Electronic Supplementary Material ASSOCIATED SKELETONS OF A NEW MIDDLE TRIASSIC RAUISUCHIA Marco Aurélio Gallo de França 1, Jorge Ferigolo 2 and Max Cardoso Langer 1 * 1 Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto-SP, 14040-901, Brazil. 2 Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre- RS, 90.690-000, Brazil. *Author for correspondence ( mclanger@ffclrp.usp.br) This file includes: 1. DETAILS OF THE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES 2 2. CHARACTER SCORING FOR D. QUARTACOLONIA IN THE DATA SET OF BRUSATTE ET AL. 2010. 10 3. SOURCE OF THE ANATOMICAL DATA FOR THE COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION 12 4. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL REFERENCES 13 1
1. Details of the phylogenetic analyses A series of four phylogenetic analyses were performed based on the data-matrix of Brusatte et al. (2010), using PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) and TNT 1.1 (Goloboff et al., 2003; Goloboff et al., 2008). Firstly, we attempted to reproduce the results presented by those authors, using the same taxa and search parameters. A heuristic search was conducted in PAUP 4.0b10 (10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR tree bisection reconnection), with characters 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, and 162 set as ordered. The search produced 4,140 most parsimonious trees (MPTs) with 746 steps, summarized here in a strict consensus tree (figure ESM 1a). This result differs from that presented by Brusatte et al. (2010; fig. 5), which was based only on 70 MPTs of 747 steps. The result presented by Brusatte et al. (2010) is only recovered if the analysis is performed with a single tree retained for each replicate (hold = 1). The more exhaustive search preformed here (hold = 10) revealed a strict consensus that is much less resolved than that presented by Brusatte et al. (2010). Ambiguous positions were recovered for most major groups of Pseudosuchia, i.e., Phytosauria, Aetosauria, and the clade including Crocodylomorpha (figure ESM 1a), as well as for various taxa at the base of Rauisuchia. In addition, Rauisuchia is only monophyletic if ornithosuchids are incorporated into the group. 2
Figure ESM1. Phylogenetic relationships of Decuriasuchus quartacolonia among archosaurs, based on the data set of Brusatte et al. (2010). (a) Strict consensus of 4,140 most parsimonious trees (MPT s) of 746 steps recovered using the following parameters: PAUP software; heuristic search; 10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR (tree bisection reconnection); characters 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, and 162 set as ordered; Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Proterochampsidae as outgroups. The results presented here are unlike those of the original article (see text for more information). (b) Strict consensus of 5,220 MPT s of 758 steps recovered including Decuriasuchus quartacolonia in the analysis as described above. The relationships within Ornithosuchia are identical to those presented by Brusatte et al. (2010) and the clade is collapsed as a single terminal. 3
A second analysis was performed including Decuriasuchus quartacolonia in the data matrix of Brusatte et al. (2010) and employing the more exhaustive set of parameters defined above. This analysis recovered 5,220 MPTs of 758 steps, summarized in a strict consensus tree (figure ESM 1b) that supports the sister-group relationship between D. quartacolonia and the clade composed of Prestosuchus plus Batrachotomus. Furthermore, the topology is similar to that recovered in the analysis without D. quartacolonia (figure ESM 1a), except for the more ambiguous position of Saurosuchus within a polytomic clade also composed of Prestosuchidae and Rauisuchidae. Another set of analyses was performed using the software TNT 1.1 (Goloboff et al., 2003; Goloboff et al., 2008) and the data-matrix of Brusatte et al. (2010). The first of these analysis was a heuristic search (10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR; ordered characters = 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, 162), performed without D. quartacolonia, and having Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Proterochampsidae constrained as successive outgroup taxa to a monophyletic Archosauria. This is necessary because the original analysis does not include characters to define the relationships among outgroup taxa, and TNT 1.1, unlike PAUP, does not allow the inclusion of more than one terminal taxon within the outgroup. Topologies retained in overflowed replicates were branch-swapped for MPTs using TBR. The analysis recovered fewer (1,734) and shorter (741 steps) MPTs compared to the corresponding study using PAUP. The strict consensus of the MPTs (figure ESM 2a) is also less resolved, including a monophyletic, but highly polytomic Pseudosuchia. Except for a couple of pairing taxa (i.e., Batrachotomus + Prestosuchus, Effigia + Shuvosaurus, Stagonolepis + Desmatosuchus, Ornithosuchus + 4
Riojasuchus), the few recovered clades include Phytosauria, Rauisuchidae, and one consisting of Erpetosuchus, Gracilisuchus, and Crocodylomorpha. The inclusion of D. quartacolonia results in the recovery of 1,005 MPTs of 753 steps, the strict consensus of which (figure ESM 2b) shows that taxon isolated within the large pseudosuchian polytomy. Additional differences relative to the analysis without D. quartacolonia include: 1 nesting of Aetosaurus within a monophyletic Aetosauria; 2 nesting of Arizonasaurus, Bromsgroveia, Lotosaurus, Poposaurus, and Sillosuchus within a poposauroid lineage that also includes the Shuvosaurus + Effigia clade; 3 collapse of the Rauisuchidae clade, but retaining the sister group relationship between Postosuchus and Teratosaurus. 5
Figure ESM 2. Phylogenetic relationships of Decuriasuchus quartacolonia among archosaurs, based on the data set of Brusatte et al. (2010). (a) Strict consensus of 1,734 most parsimonious trees (MPT s) of 471 steps recovered using TNT 1.1 (heuristic search; 10,000 replicates; hold = 10; Branch-swapping algorithm = TBR; characters 36, 37, 48, 88, 102, 113, 123, 126, 138, and 162 set as ordered; Erythrosuchus, Euparkeria, and Proterochampsidae constrained as successive outgroup taxa). (b) Strict consensus of 1,005 MPT s of 753 steps recovered including Decuriasuchus quartacolonia in the analysis as described above. The relationships within Ornithosuchia are identical to those presented by Brusatte et al. (2010) and the clade is here collapsed as a single terminal. 6
The majority-rule consensus (figure ESM 3) of the 1,005 MPTs recovered in the latter analysis reveals a more resolved pattern of pseudosuchian relationships. D. quartacolonia is the sister taxon of the Prestosuchus + Batrachotomus clade in 94% of the MPTs, and these are nested within Prestosuchidae, along with Saurosuchus, in 82% of the MPTs. Similar arrangements were recovered using PAUP (figure ESM 1). The arrangement among major pseudosuchian groups seen in the majority-rule consensus was found in a meager percentage of MPTs: 50% for both the basalmost position of Revueltosaurus and the next-to-the-base position of phytosaurs, and 64% for the pairing of the crocodylomorph clade with Aetosauria. A clade Rauisuchia composed of Ornithosuchidae and all taxa usually assigned to Rauisuchia is found in 85% of the MPTs. An unnamed clade including Arganasuchus, Yarasuchus, Qianosuchus, Stagonosuchus, Ticinosuchus, and Fasolasuchus is in 53% of the MPTs, and the same percentage of MPTs shows the latter three taxa forming a clade. The sister group relationship of Ticinosuchus and Fasolasuchus is recovered in 71% of the MPTs. Ornithosuchidae and the remaining rauisuchians are united in 69% of the MPTs, and Ornithosuchidae is paired with Poposauridae in 75% of the Arizonasaurus and Bromsgroveia form clade in 82% of the MPTs, 70% of which also nest Poposaurus, Sillosuchus, Shuvosaurus, and Effigia within a monophyletic group. A clade composed of Prestosuchidae (discussed above) and Rauisuchidae (91% of the MPTs) is present in 89% of the MPTs. The latter group includes Tikisuchus and Rauisuchus as successive outgroups to the Teratosaurus + Postosuchus clade, recovered in 100% of the MPTs. 7
Figure ESM 3. Majority rule consensus of the 1,005 MPT s of 753 steps summarized in a Strict Consensus Tree in figure ESM 2b. 8
In addition, a reduced consensus of the most parsimonious trees (1,005 MPT s, 753 steps) found in the second analysis (Fig. 2b) was produced using the analytical protocol proposed by Pol & Escapa (2009). After four iterations, the analysis identified Fasolasuchus, Arganasuchus, Yarasuchus, Revueltosaurus, and Stagonosuchus as unstable taxa. Their positions are indicated in Fig. ESM4. The relationships among ornithosuchians remained identical to that seen in the original analysis. For the pseudosuchian lineage, phytosaurs form the basalmost group; Aetosauria and Crocodylomorpha+ Erpetosuchus+Gracilisuchus form a clade, that is a sister taxon to the clade including Ornithosuchidae and rauisuchians. Highly nested within that clade, Decuriasuchus forms a monophylum with Prestosuchus and Batrachotomus. 9
Figure ESM4. Reduced consensus tree obtained of 1,005 MPT s and 753 steps show in Fig. 2b. The alternative positions of the unstable taxa are indicate in tree as: a, Revuletosaurus; b, Fasolasuchus; c, Stagonosuchus; d, Yarasuchus; e, Arganasuchus. Those on the right of the symbol > belong the clade apical to the branch, but in positions not possible to depict because collapsed in the shown topology. 2. Character scoring for D. quartacolonia in the data set of Brusatte et al. 2010. 0100010110 1001000000 11?0100100 0001010?01 0101101010 20000???1??????????? 0000000100 0000111000 110111000?????0100?? 0000?00000 020?020002 0000001000 00000000???????11010 1001000001 0110??0000 0010000 10
11
3. Source of the anatomical data for the comparative description Rauisuchians cited in the comparative description and the source of the anatomical data. * indicates species observed first hand. Abbreviations: BPSG, Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Munich, Germany; MCN, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; PURL, Museo de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina; PVL, Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; PVSJ, División de Paleontologia devertebrados del Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina; UFRGS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Batrachotomus (Gower, 1999; Gower & Schoch, 2009) Decuriasuchus * (MCN PV10105a-i; MCN PV10004) Effigia (Nesbitt & Norell, 2006; Nesbitt, 2007) Fasolasuchus * (Bonaparte, 1981; PVL-3850, PVL-3851) Luperosuchus * (Romer, 1971; PURL-04, PULR-057) Polonosuchus (Sulej, 2005; Brusatte et al., 2009) Postosuchus (Chatterjee, 1985; Long & Murry, 1995; Peyer et al., 2008) Prestosuchus chiniquensis * (Huene, 1942; Barberena, 1978; BPSG AS XXV 1 4, 6 7, 10 17, 22, 25, 28 33, 42 43; UFRGS PV0156 T) Prestosuchus loricatus * (Huene, 1942; BPSG AS XXV 24, 45, 19) Rauisuchus * (Huene, 1942; BPSG AS XXV 60 124) Riojasuchus * (Bonaparte, 1978; Sereno, 1991; PVL-3827, PVL-3826, PVL-3838) Saurosuchus * (Reig, 1959; Sill, 1974; Alcober, 2000; PVL-2068, PVL-2198, PVL-2267, PVL-2472, PVL-2557; PVSJ-32, PVSJ615) Sillosuchus * (Alcober & Parrish, 1997; PVSJ-85) Ticinosuchus (Krebs, 1965, 1976; Pinna & Arduini, 1978) Yarasuchus (Sen, 2005) 12
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