of feed and raw feed materials. Import Of Chicken Meat Importation of various chicken meat cuts in 2012 was 41,268 metric tons. The imports increased by 4.6% compared to 2011 (Table 19). January 3,814,694 4,655,695 4,197,864 February 3,499,822 2,900,869 3,667,556 March 3,724,672 3,794,058 3,973,309 April 3,700,789 3,810,970 3,709,280 May 3,595,353 3,746,678 3,767,867 June 3,473,487 3,668,925 3,693,616 July 3,696,241 3,924,527 3,680,950 August 3,963,299 4,213,649 4,085,780 September 3,840,877 3,806,879 3,521,954 October 3,721,202 3,928,208 4,156,064 November 3,761,635 3,651,395 4,014,669 December 4,133,127 3,971,651 306,152 Total 44,925,198 46,073,504 42,778,091 Table 16: Export of Live Broiler Chicken by Month 7
Table 19: Importation of meat according to cuts Cuts Year 2011 Year 2012 Bone in chicken 56,000.00 Chicken 9 pc cut 4,460,026.16 2,928,869.20 Chicken boneless breast / frozen 10,688,200.00 10,914,605.00 Chicken boneless breast with skin 571,500.00 428,000.00 Chicken boneless leg / frozen 2,555,760.80 792,704.00 Chicken boneless breast skin on 343,032.00 147,024.00 Chicken boneless skinless breast 10,169,900.00 8,475,260.00 Chicken boneless skinless thigh 694,728.00 908,326.20 Chicken boneless meat 54,000.00 Chicken Breast Trimming Skinless Boneless, Frozen 497,531.00 2,604,957.00 Chicken Breast Frozen 108,000.00 Chicken boneless thigh 1,921,869.00 1,675,467.00 Chicken Drummet 416,923.00 336,875.00 Chicken fillet inner 100,040.00 75,030.00 Chicken fillet 0.00 15,000.00 Chicken Leg Quarter HQ 0.00 25,395.00 Chicken leg trimming skinless boneless 886,812.00 1,561,407.00 Chicken Leg (boneless) 86,886.00 5,000.00 Chicken Leg Whole with Bone, Frozen 395,500.00 262,000.00 Chicken Leg 24,055.00 0.00 Chicken leg skinless boneless 150,060.00 666,938.00 Chicken 105/115g skinless boneless 0.00 0.00 Chicken leg 190/210g skinless, boneless 35,016.00 10,008.00 Chicken leg 30/40g skinless boneless 388,104.00 548,438.00 Chicken leg 75/90g skinless boneless 1,585,416.00 1,282,812.00 Chicken leg 50/60g skinless boneless Frozen 0.00 4,002.00 Chicken leg 100/110g skinless boneless Frozen 200,006.40 Chicken meat 200,000.00 599,058.00 Chicken meat, steamed cooked deboned at 80c for 2mins 173,652.00 220,094.50 MDM 666,213.00 3,145,499.00 Chicken Mid Joint Wing 0.00 0.00 Chicken Mid Wing 0.00 0.00 Chicken skin 1,051,983.00 1,773,781.50 Chicken wing 3-joint 33,856.00 42,916.00 Chicken wing stick 0.00 231,781.00 Chicken wing frozen cooked PH New Orleans 0.00 0.00 Chicken without head, neck, leg & internal organ 887,280.00 41,160.00 Halal Frozen Whole bird(whole chicken) with neck 0.00 20,000.00 Chicken Frozen Whole Bird 265,008.00 Chicken Leg Quarter 423,370.00 76,200.00 Chicken tail 52,258.00 Chicken without head & feet 42,000.00 0.00 Frozen Whole Carcase Chicken 169,200.00 Frozen Boneless Leg with Knuckle 230-250gm 50,999.04 Frozen Skinless Boneless Leg 200-220gm 58,817.00 Frozen Whole Chicken AA 144,960.00 Frozen Chicken Breast Meat 100,032.00 Frozen Chicken Saddle 72,000.00 Quarter Cuts Chicken 118,296.00 Total(kg) 39,449,712.96 41,268,183.84 Note : Figures are based on import permits issued by DVS Table 20: Source of Imported Broiler Chicken Meat (%) Source China Thailand Denmark USA Holland France Sabah 2010 2011 2012 75.10 78.00 55.07 12.15 18.04 39.97 9.50 2.3 1.61 0.54 1.12 0.31 2.71 0.48 3.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sarawak Note:Figures are based on import permits issued by DVS Most of the chicken meat were imported from China which amounted to 22,726 metric tons, followed by Thailand and Holland (Table 20). In 2012, chicken breast was the most imported and this contributed to 48.88 percent of total imports as shown in Table 19. FEED PRICES The price of broiler feeds were lower compared to 2011 with an average decrease of 2.5%. Table 20 & 21 shows the price of broiler feeds in 2011 and 2012. Price of Feed In general, the prices of feed were still high in 2012. Table 21: Broiler Feed Prices 2011/2012 Price Month ( RM / Mt ) 2011 2012 January 1801 1791 February 1801 1791 March 1831 1791 April 1831 1791 May 1831 1791 June 1831 1680 July 1831 1680 August 1811 1800 September 1811 1800 October 1811 1800 November 1811 1800 December 1811 1800 Average 1,818 1,773 8
The annual average price of the broiler starter and broiler finisher feed in 2012 is as shown in Table 22. Month Table 22: Price of Broiler Starter and Finisher Feed DISCUSSION In 2012, there are many issues facing the poultry industry, such as increment in importation of chicken cuts and products, strengthening market access towards export excellence, continuous increase of chicken prices etc. The figure reported has shown that the importation of chicken cuts and products increased by about 4.6 percent compared to year 2011. Such imports are likely to jeopardize the viability and sustainability of the local industry which is already suffering from prolonged high cost of production. Starter Price ( RM / 50kg ) Finisher January 90.90 89.55 February 90.90 March April May 89.55 90.90 89.55 90.90 89.55 90.90 89.55 June 86.00 84.00 July 86.00 84.00 August 92.00 90.00 September 92.00 90.00 October 92.00 90.00 November 92.00 90.00 December 92.00 90.00 Average 90.47 88.67 Since the local sources are more than adequate to supply the local requirements (about 128% of self sufficiency level for chicken/duck meat), the poultry industry has to innovate and explore export markets especially among ASEAN members in the true spirit of ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). The implementation of Poultry Enactment to license the farms is well accepted by the industry. Through this enactment the Veterinary Authority is able to combat issues related to environmental pollution by poultry waste, public nuisance by flies and foul odour causing numerous complaints and also issues regarding poultry welfare. CONCLUSION In Malaysia, the livestock industry is dominated by the poultry industry which supplies more than 80 percent of the total meat requirements of the country. This industry is regarded as the most successful segment of the livestock sector and perhaps has the highest output value per worker in the agriculture sector. Malaysia has one of the highest per capita consumption of chicken in the world. Per capita consumption of chicken/duck meat is about 38kg (2012). Chicken meat is the most popular and cheapest source of meat protein among Malaysians, largely because there are no dietary prohibitions or religious restrictions against chicken consumption. Over the years, quick service restaurants (QSR) such as Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC), McDonald s, A & W, Kenny Rogers, Nando s Chickenland (a South-African based chain) have propelled the growth of chicken consumption in Malaysia. 9
Malaysian consumers today demands safe and high quality food at a reasonable price from the industry. They are very sensitive towards issues arising out of food safety and halal matters. It is important to note that the majority of the Muslim consumers will not accept poultry products that are not certified halal by the Malaysian religious authority. The Malaysian consumers are also price-sensitive and look for valve-for-money products. The poultry industry is increasingly challenged to produce new innovative products at lower costs without compromising on the quality. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank Y. Bhg. Datuk Dr. Abd. Aziz bin Jamaluddin, Director General of the Department of Veterinary Services, Malaysia for his permission to publish this report. Sincere gratitude and appreciation is extended to Dr. Hj. Idris bin Kadir, Director of Livestock Commodity Development Division and Dr Hjh Roslaini Binti Hj Rusli, Dr. Wan Mohd Kamil bin Dato Wan Nik and Dr. Lim Yoke Sin for their invaluable advice and guidance. The kind co-operation and assistance from the officers of the Headquarters and the State Department of Veterinary Services as well as the Management of all Poultry Breeding Companies involved in this survey are gratefully acknowledged. 10