Characterization, Prevalence and Economic Significance of Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Masha Municipal Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia

Advances in Biological Research 11 (6): 319-326, 2017 ISSN 1992-0067 IDOSI Publications, 2017 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.abr.2017.319.326 Characterization, Prevalence and Economic Significance of Hydatidosis in Cattle Slaughtered at Masha Municipal Abattoir, Southern Ethiopia 1 2 1 Sisay Alemu, Melkamu Melese and Fethu Lemma 1 Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box: 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia 2 Sheka Zone Livestock and Fishery Department, P.O. Box: 48, South, Ethiopia Abstract: Hydatidosis was one of the most important parasitic disease of cattle which cause serious economic loss through decreased production and rejection of Caracas. A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the occurrence and to characterize the cyst as well as to estimate economic burden caused by hydatid disease with respect to related potential risk factors in Masha municipal abattoir. Out of the total 384 cattle examined, 50(13%) harboring one or more hydatid cyst. No significant difference was seen with regards to altitude and age of the animals (P > 0.05). Of the total 384 cattle examined higher prevalence was observed in cattle with medium body condition followed by in good body condition animals (P <0.05). Lung was the most affected organ followed by liver in the study. The involvement of lung, Liver, kidney, spleen, heart and both liver & lung together was found to be 4.93%, 3.14%, 0.67%, 1.12%, 0.89 and 0.45% respectively. From the total of 50 cysts counted, 14(26.69%), 18(34.62%), 20(38.46%) were large, medium and small respectively and 5(9.62%), 35(67.31%) and 12(23.08%) were fertile, sterile and calcified respectively. Out of 5 fertile, 20% (1/5) were viable all from the lung and higher liver calcification were observed. The total financial loss by condemnation of organs and carcass was 46, 923.125Birr in this study. The findings of the present study disclosed that hydatidosis was prevalent in cattle of the study area and responsible for high level of condemnation of different organs. Hence, an integrated control approach involving strategic de-worming of the final hosts with strong surveillance system and good management practice of animals is essential for reduction of the parasite prevalence. Key words: Abattoir Hydatidosis Financial Loss Characterization Prevalence INTRODUCTION infection caused by the larval stage of the flatworm Echinococcus granulosus. It has a cosmopolitan Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in distribution and is one of the most widespread parasitic Africa; contribution from these huge livestock resources zoonosis. Hydatidosis is of importance since humans to the national income is disproportionately small, owing serve as incidental intermediate hosts [3]. to several factors. Diseases are among the factors The country has been noted for a high prevalence of responsible for poor production and productivity. hydatid disease since the 1970s [4]. Moreover, reports of Parasitic diseases are considered as a major obstacle in findings from abattoirs in various locations revealed that health and product performance of livestock [1]. hydatidosis is wide spread in Ethiopia with great Hydatidosis is one of the major parasitic problems of economic and public health significance [5]. In Ethiopia, domestic animals and a zoonotic disease that cause the disease has not been investigated sufficiently and, considerable economic losses and public health problems hydatidosis is still one of the major causes of organ worldwide [2]. Echinococcosis is a zoonotic infection condemnation in most Ethiopian abattoirs and slaughter caused by adult or larval (metacestode) stages of houses [6]. Moreover, limited information is available cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcosis and the about the status of hydatidosis in and around Masha, family Taeniidae. Hydatidosis, which is a cystic Sheka in SNNPR. Hence it would be essential to have echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is an information on the status of hydatidosis and with regard Corresponding Author: Sisay Alemu, College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, Ethiopia. 319

to its occurrence from different parts of the country to each visceral organ particularly the lung, liver; spleen, establish appropriate strategy for prevention and control. kidney and heart were carried out according to procedures Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to recommended by FAO [8]. The cyst was collected from estimate the prevalence and financial loss of hydatidosis different organs were taken to laboratory to conduct cyst in cattle slaughtered at Masha municipal slaughter slab as size and fertility and viability tests. All organs harboring well as to determine and characterize hydatid cyst, in hydatid cysts was partially or totally condemned and was addition to recommend significant control measures. judged according to guidelines on meat inspection for developing countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cyst Characterization: The total number of hydatid cysts Study Area: The study was conducted from Sep, 2014 to were counted and recorded per affected organ. The cyst Feb, 2015 in Sheka zone, at Masha municipal abattoir burdens were also recorded in correspondence with body which is located in the Southern Nations Nationality and condition scoring. Hydatid cyst size was measured by people s regional state. Geographically, Sheka zone, ordinary rulers and classification made based on cyst Masha town is found 675 km south west of Addis Ababa. diameter as small cyst (less than 2cm), medium (2-4cm), Woreda is located between 7 24` to 7 52`N latitude and large (greater than 4cm) [9]. 35 13` to 35 35`E longitudes and has an altitude ranging from 500-2800 meter above sea level. Agro ecologically, Examination of Cyst and Checking the Fertility and the woreda is divided in to lowland (5%), midland (80%) Viability: The content of cyst was aspirated with the and highland (15%). The average annual rain fall ranges syringe to decrease its pressure and collected in a between 400mm & 2000mm and the mean temperature graduated beaker and the rest of the fluid was then added ranges between 15 C to 27 C respectively. to it to measure its volume. The content was allowed to stay on incubator for 30 min at 36 C to settle the content Study Population: The examined animals are indigenous and about 10ml of these sediments was poured to the test local zebu and were coming from neighboring woreda's tube and centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 3min to separate the such as Anidiracha (Sheka zone), Gesha (Kafa zone) and contents clearly from the liquid part. The supernatant was Selle-nono (Illubabora zone of Oromia region) for discarded and the sediment with some fluid was left in the slaughtering purpose. During the study period a total of test tubes. The examination was done under objectives 384 were examined to estimate the prevalence of hydatid (x40) magnification for the presence/absence of cyst. protoscolex. The protoscolices present as white dots on the germinal epithelium or brood capsule or hydatid sands Study Design: Cross-sectional study was held from Sep, within the suspension, the cyst categorized as fertile. 2014 to Feb, 2015 to collect data on the prevalence and Then the fertile cysts further subjected for viability test. cyst characterization of bovine hydatidosis at Masha For clear vision a drop of the sediment consisting of municipal abattoir. protoscolices placed on microscope glass slide and a drop of 0.1% aqueous eosin solution added and covered by Sample Size Determination: Sample size was conducted cover slip and observes under microscope (x40), with using random sampling techniques which ensure the principle that viable protoscolices exclude the dye while sample is evenly distributed across the study population. dead ones take it up [10-12]. Furthermore, fertile cysts The sample size was calculated according to Thrusfield were characterized their smooth inner lining usually with [7]. The average is 50% prevalence and the estimate was slightly turbid fluid in its content. The infertile cyst desired to be with 5 % sampling error and 95 % classified as sterile or calcified. Typical calcified cysts confidence. produce a gritty sound feeling upon incision [13]. Study Methodology Active Abattoir Survey: During anti mortem examination individual animal was assessed with regard to their place of origin, sex, age, breed and body condition was recorded. Postmortem examination was performed by visual inspection, palpation and systematic incision of Estimation of Financial Loss: Yearly financial loss due to hydatidosis in cattle slaughtered at Masha municipal slaughter slab was estimated by considering the mean loss of organs (lung, liver, spleen, heart and kidney) condemned (loss of offal s) and carcass weight loss or meat production losses due to disease. The mean price of 320

Fig. 1: Map representing the study area (Sheka zone) respective organs and information on the mean retail RESULTS market cost of one kilogram beef at Masha was obtained from butchers during the study period. Likewise the Over All Prevalence: Out of 384 examined zebu cattle at annual slaughter rates was estimated from retrospective Masha municipal abattoir, 50 cattle (13%) were found to abattoir record of the last five year years (2010-2015). The be infected with hydatid cysts involving different visceral mature body weight for Abyssinian short horned zebu organs (Table 1). The percentage distribution of hydatid was about 300kg) and the average dressing percentage for cysts in different organs was depicted in (Table 2). The Bos indicus ranges from 50% to 55%. An estimated 10% result reveled 5.7% (22/384), 3.6% (14/384), 0.8%, (3/384), due to parasitosis was adopted basing on [14].estimates. 1.3% (5/384), 1.04% (4/384), 0.52% (2/384) respectively in The adopted carcass weight loss in kilogram was lungs, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung and liver. estimated from fresh, normal and health looking, randomly The distribution of hydatid cysts among different risk selected from 20 dressed carcasses already passed for factors were assessed and the result reveled that human consumption. These were weighed and the statistically higher (P<0.05) prevalence recorded on average weights of carcasses taken as estimate weight of medium body condition animals than good body particular carcass. Average weight in kilograms of Masha condition scored Rate of infection of hydatidosis with zebu beef was 100kg (range 90 to 110kg) was considered respect to different altitude showed that no significant to compute the carcass weight loss due to the disease. variation was observed (p=0.505) moreover with respect to age of cattle, no statistically significant difference Thus, Annual carcass weight loss = 10% carcass weight was observed (p>0.05) on cattle >5 years and <5 years loss X average carcass weight (Table 2). = 10%X100kg= 10kg was loosed per one slaughtered animal Characterization of Cyst Size: The total counts with respect to size of cyst in each organ were indicated in Total carcass weight loss = 50 positive X 10kg= table 4. A total of 50 cysts with complete cyst size Out of 500kg. Thus, carcass weight loss due to hydatidosis was a total cyst recovered in cattle 26.69% (14/52) were large, 500kg. Price of the carcass in kilogram during the study at 34.62% (18/52) were medium and 38.46% (20/52) were small Masha was 90 birr. Therefore annual total carcass weight cysts and with respect to rate of occurrence of large and loss in birr at Masha was 45, 000 birr. (ETB) or medium size cysts were found in lung where as small size 2045.45($USD). cysts were found in liver. 321

Table 1: Distribution of hydatid cyst in different organs Organs No of infected organs Prevalence (%) Total Lung 22 5.7 22 Liver 14 3.65 14 Kidney 3 0.8 3 Spleen 5 1.3 5 Heart 4 1.04 4 Liver & lung 2 0.52 2 Total 50 13 50 Table 2: The prevalence of hydatid cyst on different organs based on different risk factor % No of affected organs and cysts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examined Animals Positive Animals Lung Liver Kidney Spleen Heart Total Medium 149 33 22.1 16 10 1 3 2 32 Good 235 17 7.20 9 3 2 2 2 18 Total 384 50 13 25 13 3 5 4 50 P- <0.001 2 =17.9 Altitude Low land 10 2 20 1 1 0 0 0 2 Mid land 186 27 14.5 13 8 1 3 2 27 High land 188 21 11.2 12 5 2 2 2 23 Total 384 50 13 26 14 3 5 4 52 P=0.505, 2 =1.36 Age <5 years 114 10 8.7 7 1-2 - 10 >5 years 270 40 14.8 17 13 3 3 4 42 Total 384 50 13 24 14 3 5 4 52 P= 0.108, 2= 2.5 Table 3: Characterization of cyst size in relation with organ involvement Large cyst Medium cyst Small cyst ---------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------- Organs No % No % No % Total Lung 12 46.15 10 38.46 4 15.38 22 Liver 2 14.29 3 21.43 9 64.28 14 Kidney - - - - 3 100 3 Spleen - - 4 80 1 20 5 Heart - - 1 25 3 75 4 Liver & lung 2-2 - - - 2 Total 14 26.69 18 34.62 20 38.46 50 Cyst Fertility, Sterility and Viability: Among the 50 = 10% x100kg= 10kg was loosed per one slaughtered cysts examined, subjected to fertility test, 9.62% (5/52) animal Total carcass weight loss = 50 positive x 10kg= and 67.31% (35/52) were fertile and sterile, respectively. 500kg. Thus, carcass weight loss due to hydatidosis was The viability test indicated that 20% (1/5) to be viable and 500kg. Price of the carcass in kilogram during the study at 80% (4/5) were nonviable cysts. 23.08% (12/52) were Masha was 90 birr. Therefore annual total carcass weight calcified cyst (Table 4). loss in birr at Masha was 45, 000 birr. (ETB). Direct Monetary Losses: Average market price of lung, Annual loss = losses of offal s (L offal s) + meat liver, spleen, kidney and heart as well as economic loss production losses (L meat) due to condemnation of organs was listed below = 1923.125Birr + 45000Birr = 46, 923.125Birr. (ETB) (Table 6). Thus, financial loss due to hydatidosis at Masha Thus, Annual carcass weight loss = 10% carcass weight municipal abattoir was 46, 923.125Birr per annum (1$USD= loss X average carcass weight 22.3ETB). 322

Table 4: Fertility and viability status of the hydatid cyst in different visceral organs Viable Nonviable Sub total Sterile cyst Calcified cyst ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ ------------------- Organs No % No % No % No % No % Total no Lung 1 25 3 75 4 15.38 19 73.08 3 11.54 22 Liver - - 1 100 1 7.14 6 42.86 7 50 14 Kidney - - - - - - 2 66.67 1 33.33 3 Spleen - - - - - - 4 80 1 20 5 Heart - - - - - - 4 100 - - 4 Total 1 20 4 80 5 9.62 35 67.31 12 23.08 50 Table 5: Financial loss due to infected organs slaughtered at Masha municipal abattoir Organs No of infected organs Average weight of organs (kg) Price/kg in Birr Total price (Birr) Lung 24 1.5 15 585 Liver 14 2.5 35 1225 Kidney 3 0.25 80 60 Spleen 5 0.125 5 3.125 Heart 4 0.5 20 40 Liver & Lung 2 2 25 100 Total 52 1923.125 DISCUSSION difference in environmental conditions, livestock intensity and livestock movement that contribute to the differences The culture and tradition of the people in the in prevalence rates [24] study area favor the keeping of dogs in peri urban areas Regarding cyst distribution, the lung was mostly (urban and rural households) often in close association affected followed by liver. Nearly similar finding was with the family and farm animals. Almost all of cattle reported by Njoroge et al. [25] with higher prevalence in owners, shepherds and urban dwellers keep at least one lungs (19.53%) and heart (12.63%) in Addis Ababa dog for the purpose of safeguarding their properties from Kara-alo PLC abattoir. The high number of cyst in the wild carnivores and thieves. In general, backyard lungs and liver may be due to the fact that these organs slaughtering practices during holidays, ceremonies and possess the first great capillaries sites which is other feasts. During backyard slaughtering, meat encountered by migrating Echinococcus oncosphere inspection is not conducted and the offal s are often which adopt the portal vein route and primarily negotiate given to pets or dispose of in the backyard. These and pulmonary and hepatic filtrating system sequentially other socioeconomic realities in the areas studied are before any other peripheral organ is involved [26]. considered to be conducive to existence of hydatid Another reason for higher percentage of large cysts in the diseases in the study area. lungs is due to softer consistency of the lung, while the On the basis of data collected from Masha municipal higher yield of calcified cysts in liver could be attributed abattoir, the prevalence of bovine hydatidosis during the to relatively higher reticuloendothelial cells and abundant study period was found to be 13%. This is comparable connective tissue reaction of the organs. The high with the findings in Mizan Tepi (11.26%) by Jemere et al. proportion of small cysts may be due to immunological [15] in bako municipal abattoir 11.8% by Haftu and response of the host, which might preclude expansion of Kebede [16] in Dessie municipal abattoir was 13.61% by cyst size [27]. Melaku, Lukas and Bogale [17] In Burdur (Turkey) 13.5% Higher infection of hydatidosis was registered body by Umur [18] in Hawassa (15.4%) However, this condition scoring in the cattle shown that medium prevalence was lower than several studies conducted in 149(22.1%) had higher number of hydatid cyst counts different parts of the country such as in Feyessa [19]in than good; this is similar with previous studies by Larieu, Nekemite 31.9% [20] in Addis Ababa, 36.3% 52.69% [21] Costa and Cantoni [28]. This may be due to hydatidosis in Hawassa 5[22] in Arsi 4.8% and Getachew and Jelalu causes reduction in weight gain and growth. Symptoms [23] in Debre Zeit 46.5%. This may be described to can occur a long time after infection, sometimes months or 323

years later and may not be symptoms at all [29]. This existing between livestock and pet animals and nil asymptomatic and chronic nature of the disease causes emphasis given to the health of pet animals in the area unexplained weight losses. The other risk factor were the main factors that may have contributed to the considered in this study was age; and the result indicated prevalence of the diseases Therefore,. pertinent agencies, that there was no significant difference (p>0.05). such as, public health, veterinary and educational With regard to fertility and viability of cysts, the institution to participate directly by providing appropriate findings of 67.31% sterile, 9.62% fertile (20% viable and administrative, legal, technical and economic support to 80% nonviable) and 23.08% calcified cysts in cattle may control. Proper disposal of all condemned offal s and generally imply that most of the cyst in cattle are sterile control of stray dogs besides regular deworming of dogs (infertile). Similarly, in Britain up to 90% of total cysts from with anthelmintic should be put in place to tackle the cattle were reported to be sterile. In comparison of the diseases fertility rate among the organs, it was higher in lungs than liver. This finding was in agreement with the reports of ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Over, Jansen and van Olm [30]. The fertility rate among the organs the highest in the lung, this variation might be I would like to thank the livestock and fisheries due to the differences between tissue resistances of the Bureau of the Masha district. Special heartfelt thanks are organs. This is due to the relative softer consistency of extended to Mesfin Sheido and Tadese W/yohannes for lung tissue that allows easier development of the cyst and their support during the sample collection and the fertility [31]. The fact that a single strain generates examination. Sheka Zone Agricultural Bureau in particular fertile or sterile cysts in different host species would is also acknowledged for its host and intellectual support indicate natural immunity in some hosts. Thus, preventing for the whole project work to end up. the development and growth protoscolices and maintaining the cyst in an infertile [32]. The proportion of REFERENCES animals with fertile, viable cysts is an important indicator of the significance of a species as an intermediate hosts. 1. Berhe, B., 2009. Survey on hydatidosis in Tigray Viable cysts may play an active role in disease region of Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Prod., 41: 1347-1352. transmission. 2. Ekert, J. and P. Deplaszes, 2004. Biological In this study significant financial loss was registered epidemiological and clinical aspects of due to hydatidosis with an estimated loss of 46, echinococcosis, a zoonosis of increasing concern. 923.125ETB which is about 2, 270 USD per annum. This Clinical Microbiology Reviews., 17: 107-135. finding not comparable with the report of the studies 3. Jones, O., N. Kebede, T. Kassa, G. Tilahun and conducted by Kebede, Mitiku and Tilahun [11] C. Macias, 2012. Occurrence of bovine hydatidosis reported 3, 201 USD losses per annum in Mekele and evaluation of its risk to humans in traditional municipal abattoir. The difference in the amount of communities of Southern Region of Ethiopia. Ethiop. economic loss could be due to the variation in the J. Health Dev., 26: 43-48. prevalence of the disease, retail market price of organs 4. Bekele, J. and B. Butako, 2011. Occurrence and and mean annual slaughter rate in different abattoirs and financial loss assessment of cystic echinococcosis the world financial crises that makes the currencies (hydatidosis) in cattle slaughtered at Wolayita Sodo unstable. municipal abattoir, Southern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production., 43: 221-228. CONCLUSION 5. Kebede, W., A. Hagos, Z. Girma and F. Labago, 2009. Echnococcosis / hydatidosis: its prevalence, The present study showed hydatidosis is a prevalent economic and public health significance in Tigray disease in the study area. Lung and liver were the major region, north Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., organs harboring hydatid cyst than other visceral organs 41: 865-871. and large number of cysts in cattle was sterile, the 6. Getaw, A., D. Beyene, D. Ayana, B. Megersa and presence of higher proportion of viable cysts among the F. Abunna, 2010. Hydatidosis: prevalence and its fertile cysts indicates cattle still the important intermediate economic importance in ruminants slaughtered at hosts in the country. Presence of backyard slaughtering Adama municipal abattoir, Central Oromia, Ethiopia. system, increase the number of stray dogs, the relation Acta Tropical., 113: 221-225. 324

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