Reptile and Amphibian Community Assessment and Evaluation for the Beaver Island Archipelago

Reptile and Amphibian Community Assessment and Evaluation for the Beaver Island Archipelago November 2014 Prepared for: Conservation Resource Alliance Bayview Professional Centre 10850 Traverse Highway, Suite 1111 Traverse City MI 49684 Prepared by: Herpetological Resource and Management, LLC P.O. Box 110 Chelsea, MI 48118 www.herprman.com (313) 268-6189

Suggested Citation: Mifsud, David A. Reptile and Amphibian Community Assessment and Evaluation for the Beaver Island Archipelago. Herpetological Resource and Management Report 2014 Table of Contents Acknowledgements... 2 Executive Summary... 3 Site Locations and Descriptions... 6 Beaver Island... 7 Garden Island... 14 Trout Island... 14 Whiskey Island... 15 High Island... 15 Methods... 16 Herpetofaunal Surveys... 16 Data Collection... 16 Results... 17 Beaver Island (2013-2014)... 18 Garden Island (2013-2014)... 27 Trout Island (2014)... 28 Whiskey Island (2014)... 28 High Island (2014)... 28 Discussion... 29 Recommendations... 33 The Archipelago... 34 Beaver Island... 35 Garden Island... 44 Trout Island... 44 Whiskey Island... 44 High Island... 45 Conclusion... 46 Tables... 47 Maps... 57 Photos... 81 Appendix... 142 Herpetofauna Species Summaries... 142 References... 144 1

Acknowledgements Financial assistance for this project was provided, in part, through a National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Sustain Our Great Lakes Grant given to the Conservation Resource Alliance in cooperation with the Little Traverse Conservancy. We would like to also thank our HRM team for their help in conducting field work and preparing this document. Special thanks to Pam Grassmick for her logistical help and transportation to islands. 2

Executive Summary In 2013 Herpetological Resource and Management, LLC (HRM) was contracted by Conservation Resource Alliance (CRA) to conduct amphibian and reptile (herpetofauna) monitoring within the Beaver Island Archipelago. The primary objectives of these surveys are to establish a baseline of current species presence and to evaluate the availability of suitable habitat for herpetofauna on the archipelago, especially in areas where invasive plant species are present and spreading. In addition to monitoring the herpetofauna populations on the Beaver Island Archipelago, the results of these surveys are intended to guide restoration actions to be taken in the archipelago as well as help to evaluate the success of future restoration efforts. Inventories were conducted over sixteen days in July 2013 and July 2014 and included twenty-six assessment areas in the archipelago on Beaver Island, Garden Island, High Island, Trout Island and Whiskey Island. The following summarizes major findings of this project: During 2013 monitoring, a total of 17 species of herpetofauna were observed including 4 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. A total of 19 amphibian and reptile species were documented during 2014 surveys including 6 Species of Greatest Conservation Need. Three previously unreported herpetofauna species (Northern Spring Peeper, Spotted Salamander, and Eastern Snapping Turtle) were documented on High Island in 2014. Only one species historically known (Bullfrog) was not observed during 2013 or 2014 surveys, providing further evidence for its potential extirpation from the archipelago. Habitat assessments confirmed the potential for reintroducing populations of the amphibian to the islands. 3

Management recommendations for improving herpetofauna habitat and general ecosystem health across the archipelago that include invasive species control, reducing populations of subsidized predators, and creating habitat through the addition of nesting grounds, basking structures, hibernacula, and cover objects. This project represents the most extensive and comprehensive herpetofaunal monitoring survey conducted on the Beaver Island Archipelago to date based on area of the assessment. This region has been identified as a hotspot of biodiversity among Great Lakes islands and results from these surveys can be used to monitor the long-term health of the archipelago and serve as a baseline of species richness and spatial distribution for future restoration.. 4

Introduction Amphibians and reptiles are recognized as key bioindicators (gauges of environmental health), due in part to their high sensitivity to environmental pollutants and habitat disturbance. Consequently, assessment of herpetofauna abundance and species richness within an area can reveal much about the health of the ecosystem and can point to habitat quality concerns that may not be detected by water quality or floristic assessments (Cooperrider, Boyd et al. 1986; Welsh and Droege 2001; Micacchion 2004; Guilfoyle 2010). Overall amphibian and reptile presence, represented age classes, spatial distribution, and relative abundance can be important tools in identifying the need for, and success of, habitat restoration projects. The Beaver Island Archipelago has been identified as an important area of biodiversity within the Great Lakes (Hatt 1948; Placyk Jr and Gillingham 2002). The islands are not only home to several rare species of herpetofauna but they also support endangered plants, insects and birds (Hatt 1948; Placyk Jr and Gillingham 2002; Leuck II and Wujek 2007). Similar to many coastal ecosystems throughout the Great Lakes, invasive species represent a significant threat to the Beaver Island Archipelago; particularly invasive plants (e.g. common reed (Phragmites australis subsp. australis)) that have the potential to out compete native species and drastically alter natural communities. Raccoons were absent from the archipelago until they were intentionally introduced to several islands in Lake Michigan (Hatt 1948; Vigmostad, Cutbert et al. 2007). These mesopredators are known to inflict considerable damage on herpetofauna populations, especially turtles (Congdon, Breitenbach et al. 1987; Geller 2012; HRM 2012). In 2013 Herpetological Resource and Management, LLC (HRM) was contracted by Conservation Resource Alliance (CRA) to conduct reptile and amphibian surveys within the Beaver Island Archipelago. HRM will also conduct additional monitoring through 2015 to help better 5

determine the richness and spatial distribution of herpetofauna populations on Beaver Island as well as many of the outlying islands including High, Garden, Hog, Squaw, Trout and Whiskey. The presence of amphibians and reptiles will be used as important factors in determining which restoration measures can be taken to improve overall habitat conditions in the archipelago. Historical data will also be included in an effort to provide more comprehensive spatial data as well as comparison between pre- and post-restoration conditions on the islands. Site Locations and Descriptions The project area consists of multiple parcels within the Beaver Island Archipelago (Map 1). Twenty-six different parcels have been surveyed to date with nine sites sampled in 2013 and seventeen in 2014. Islands within the archipelago that have been assessed between 2013 and 2014 include Beaver, Garden, Trout, Whiskey, and High. The Beaver Island Archipelago includes eight larger islands and several smaller ones, located within Charlevoix County in the northern portion of Lake Michigan near the city of Charlevoix. Geologically the islands consist of primarily limestone and sandstone (Hatt 1948). Many limestone reefs reach near the surface of the waters surrounding the islands within the archipelago. The islands have a diverse range of habitat types including Great Lakes coastal marsh, inland lake, conifer swamp, ridge-swale complex, northern forests, grassland, and old field. Because of their diversity of habitats, the islands can support a relatively large variety of flora and fauna. Beaver Island includes the village of St. James, which is the only metropolis on the archipelago, although houses and cottages are present throughout the island and one home is located on the privately owned Trout Island. 6

Beaver Island Barney s Lake Nature Preserve Barney s Lake Nature Preserve is a 120 acre parcel located in the northern half of Beaver Island (Map 2). It is accessible from Barney s Lake Road which bisects the property. The preserve is owned by the Little Traverse Conservancy and encompasses a wide variety of natural communities (Photos 1, 4-6). The property encircles a 45 acre lake that is surrounded by high quality bog, marsh, and conifer swamp. Barney s Lake Nature Preserve also supports old field as well as high quality upland forest. The eastern portion of the preserve where the old homestead was located contains a large pond with emergent marsh and tall sedges surrounding it (Photo 6). Petritz Nature Preserve Located in northern Beaver Island is the George and Althea Pretritz Nature Preserve, a 27 acre parcel owned by the Little Traverse Conservancy (Map 3). The parcel consists of hilly topography with predominately mixed conifer and hardwood forest that transitions to sandy beach and coastal marsh along Lake Michigan (Photos 7-9). Two species of federally protected plants, the Lake Huron tansy (Tanacetum huronense), and Pitcher s thistle (Cirsium pitcheri) are known to occur at this location. Gull Harbor Nature Preserve Gull Harbor Nature Preserve is located off of Gull Harbor Drive in the northeast portion of Beaver Island just southeast from Petritz Nature Preserve (Map 3). This property is owned by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) and is separated from Lake Michigan by Gull 7

Harbor Drive except when the road is seasonally inundated. This parcel supports a coastal marsh, conifer swamp, and mixed upland forest, as well as a pond that is the remnant of the site s historic use as a gravel pit (11-13). Egg Lake Egg Lake is an acidic lake that includes a high quality bog surrounding the entirety of its shores and encompasses both privately owned land and land owned by the MDNR (Map 5). The bog (Photo 15) supports a wide variety of wetland plants ranging from cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), and sedges to carnivorous plants such as pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea) (Photo 16) and sundew (Drosera spp.). Parts of this parcel include northern hardwood forest that transitions into conifer swamp. There is old field present that is a remnant of the homestead once located on the parcel. Similar old field habitat is also present due to the recent clearing of woodland to make room for a motel which was never built (Photo 17). Johnny Martin s Trail Johnny Martin s Trail is accessible from East Side Drive and includes a narrow gravel road and trail that leads through both state land (MDNR) and private property (Map 4). This site consists of a mosaic of upland and wetland habitats including northern forest dominated by hemlock and aspen. Ridge-swale complexes with black ash are abundant (Photo 19). Johnny Martin s Trail also contains a gravel pit which is actively excavated as well as used by locals as a dumping ground and firing range (Photo 20-21). 8

Lake Geneserath The largest and deepest lake on Beaver Island, Lake Geneserath, is 489 acres in area and reaches up to 50 feet in depth (Map 7). The lake is surrounded on one side by state land managed by the MDNR and includes a public campground, while the other side is privately owned. In 2013, the southern portion of the lake and surrounding landscape was sampled. Habitat communities on this parcel include emergent and shrub marsh along the edge of the lake (Photo 24), which transitions into conifer swamp and a second growth aspen-paper birch and mixed coniferous forest (Photo 26). Ephemeral streams and vernal pools are also present throughout the area, and in portions of upland woods a dense understory of red maple is present. Little Sand Bay Nature Preserve Located along the coast of Lake Michigan on the eastern side of Beaver Island, Little Sand Bay Nature Preserve is a 60 acre parcel owned by the Little Traverse Conservancy (Map 6). This site is made up of several community types (Photos 27-31). Near the lake, this parcel contains coastal marsh and long linear inundated swales which transition into a dense conifer swamp. Within the swamp are several small streams as well as a large pond on the south end. West of the conifer swamp the landscape transitions into a field with portions dominated by juniper. This field also contains some old orchard trees and gravel pits, as well as a historical farm house. Font Lake- North Hidden Valley Nature Trail The North Hidden Valley Nature Trail is on the northern side Beaver Island near Donegal Bay and runs along the western edge of Font Lake with a majority of the site located on private property. Upland areas contain rolling topography with a mosaic of coniferous, hardwood, and poplar species 9

and a sparse shrub layer dominated by saplings (Photo 32). High quality forested wetlands near the lake include abundant skunk-cabbage and diverse fern species (Photo 37). Wetland communities present along the lake contain various sedges and sphagnum moss, as well as tamarack (Larix laricina), cranberry, highbush blueberry, Labrador-tea (Rhododendron groenlandicum) and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata) (Photo 38). Lucas Property/Big Barn Owned by the Lucas family, this parcel extends from Pebble Beach Road to Conn s Cove and includes a house, barn, old field and beach access. Habitat at this site consists of a large, open field (likely an old pasture based on the presence of agronomic weeds) with a high diversity of native species including shrubby cinquefoil (Dasiphora fruticosa), alder-leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) and indian paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea) (Photo 41). The field transitions into a small emergent marsh bordered by conifer swamp and the beach contains cobble with sparse rushes present (Photo 42). Con s Cove Con s Cove is directly south and adjacent to the Lucas family property, and includes similar coastal habitat, although it is more densely wooded in the western portion of the property. The coastal marsh in this parcel contains more open water and emergent vegetation than the Lucas property to the north (Photo 45). Adjacent to the marsh is a coniferous swamp with a dense understory of fern species (Photo 47). Remaining portions of the property include young ash and elm-dominated forests (Photo 48) with dense herbaceous groundcover and pockets of old field which continue until the parcel boundary at East Side Drive. 10

Luney s Pointe Luney s Pointe is located along the eastern coast of Beaver Island. The site has a rich botanical diversity with mixed forest of coniferous, hardwood, and poplar species, which transitions into coastal marsh with beach ridge swales extending along the shoreline (Photos 49-50). This site also supports the rare and federally threatened Pitcher s thistle and Lake Huron tansy, as well as the federally endangered Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus michiganensis) (Photo 51). Vesty s Field Vesty s Field is an old homestead property which was originally managed for cultivating potatoes, wheat, and rye and is now owned by Pam Grassmick. The property contains a variety of habitat types including old agricultural field (Photo 55), mixed coniferous forest, alder thickets, aspen and cedar stands, and emergent marsh with shrub layer. Andy s Trail Andy s Trail is located near the southwestern tip of Beaver Island on MDNR property and is adjacent to a large active gravel pit (Photo 59). The trail occurs through upland habitat with a tall bluff that includes a complex of northern hardwoods with a fairly open understory, and transitions to a more coniferous dominated community as it approaches the shoreline with coastal marsh (Photos 60-62, 64). This area supports several rare plant species including the federally threatened Pitcher s thistle, dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris)(photo 63), and Lake Huron tansy. 11

Cranberry Bog Cranberry Bog is a publicly accessible site located on the southern end of Beaver Island near Appleby s Point. There is a trail leading to the bog, which contains grassland/meadow vegetation surrounded by upland deciduous communities that transition into mixed coniferous forest (Photo 67). Adjacent to the bog is a small area of conifer swamp (Photo 68). The bog contains Michigan holly (Ilex verticillata) and mountain holly (Ilex mucronata) on the fringe with leatherleaf and cranberry mixed with emergent sedges in the interior (Photos 69-70). Iron Ore Bay Iron Ore Bay is on the south coast of Beaver Island just west of Cranberry Bog. The site consists predominately of coastal marsh with single residence homes adjacent to the north and a public beach to the south with no aquatic vegetation present in the shoreline (Photo 73). A majority of the site is sandy and thinly vegetated with shallow beach ridge swales vegetated with several species of sedges and rushes also present (Photo 74). Rare plant species, including Pitcher s thistle and Lake Huron tansy, occur along the sandy shoreline. The site is named for the Iron Ore Creek, which is a small stream that extends northeast from the Bay (Photo 76). Martin s Bluff Martin s Bluff is located on the west shoreline of Beaver Island and incudes MDNR land with public access and a walking trail. Included in the assessment of Martin s Bluff were portions of additional public property west of the bluff adjacent to East Side Drive. This area contained an inundated dune swale and emergent wetland (Photo 77). Adjacent uplands are dominated by coniferous communities with some hardwoods and poplars present as well. The bluff is located east of the 12

road with the highest point including a stand of paper birch (Photo 79-80). The bottom of the bluff includes a small seep along the shoreline which also contains emergent wetland with aquatic vegetation intermittently dispersed (Photo 81). Tara s Meadow Located off West Side Road on Beaver Island is Tara s Meadow, a large open old field owned by Seamus Norgaard. This site historically supported a sawmill and vegetation has grown over the piles of sawdust in the last twenty years. The remnants of an old building foundation are also present. Surrounded by northern hardwood forest, the old field habitat on this parcel includes various agronomic weeds as well as reindeer lichen (Cladonia) (Photos 83-84). Big Field Big Field is located on the southwest portion of Beaver Island and includes an open meadow with hilly topography and nutrient-poor soil. Vegetation at this site is dominated by bracken fern with portions containing blueberry and various grasses. A road along the east side of this field separates it from Miller s Marsh and mowed hiking paths are present throughout the site (Photo 87). Black Hills Clearing Black Hills Clearing is located in in central Beaver Island. Historically the site supported maple forest, which was altered by farming practices. Purchased by the State of Michigan in 1958, the property has since undergone succession and now supports open field habitat with portions of bare sand, lichens, herbaceous vegetation, as well as common juniper (Juniperus communis v. depressa) and white pine (Photo 91). Juniper and other woody species increase in density as to the northeast. 13

Garden Island The second largest island in the archipelago, Garden Island is 4,990 acres and is located 1.25 miles north of Beaver Island (Map 19). It contains a suite of habitat types including multiple wetland and upland communities, and several rare plant species. The island once supported a small, permanent population of both native people and European settlers and continues to serve as a native burial site (Hatt 1948). In 2013, part of Northcutt Bay as well as Garden Island Harbor were surveyed, including a small lake located on the east end of the island that supports a fringe of fen vegetation including several species of sundew, pitcher plant, various sedges and shrubby cinquefoil (Photo 95). In 2013, lake levels were noticeably low with abundant coastal marsh and exposed lake bed present. An area which previously supported wetland hydrology was dominated by shrubby cinquefoil and patches of red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea). In 2014, western portions of the island were sampled between Ninneegoe s Bay and Northcutt Bay, including Northcutt Trail, Harbor Trail, the Indian Cemetery, West Side Trail, and Indian Harbor. Several community types were surveyed including the high quality coastal marsh located around Indian Harbor, coniferous and deciduous forest complexes, open field, inland emergent marsh, and floating bog (Photos 100-103). Trout Island Trout Island is privately owned by a single landowner and is the sixth largest island in the archipelago, located approximately 5.5 miles northwest off the coast of Beaver Island (Map 20). A conservation easement owned by Little Traverse Conservancy prevents development beyond the single home on the south shore of the island. The island includes Great Lakes coastal marsh, 14

northern forest with a mixture of conifers and hardwoods, and sand and gravel beach dominated by rough-leaf dogwood (Cornus rugosa) (Photos 107-109). Portions of the island also include exposed limestone cobble. A runway for small planes, bisecting the entire island from the northwest to the southeast, is continuously mowed and includes short old field vegetation (Photo 110). Whiskey Island The fifth largest island in the archipelago, Whiskey Island is 129 acres and located 4 miles north of Beaver Island (Map 21). The island includes Great Lakes coastal marsh, northern forest with a mixture of conifers and hardwoods, and sand and gravel beach (Photos 113, 117). The eastern corner of the island supports nesting colonies of several seabirds including gulls and double-crested cormorants (Photo 114). High Island High Island is located 3.5 miles west of Beaver Island and with 3,495 acres it is the third largest island in the archipelago (Map 22). It is owned and managed by the MDNR and includes numerous unmaintained trails throughout the island. Areas surveyed on the island in 2014 contained a variety of both aquatic and terrestrial natural communities. Aquatic habitat included a large inland lake (Lake Maria), emergent marsh, and scrub-shrub marsh, while terrestrial communities included old field, open and vegetated sand dune and northern forest complexes (Photos 119-120, 123). The island also supports several rare and sensitive floral and faunal species including a very large population of Pitcher s thistle. 15

Methods Herpetofaunal Surveys Transect surveys through various habitats using visual detection as well as aural surveys were conducted during seasonally appropriate weather conditions in July of 2013 and 2014. During these surveys HRM and CRA staff trained in the identification of amphibians and reptiles performed meandering transects through the properties, surveying in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These habitats were searched for all life stages of amphibians and reptiles and evaluated as potential habitat. Various techniques were employed by the surveyors due to the diverse habitats used by herpetofauna. These techniques included direct detection of target taxa, turning over of fallen material on the ground which may be used as cover by many species, visual identification of possible nesting and basking sites, dip netting, aural identification of calling species, and use of binoculars. During the course of the surveys no vouchers were taken; however, photographs were taken when possible to document site conditions and species observed. All survey activities were in accordance with HRM s Scientific Collector s and Threatened and Endangered Species permits issued by the State of Michigan. Data Collection Each positively identified amphibian and reptile was recorded in the database. The following data were collected for each record: (1) species, (2) gender of each individual (when possible), (3) behavior of each individual, and (4) reproductive condition of each individual (if it could be determined). Observation locations were recorded using Tier II spatial accuracy standards. Trimble Juno SB GPS units were used during HRM s surveys and observations were mapped using ArcMap. 16

Results Seventeen species of herpetofauna (eight species of reptiles and nine species of amphibians) were observed in the Beaver Island Archipelago in 2013. Amphibians observed were the Bluespotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale), Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens), Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus), Eastern American Toad (Bufo americanus americanus) [Anaxyrus a. americanus], Gray Treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis/versicolor), Green Frog (Rana clamitans melanota) [Lithobates clamitans melanota], Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens)[lithobates pipiens], Northern Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer crucifer), and Wood Frog (Rana sylvatica) [Lithobates sylvatica]. Documented reptiles included Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis), Eastern Milk Snake (Lampropeltis triangulum triangulum), Northern Red-bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata), Northern Ringnecked Snake (Diadophis punctatus edwardsii), Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon), Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis), Eastern Snapping Turtle (Chelydra serpentina serpentina), and Midland Painted Turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata). For the purposes of this report, Hyla chrysocelis and H. versicolor were combined and listed as Gray Treefrog. Painted Turtles are listed as Midland Painted Turtle, but many if not most found on the islands are intergrades showing influence of hybridization with the Western subspecies (C. picta bellii), found in the Upper Peninsula. Eastern Newts observed were most likely the subspecies Central Newt (Notophtalmus viridescens louisianensis). In 2014, a total of nineteen species were recorded which included those observed in 2013 in addition to one new species of amphibian and one new reptile species. Species recorded for the first time in 2014 included Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and Northern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis). 17

Beaver Island (2013-2014) Barney s Lake Nature Preserve (2013) During 2013, thirteen species of herpetofauna were observed at Barney s Lake Nature preserve including six species of amphibians and seven species of reptiles (Table 2, Map 2). The observed species were Eastern Newt, Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog (Photo 3), Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake, Eastern Milk Snake (Photo 2), Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Water Snake (Photo 3), Smooth Green Snake, and Eastern Snapping Turtle. Invasive vegetation present at the time of surveys included spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea), and common reed (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), however none of these species were abundant at the site. Based on the quality of habitat present, an additional seven species of herpetofauna may occur within Barney s Lake Nature Preserve. Although not observed in this survey, Blue-spotted Salamander, Spotted Salamander, Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana), Gray Treefrog, Wood Frog, Northern Ribbon Snake, and Midland Painted Turtle may be present. The Eastern Newts observed were found in the terrestrial eft stage signifying high quality habitat and successful recruitment of this species. Petritz Nature Preserve (2013) One species of herpetofauna, the Red-backed Salamander (Photo 10) was observed at Petritz Nature Preserve (Table 2, Map 3). Although this was the only species found within the site, a high density of individuals was observed which is indicative of high quality habitat (Harding 1997). Invasive species present included spotted knapweed and sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis), which were both found along the coastal boundary of the parcel. Based on the quality of available habitat, eight 18

additional species of amphibians and reptiles may occur within Petritz Nature Preserve. The forested portions of the preserve including transitional edge habitat may support Eastern American Toads, Eastern Garter Snakes, Northern Red-bellied Snakes, Northern Ring-necked Snakes, and Smooth Green Snakes. Eastern Newts, Northern Leopard Frogs, Eastern Garter Snakes, Redbellied Snakes, and Eastern Snapping Turtles may likely occur in the coastal marsh. Gull Harbor Nature Preserve (2013) During 2013 sampling efforts, five species of herpetofauna were observed at Gull Harbor Nature Preserve, including three reptiles and two amphibians (Table 2, Map 3). The species observed included Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Ringnecked Snake (Photo 14), and Northern Water Snake. Invasive species observed at this site included sweet clover, reed canary grass, spotted knapweed, and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha). This site has the potential to support an additional eight species of herpetofauna including Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt, Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus maculosus), Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog, Midland Painted Turtle and Eastern Snapping Turtle. While most species could occur in the coastal marsh and associated field habitat, Mudpuppy would be most likely found just offshore using sections of flat limestone in the water. Egg Lake (2013) At Egg Lake four species of herpetofauna were observed including one amphibian and three reptiles (Table 2, Map 5). These species included Green Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Ring-necked snake, and Northern Water Snake. Invasive species observed included spotted knapweed, reed canary grass, sweet clover, and various agronomic weeds. Based on the quality and 19

variety of habitat types there are an additional eleven species of herpetofauna that may occur at this site including Eastern Newt, Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Redbellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. Due to the presence of high quality wetlands that may support populations of breeding amphibians, it is likely that additional species would be observed during a spring survey of this site. Johnny Martin s Trail (2013) Twelve species of herpetofauna were observed at Johnny Martin s Trail in 2013 including eight species of amphibians and four species of reptiles (Table 2, Map 4). The species observed were Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt (Photo 23), Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad (Photo 18), Gray Treefrog, Green Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake (Photo 22), Eastern Snapping Turtle and Midland Painted Turtle. Invasive species included spotted knapweed and reed canary grass. Based on the available habitat, an additional seven species of herpetofauna may use Johnny Martin s Trail including Spotted Salamander, Northern Leopard Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Water Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. The inundated ridge-swales as well as the areas of standing water in the gravel pit were biologically significant breeding grounds for multiple species of amphibians and also acted as nurseries for juvenile turtles. 20

Lake Geneserath (2013) In 2013, seven species of herpetofauna were observed at Lake Geneserath including five species of amphibians and two species of reptiles (Table 2, Map 7). These species included Eastern Newt, Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake (Photo 25), and Northern Water Snake. Based on available habitat the following ten species of herpetofauna may also occur at Lake Geneserath: Blue-spotted Salamander, Spotted Salamander, Bullfrog, Gray Treefrog, Wood Frog, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Eastern Snapping Turtle, and Midland Painted Turtle. A juvenile Eastern Newt was recorded in the terrestrial eft stage signifying high quality woods. Little Sand Bay Nature Preserve (2013) Ten species of reptiles and amphibians were observed at Little Sand Bay Nature Preserve in 2013 including five species of amphibians and five species of reptiles (Table 2, Map 6). These species were Eastern Newt, Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Northern Leopard Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Water Snake, Smooth Green Snake (Photo 29), Midland Painted Turtle, and Eastern Snapping Turtle. Invasive species at this site included spotted knapweed, common reed, bull thistle, Canada thistle, and reed canary grass. Several federally protected species of plants were observed as well including Lake Huron tansy and Michigan monkey-flower (Mimulus michiganensis). Based on available habitat there are an additional nine species of herpetofauna that may occur at Little Sand Bay Nature Preserve including Bluespotted Salamander, Bullfrog, Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, and Northern Ring-necked Snake. 21

Font Lake North Hidden Valley Nature Trail (2014) Seven species of herpetofauna were observed at Font Lake in 2014 (Table 3, Map 8). Of these seven species, five were amphibian species and two were reptiles. The species observed were Redbacked Salamander (Photo 40), Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, and Midland Painted Turtle. Invasive floral species for this site included reed canary grass, which is present along the lake shore and in adjacent marshes. Based on the overall habitat assessment of the site, an additional thirteen species could likely occur including Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt, Bullfrog, Gray Treefrog, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Water Snake, and Eastern Snapping Turtle. Lucas Property and Con s Cove (2014) These adjacent sites which contain very similar habitat were surveyed consecutively on the same day. During the 2014 survey, seven species of herpetofauna were observed, including five amphibian species and two reptile species (Table 3, Map 9). HRM recorded the presence of Eastern Newt, Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Northern Leopard Frog (Photo 44), Eastern Garter Snake (Photo 46), and Northern Water Snake. A large number of Eastern Garter Snakes were observed within the walls of the big barn present on the Lucas property. This structure likely serves as an important basking location as well as critical overwintering habitat. Invasive species were observed at both sites including European swamp thistle, reed canary grass, and spotted knapweed. Based on the habitat conditions at the time of surveys, it is estimated that these sites could support seven additional species of herpetofauna including Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi dekayi), Northern Red-bellied Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. 22

Luney s Pointe (2014) Nine species of herpetofauna were observed during the survey of Luney s Pointe; six amphibian and three reptile species (Table 3, Map 10). These species included Blue-spotted Salamander (Photo 52), Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog (Photo 54), Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Water Snake, and Painted Turtle (Photo 53). Several Painted Turtles were caught in hand and were clearly intergrades between the Western (C. picta belli) and Midland (C. picta marginata) subspecies. Few invasive species were observed at this site and consisted mostly of dead Phragmites stands which appeared to have been recently treated. Multiple rare and protected native plants were observed including Pitcher s thistle and Michigan monkey-flower. Based on the habitat assessment performed during the survey, seven additional species of herpetofauna could occur in this area including Eastern Newt, Gray Treefrog, Wood Frog, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, and Eastern Snapping Turtle. Vesty s Field (2014) Five species of herpetofauna were observed in Vesty s Field: three amphibian species and two reptile species (Table 3, Map 11). These species included Red-backed Salamander, Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake, and Northern Red-bellied Snake (Photo 57). Invasive floral species observed included European swamp thistle, reed canary grass and autumn olive. Based on the observations and assessment of habitat conditions, this site has the potential to support ten additional species of herpetofauna including Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt, Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog, Green Frog, Wood Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. 23

Andy s Trail (2014) This survey started at the state-owned gravel pit located in close proximity to the trailhead itself. Eight species of herpetofauna were observed, including three amphibian species and five reptile species (Table 3, Map 12). These included Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Water Snake (Photo 66), and Smooth Green Snake (Photo 65). European swamp thistle was the most noted invasive plant species observed during the course of the survey. Based on assessment of habitat conditions, this site has the potential to support eight other species of herpetofauna including Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt, Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Wood Frog, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake and Midland Painted Turtle. Cranberry Bog (2014) Six species of herpetofauna were recorded in the Cranberry Bog in 2014 (Table 3, Map 13). Five amphibian species and one reptile species were observed including Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog (Photo 72), Northern Spring Peeper, Wood Frog (Photo 71), and Eastern Garter Snake. European swamp thistle was the only notable invasive plant species observed and was mostly located along the walking trail that leads to the bog. Based on assessment of the habitat this site could potentially support twelve additional herpetofaunal species including Bluespotted Salamander, Eastern Newt, Spotted Salamander, Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Smooth Green Snake, and Midland Painted Turtle. 24

Iron Ore Bay (2014) During this survey four herpetofaunal species were observed: two species of amphibians and two species of reptiles (Table 3, Map 14). These species included Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog (Photo 75), Eastern Garter Snake, and Northern Water Snake. The lack of observed species may have been due to unfavorable weather conditions. No notable populations of invasive plants species were observed for this site. Based on assessment of habitat conditions, this site has the potential to support six additional herpetofaunal species including Eastern Newt, Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, and Midland Painted Turtle. Martin s Bluff (2014) Six species were recorded at Martin s Bluff including five amphibian species and one reptile species (Table 3, Map 15). Cool and windy weather conditions may have caused a lower detection rate. Herpetofauna observed included Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Northern Spring Peeper (Photo 78), Wood Frog, and Northern Water Snake (Photo 82). The only notable invasive plant observed during this survey was European swamp thistle which was dispersed intermittently along the shoreline. Based on assessment of habitat conditions, ten additional species potentially occur at the site including Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt, Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, Midland Painted Turtle and Eastern Snapping Turtle. Tara s Meadow (2014) Four species of herpetofauna were recorded at Tara s Meadow: one amphibian species and three reptile species, which included Eastern American Toad, Eastern Garter Snake (Photo 85), Northern 25

Red-bellied Snake (Photo 86), and Smooth Green Snake (Table 3, Map 16). Several invasive plant species were observed including spotted knapweed, common St. John s-wort (Hypericum perforatum), as well several species of agronomic weeds. Based on an overall habitat assessment, this site could support an additional three species including Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Brown Snake, and Northern Ring-necked Snake. Big Field (2014) Six species of herpetofauna were recorded at Big Field including one amphibian species and five reptile species (Table 3, Map 17). These species were Eastern American Toad, Northern Ringnecked Snake, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. All but one of the snake species known to occur on Beaver Island were observed during the survey of this site, and a large number of snake eggs were observed under cover objects placed by Central Michigan University for an ecological study. The majority of this site was dominated by bracken fern but several areas of invasive spotted knapweed were noted along the mowed hiking paths. Assessment of habitat conditions indicated that this site has the potential to support five additional herpetofaunal species including Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Milk Snake and Northern Brown Snake. Black Hills Clearing (2014) During this survey only open field portions of the site were assessed although the property also contains a forested area. Within these portions of the site, five herpetofaunal species were observed including one species of amphibian and four species of reptile (Table 3, Map 18). These species were Red-backed Salamander, Eastern Garter Snake (Photo 94), Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, and Smooth Green Snake (Photo 93). Spotted knapweed was the 26

only notable invasive plant observed. Habitat assessment for the site indicated the potential to support three additional herpetofaunal species including Eastern American Toad, Eastern Milk Snake, and Northern Brown Snake. Garden Island (2013-2014) Eight species of herpetofauna were observed on Garden Island in 2013 (Table 2, Map 19). Of these eight species three were amphibians and five were reptiles. The species observed were Red-backed Salamander (Photo 98), Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Water Snake (Photo 99), and Midland Painted Turtle (Photo 96). Though limited and localized, reed canary grass and spotted knapweed are both present on surveyed portions of the island. Twelve species of herpetofauna were observed on Garden Island during 2014 surveys: five species of amphibians and seven species of reptile (Table 3, Map 18). These species included Eastern Newt (Photo 106), Red-backed Salamander, Eastern American Toad, Green Frog (Photo 103), Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, Northern Water Snake, Midland Painted Turtle, and Eastern Snapping Turtle (Photo 105). Invasive plant species observed during the survey include pockets of European swamp thistle, Canada thistle and reed canary grass. Based on the habitat observed in 2013 and 2014, this site has the potential to support nine additional herpetofaunal species not observed by HRM. These species include Blue-spotted Salamander, Spotted Salamander, Bullfrog, Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Wood Frog, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. 27

Trout Island (2014) Two species of reptiles were observed on Trout Island in 2014 (Table 3, Map 20) which included Eastern Garter Snake (Photos 111-112) and Northern Water Snake. Terrestrial invasive plant species are abundant, including wild parsnip and hound s-tongue (Cynoglossum officinale). Based on the condition of available habitat there are an additional eight species of herpetofauna that could likely occur on Trout Island including Eastern Newt, Eastern American Toad, Gray Treefrog, Northern Leopard Frog, and Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. Although several snakes may find suitable habitat in the grassy mowed airstrip, those species would have colonized the island recently as this habitat would not have been available historically. Whiskey Island (2014) Four species of herpetofauna were observed on Whiskey Island in 2014 (Table 3, Map 21) including two amphibians and two reptiles. The species observed were Eastern American Toad (Photo 118), Northern Leopard Frog, Eastern Garter Snake, and Northern Water Snake (Photo 116). Invasive species were relatively abundant along the shoreline during the time of surveys, particularly wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) and mossy stonecrop (Sedum acre). Additionally one significant cluster of non-native Phragmites was observed. Based on the available habitat and its quality there are an additional two species of herpetofauna that could likely occur on Whiskey Island: Eastern Newt and Northern Brown Snake. High Island (2014) In the two days spent surveying High Island, the team covered roughly the northernmost fourth of the island and partially down the eastern coast. Ten species of herpetofauna were observed during HRM surveys: six species of amphibians and four species of reptiles (Table 3, Map 28

22). These species included Blue-spotted Salamander, Eastern Newt (Photo 122), Spotted Salamander (Photo 124), Eastern American Toad, Green Frog, Northern Spring Peeper, Eastern Garter Snake (Photo 125), Northern Water Snake (Photo 126), Midland Painted Turtle, and Eastern Snapping Turtle (Photo 121). Several species of invasive flora were observed during the surveys including European swamp thistle, reed canary grass, mossy stonecrop, and a relatively young stand of non-native Phragmites. Several rare native species observed as well including Pitcher s thistle and Lake Huron tansy as well as Piping Plover and Bald Eagle. Based on assessment of available habitat, it is estimated that surveyed portions of High Island could support eleven additional species of herpetofauna including Red-backed Salamander, Bullfrog, Northern Leopard Frog, Gray Treefrog, Wood Frog, Eastern Milk Snake, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Red-bellied Snake, Northern Ribbon Snake, Northern Ring-necked Snake, and Smooth Green Snake. Discussion The work performed by the HRM team with assistance from island residents is the most extensive and comprehensive herpetofaunal survey conducted on the Archipelago to date based on area of the assessment. Results of these assessments give an unprecedented look into the herpetofauna populations located on Beaver Island as well as other islands within the Archipelago. The Beaver Island Archipelago was historically known to have supported twenty different species of herpetofauna including eleven amphibians and nine reptiles (Table 4). During the course of the monitoring conducted in July of 2013 seventeen of these species were observed, and in 2014 the number of observed species increased by two for a total of nineteen species overall. New occurrences were documented during outer island surveys with three new species recorded on High Island and one species on Trout Island. Photo vouchers were collected on High Island to confirm 29

the presence of Northern Spring Peeper, Spotted Salamander, and Eastern Snapping Turtle. On Trout Island, a Northern Water Snake was observed; however, a voucher was not obtained. As of 2004, none of these species were previously documented on the corresponding islands where HRM recorded their presence (Bowen and Gillingham 2004). Species not observed by HRM were Bullfrog, which was known historically from Beaver Island, and Northern Brown Snake, which was not known to occur on the archipelago until a recent sighting on Hog Island. Many of the herpetofauna species encountered throughout the sample areas were observed at various life stages indicating that numerous sites support critical habitat able to sustain reproductively viable populations. Many female snakes were found to be gravid during both years and several groups of eggs believed to be Northern Ring-necked Snake were observed in 2014. A high number of juvenile and hatchling Midland Painted Turtles and Eastern Snapping Turtles were observed in 2013. Given that nest predation is a major threat to turtle populations throughout the state and is known to be high in many parts of Beaver Island, this evidence of turtle recruitment is encouraging. Throughout both years of surveys, frog and toad metamorphs were found in great numbers among the various sites. Frogs and toads typically produce great numbers of eggs, a strategy which acts to counteract the high losses of individuals to predation (Harding 1997). Eastern Newts were found in three life stages on Beaver Island including larvae, efts, and adults and female Red-backed salamanders were observed protecting their eggs in woody debris on both Garden and Beaver Island. These results indicate that healthy breeding populations of herpetofauna are located throughout the archipelago. Several of the amphibians and reptiles observed on the archipelago displayed rare and unusual physical characteristics and high morphological variability. Notably, Eastern Garter Snakes were found with colors ranging from bright orange, to bright yellow and pale turquoise. 30