A review of chemotherapy of paramphistomosis of domestic ruminants in Europe Dr. Ottó SEY Department of Zoology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Keszthely, Hungary "A review of chemotherapy of paramphistomosis of domestic ruminants in Europe". Sey, O. Parasit, hung., 22_: 5155. 1989. ABSTRACT. Paramphistomosis is a disease caused by infection with rumen flukes. Of the species present In Europe, Calicophoron daubneyi, C. mlcrobot hrtum, Paramphistomum cervi and P. ichikawai might be Incriminated as causative agents. Anthelmintics that have been used against rumen flukes of domestic ruminants are reviewed and further details are given on the most effective drugs. domestic ruminants, chemo KEY WORDS: Paramphistomosis, European therapy During the last 30 years there have been many studies on various aspects of Infection with amphistomes in Europe. The vast amount of data in the literature was taxonomically reviewed by SEY (1980), and it was demonstrated that the species of amphi stomes existing In Europe are Calicophoron daubneyi, C. microbothrlum, C. mtcrobothrioides, Paramphistomum cervi, P. gotoi, P. ichikawai and Gastrothylax crumenifer. Of the species listed C. daubneyi, C. microbothrlum, Paramphistomum cervi, P. ichikawai are the most common and widely distributed species, depending on the presence of the susceptible intermediate snail host(s) and their abundance on the pasture. One or another of these species might be incriminated as the causative agent of paramphistomosis. The papers embracing the topic of paramphistomosis in Europe are different In nature, they are either case reports or descriptions of subclinical or clinical paramphistomosis. Outbreaks of acute paramphistomosis were reported by BORAY (1959) In Hungary, CVET KOVIC (1968) and VUJIC et al. (1971) in Yugoslavia, DE INA et al. (1962) and MORETTINI et al. (1984) in Italy, ORLOVA (1953), DEUSOV (1955), TSVETAEVA (1959), MEREMTN SKn and GLUZMAN (1967) and ZHARIKOV et al. (1958) In the USSR, VARTTC et al. (1982) In Romania, VISNYAKOV and IVANOV (1963) and GEORGIEV and GRUEV (1977) in Bulgaria, GUILHON and PRIOUZEAU (1945) in France and ANCZYKOWSKY and CHOWANIEC (1955) in Poland. Field observations show, however, that the disease is more frequent and is often not diagnosed, thus the losses associated with paramphistomosis are underestimated.
Efficacy of anthelmintics against paramphistomosis In cattle Efficacy Chemical Dosage mg/kg Small intestine Rumen References Terenol 65 _ 90 Kobulej and Udvarhelyi 1972 65 100 Chroust 1973 65 97 Wikerhauser et al.1975 Bithionol 7080 99.8 Nikitin et al. 197? 70 99.9 Fedorchenko 1966 70 97.299.3 Mereminskii et al.1968 5070 96.5100 Petkov et al. 1986 3040 + + Ibrovic and Levi 1975 Oxyclozanid 20 74.8 Georgiev and Gruev Febantel 100 93.9 94.9 Corba 1981 Bithionolsulfoxide 5070 + + Petkov et al. 1986 Methyridine 200 75 90 Visnyakov and Ivanov 1 9 6 3 Panacur 7.5 87.2 Corba et al. 1981 Zanil 0.3 ml + + Románjuk 1971 In sheep Efficacy Vermi tan 20 99.299.5 Sey and Kassai 1984 Bithionol 2 5100 92.7100 Cvetkovic 1968 Niclosamid 100 96.396.5 Sey and Kassai 1984 Niclofolan 6 97.596.5 Sey and Kassai 1984 Panacur 90 90100 Lepoev et al. 1982 Oxyclozanlde 20 85.189.1 Georgiev and Gruev 1977 Bithionolsulfoxide 5070 8498 Petkov et al. 1986 Hexachloroparaxylene 400 4675 Trifonov 1983 Hexachlorofene 20 4 Cvetkovic 1968 Yomesan (Niclosamid) 50 + Cvetkovic 1968 In goat Efficacy Terenol 65 100 100 Lämmler et al. 1969 + medium, no data supplied 4 + high efficacy, no data
Several already known or recently developed anthelmintics have been used against paramphistomosis of cattle, sheep and goat. They are listed in Table 1 and further details are given on the five most effective drugs. Terenol has been tested by several authors against ruminal (KOBULEJ and UDVARHELYI 1972, WIKERHAUSER et al. 1975, CHROUST1973) and intestinal (VUJlC et al. 1971) paramphistomosis or both LÄMMLER et al. (1969). It seems to be highly effective (IE: 84.4 to 100% in cattle and goat) against both juvenile and adult flukes when applied at a dose of 65 mg/kg in cattle and sheep. Vermitan was used by SEY and KASSAI (1984) against artificial subclinical Intestinal paramphistomosis. At the dose rate of 20 mg/kg it proved to be highly effective in sheep (IE: 99.2 to 99.5%). Bithionol has been tested by several authors for efficacy against naturally induced subclinical (FEDORTSENKO 1966, MEREMINSKIT et al. 1968 ín cattle) and clinical paramphistomosis (IBROVIC and LEVI 1975, ZHARIKOV et al. 1985 In cattle). A 70 mg/kg dose of bithionol applied alone or combined with fenbendazole (100 mg/kg) resulted in a significant percentage reduction of adults (IE: 97.2 to 99.6%), and a rapid recovery from acute paramphistomosis was observed in cattle and sheep (CVETKOVIC 1968). Febantel was applied by CORBA (1981) against ruminai and intestinal paramphistomosis in cattle. At a dose of 100 mg/kg it had more than 90 % efficacy (93.9% against juvenile and 94.9% against adult paramphistomes). Clinical symptoms disappeared in 7 to 10 days after treatment. Oxyclozanide has been used to assess its efficacy against subclinical (GEORGIEV and GRU EV 1977; ROMÁNJUK 1971) and clinical (MORETTI et al. 1984) paramphistomosis. The curative dose was 25. 5 to 105 ml/kg in sheep and 135 ml/kg In cattle. Reduction of the worm burden was not satisfactory (IE: 89.1% in sheep and 74.8% in cattle). A szerző felsorolja azokat a bendőmételyeket, amelyek az európai kéró'dzó'k páram fi sztomozisának valószínű okozói. Bemutatja a bántalom ellen alkalmarható, leginkább hatásos anthebnintikumokat és azok hatékonyságát. REFERENCES ANCZYKOWSKI, F. and CHOWANIEC, W. (1955): Massive infestation of cattle with Paramphistomum cervi. Med. Wet., 11: 531535. BORAY, J.C. (1959): Studies on intestinal amphlstomosis in cattle. Austr. Vet. J., 3j>: 282287. CHROUST, K. (1973): Efficiency of the anthelmintic Terenol (ResoranteD against the fluke Paramphistomum (Liorchis) scotiae in cattle and against the tapeworm Moniezia spp. in lambs. Acta vet. Brno, 42: 281286.
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SEY, O. (1980): Revision of the amphistomes of European ruminants. Parasit, hung., 13: 1325. SEY, O. and KASSAI, T. (1984): Examination of some anthelmintics against intestinal paramphistomosis in sheep (in Hungarian). Rep. Hung. Acad. Sei. and Minlstr. Food and AgricBudapest, 12. TRIFONOV, T. (1983): Hexachloroparaxylene, a potentially valuable anthelmintic against sheep trematodes (in Bulgarian). Veter. Sblrka, 81_: 3940. TSVETAEVA, N.P. (1959): Histology of paramphistomiasis in calves (in Russian). Helminthologia, 14: 249255. VARTIC, N., ZAGREANU, C., TRICA, Z. and SUTEU, E. (1982): Epizootiological, pathological, clinical and therapeutic studies of paramphistomiasis in cattle and sheep (in Romanian). In Sem. amel. teknol. patol. rumeng. ClujNapoca, 7: 338392. VISNYAKOV, Y. and IVANOV, V. (1963): Paramphistomiasis of the rumen and the reticulum of cattle (in Bulgarian). Bull. Centr. Helminth. Lab., 8: 147156. VUJIC, B., PETROVIC, K., PALIC, D. and PERIC, Z. (1971): A case of acute paramphistomiasis in cattle (in SerboCroatian). Veter. Glasnik, 4: 265271. WIKERHAUSER, T., BRGLEZ, J. and KUTICIC, V. (1975): Terenol against paramphistomes in cattle (in SerboCroatian). Acta Parasit. lug., 6: 2529. ZHARIKOV, I.S., LTPNITSKII, S.S., ORLOVSKII, V.l., BASHIROV, R.G., PROSTAKOV, V.l. and BIRUK, M.P. (1985): Efficacy of the treatment of heifers with acute paramphistomid infections alone or associated with dictyocauliasis fin Russian). Vet. Nauka Proizv., 23: 7074. Received: 28 November, 1988. Dr. SEY O. Department of Zoology University of Agricultural Sciences Deák Ferenc u. 16. H8361 Keszthely HUNGARY