S 75 " F55 411.4/'3 Feeding Value o Pacific orthwest Soybeans for Replacement and Laying Pullets c t Tra to/ iv, 1.1 al Repo ctober 1977 Agricultural Ex 'anent Sta ion regon State University, orvalli
AUTHRS: P. L. Paradis, H. S. akaue, J. A. Harper and G. H. Arscott, regon State University, Department of Poultry Science. Acknowledgment: Babcock-3 hatching eggs were gratuitously pvided by Skylane Farms, Woodburn, regon, and Babcock Industries, Ithaca, ew York. These studies were supported in part by the regon Department of Agriculture and the orthwest Regional Commission.
FEEDIG VALUE F PACIFIC RTHWEST GRW SYBEAS FR REPLACEMET AD LAYIG PULLETS P. L. Paradis, H. S. akaue, J. A. Harper and G. H. Arscott REVIEW F LITERATURE Soybean meal has pvided the major source of ptein in regon poultry feeds for the past 3 years. More than 6, tons are used for this purpose each year in regon. Soybean meal obtained fm the Midwest includes a freight cost of more than $4 per ton, an annual cost to poultrymen of about $2.5 million. This additional freight cost has generated much interest in the use of locally gwn soybeans in an effort to reduce the cost of poultry feeds. It has long been known that raw soybeans contain factors that affect the availability of nutrients to poultry or other monogastric animals. These factors may cause decreased fat and ptein digestibility; decreased availability of the sulfur amino acids, methionine and cystine; reduced availability of some minerals; and interference with pancreatic enzymatic utilization. Several workers have reported that feeding raw soybeans to gwing birds causes a gwth depression. With replacement pullets, this causes delayed sexual maturity and subsequent poor egg pduction (Lillie and Denton, 1966 and Ceballos et al., 197). The effects of feeding raw soybeans to laying pullets also have been extensively studied. Arscott (1975) showed that feeding raw soybeans to layers caused decreased egg pduction, feed consumption, poor feed conversion and caused pancreatic hypertphy. Experimental Pcedure EXPERIMETS WITH REPLACEMET PULLETS During the first six weeks of age, the replacement chicks were not fed test rations. Four hundred and seven White Leghorn pullets (Babcock- 3) were boded together in a floor pen house. The chicks were equally divided into eight pens (1'x14' or 3m x 4.24m). A 56 inch electric hover was used as the heat source in each pen. The temperature under the hover was 95 F (35C) the first week and was decreased by 5 F each week to 65 F (18.5C). Chicks were pvided feed on filler flats for the first three to four days and then pvided feed in three four-foot feed tughs. These feeders were gradually removed and replaced by three hanging tube feeders 16 inches (4 cm) in diameter per pen. A portable fountain-type waterer
was used initially and gradually removed in preference to automatic (Little Giants) waterers. A chick starter ration (2 percent ptein) was fed ad libitum (free choice) to six weeks of age. At six weeks of age, the birds were divided and half the population was transferred to another floor pen house containing eight pens (16' x 16' or 4.8m x 4.8m) with waterers and feeders as noted previously. There were four pens with 25 pullets per pen in each house, and the remaining pens for each house contained 5 pullets per pen. Birds in the 25-pullet pens in each house were fed the 15.2 percent ptein chick gwer ration containing only extruded soybeans*(esb) fm 6 to 1 weeks of age, followed by a 13.5 percent ptein chick developer ration containing the ESB fm 11 to 21 weeks of age. The same feeding pgram was followed for the raw soybean (RSB) rations*. The pullets housed S to a pen were fed solvent soybean meal (SBM) rations for the same time periods. These rations are shown in Table 1. The rations were isocaloric and isonitgenous with barley utilized to equalize the energy levels of each ration. ESB and RSB were added to replace 1 percent of the ptein contributed by SBM in the contl ration. Feed and water were pvided ad libitum thughout the test. A step-down lighting pgram was followed fm 6 weeks to 2 weeks of age with a decrease of 15 minutes per week of artificial light. ne 4-watt incandescent light bulb was suspended eight feet (2.4m) over the center of each pen. Body weights and feed consumption were measured at 6, 8, 1, 12, 18 and 21 weeks of age. Mortality was recorded daily and dead birds sent to the regon State University Diagnostic Laboratory for necpsy. Age of first egg was also recorded. At 2 weeks of age, five pullets fm each dietary treatment were sacrificed, and the pancreas, liver, kidney, gizzard, pventriculus and abdominal fat were excised and weighed. Each pullet was weighed just prior to sacrifice. RESULTS AD DISCUSSI As indicated earlier, the White Leghorn pullet chicks were fed a 2 percent chicken starter ration fm day-old to six weeks of age. After this preliminary period, the chicks were fed the three types of soybeans as the primary source of ptein. Average body weights and feed conver- * Raw and extruded soybean supplied by regon State Department of Agriculture and prepared by McDaniel Grain and Feed Company, McMinnville,regon. -2-
sions for 8, 1, 12, 18 and 21 weeks of age are presented in Table 2. Except for the 12-week results for the RSB fed birds, feed conversions were significantly higher (P4.5) than the SBM treatment thughout the gwing stage. ESB did not affect feed conversion. Body weights for the birds fed RSB were significantly lower (P4:.5) than birds fed SBM for the first six weeks of the test (Table 2). Thereafter, no significant differences were observed, but numerically smaller body weights existed to 21 weeks of age. Body weights for chicks fed ESB were not affected thughout the gwing phase. Average pounds of feed consumed, age at first egg and mortality during the gwing phase are listed in Table 3. nly small differences in feed consumption were observed. These data indicated that palatability was not responsible for the gwth retardation because slightly more feed was consumed by RSB fed birds as compared to those fed SBM. Although there were no significant differences among the three soybean treatments on age of first egg, pullets fed RSB were sexually delayed by about eight days. ESB fed pullets reached sexual maturity in about the same time as SBM fed birds. Mortality was considerably higher for RSB fed birds than for those fed ESB or SBM. rgan weights were measured at 21 weeks of age, and the data are summarized in Table 4. nly pancreatic and hepatic weights were significantly larger and smaller (Pc.5), respectively, for pullets fed RSB and ESB than pullets fed SBM. Kidneys, gizzard, pventriculus and abdominal fat were not affected by feeding ESB or RSB. Experimental Pcedure EXPERIMETS WITH LAYIG HES To demonstrate whether there was a plonged or abrupt effect fm feeding ESB and RSB during the rearing and laying phases, the laying hen experiment was designed so that pullets fed SBM during the gwing phase were fed rations containing either SBM, ESB or RSB during the laying period. Pullets fed ESB during the gwing phase were switched to SBM or maintained on ESB with or without supplemental methionine during the laying period. Similarly, pullets fed RSB during the gwing phase were switched either to SBM or maintained on RSB with or without supplemental methionine during the laying period. The above changes resulted in nine dietary treatments. Laying rations were formulated to be isonitgenous and isocaloric. Barley was incorporated in the ESB and RSB rations to equalize the energy levels (Table 5). The pullets were housed individually in cages (12" x 18" or 4.8 cm x 7.1 cm) in a positive pressure thermostatically contlled ventilated windowless house. At housing time, the pullets were equally distributed to each lot or w depending on the treatment during the gw and lay -3-
phases. Each w or replicate contained 15 individually housed pullets and each treatment was replicated twice. A total of 27 pullets were involved in the laying trial. Feed was pvided ad libitum for six 28-day periods. Water was restricted to eight 15-minute watering periods in appximately equal intervals fm 4:15 am to 5:45 pm daily. Lights were pvided 14 hours daily fm 4 am to 6 pm. Ventilation rate was appximately 6, to 7,5 cubic feet per minute. Egg pduction and mortality were recorded daily, and all dead birds were sent to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for necpsy. Egg weights, feed consumption, percent egg pduction and egg size were determined for each 28-day period. Body weights were determined at the end of periods 1, 2, 3 and 6. Egg shell quality was measured by specific gravity readings at the end of periods 1, 3 and 6 using the pcedure described by Arscott and Bernier (1961) which involves using salt solutions. Interior egg quality was measured by breaking out two eggs per day for each treatment for three consecutive days at the end of periods 1, 3 and 6. Each egg was weighed individually and bken out on a glass plate with a mirr below. The presence of meat and blood spots was noted, and the height of the thick albumen measured with a micmeter. Yolk color was matched to a Roche color fan. Very light yellow was given a score of 1 and very dark orange a score of 16. Haugh units were calculated with a slide rule, using the relationship of the weight of the egg and the albumen height. A high Haugh unit value was indicative of superior interior egg quality. At the end of the feeding trial, three laying pullets fm each dietary treatment were sacrificed and the liver, kidneys, pancreas, gizzard, pventriculus and abdominal fat were excised and weighed. All data derived fm both experiments were submitted to analysis of variance and Duncan's new multiple range test (Steele and Torrie, 196). RESULTS AD DISCUSSI Average body weight, average egg pduction, feed conversion and daily feed consumption for the six 28-day periods are listed in Table 6. Body weights were significantly smaller (P4C.5) for layers fed either RSB or ESB fm six weeks of age and fm 22 weeks of age (Treatments 3, 5, 8) than SBM fed layers (Treatment 1). Except for Treatment 5, average egg pduction, feed conversion and daily feed consumption followed the same trend as the body weight for the RSB fed layers. When layers were fed RSB during the gwing phase and then switched to SBM, they performed normally (Treatment 7). This would indicate that the RSB effect was not permanent and that pduction would pbably return to normal. Layers which were fed SBM during the gwing phase, and then switched to ESB (Treatment 2) during the laying phase, were not affected. Addition of methionine to the ESB rations significantly increased (P4:.5) -4-
body weight when compared to the same ration without methionine. When methionine was added to RSB layer rations, body weights were not significantly different fm those fed the same ration without methionine. However, egg pduction, feed conversion and daily feed consumption were significantly impved (P<.5) by methionine addition to RSB rations. These responses appeared intermediate between layers fed RSB fm six to 21 weeks of age. Data on the number of days needed to reach 5 percent pduction, average egg weight, average specific gravity and mortality are listed in Table 7. Shell quality (specific gravity) and mortality were not significantly influenced by feeding the three types of soybeans. Although average egg weights were not significantly different among all dietary treatments (Table 7), the egg grade data (Table 8) indicate that RSB fed layers pduced more medium and large eggs than either the SBM or ESB fed layers (Treatments 1, 5, 8). Indirectly, the egg weight may be reflected by the age at 5 percent pduction as presented in Table 7. Layers fed RSB took longer to reach 5 percent egg pduction than ESB or SBM fed layers (Treatments 1, 5, 8). The addition of methionine to the RSB ration did not accelerate the age of layers to attain 5 percent pduction. Interior egg quality data are presented in Table 8. Haugh units (interior egg quality) were significantly better (P4:.5) for the layers fed RSB rations (Treatments 3 and 8) during the laying period than the other dietary treatments. These differences can be explained. The layers fed RSB rations laid eggs at a less intense rate than layers on the other treatments, thus allowing them to metabolically pduce better albumen quality. ESB fed to layers did not influence the Haugh units when compared to SBM fed layers. Layers fed ESB and RSB rations pduced significantly lighter (P<.5) egg yolk color than the layers fed SBM (Treatments 1, 4, and 7). This difference is due in part to inclusion of barley to replace part of the corn in the ESB and RSB rations. rgan weight data are listed in Table 9 for layers sacrificed after feeding on the three soybean treatments for six months. o effects on kidneys, gizzard, pventriculus and abdominal fat were found among the dietary treatments. Similar to the replacement chickens, layers fed RSB fm either six to 21 weeks or fm 22 weeks of age (Treatments 3 and 7) had significantly larger (P4:.5) pancreata than either ESB or SBM fed layers. However, unlike the replacement chickens, pancreatic weight was not affected when layers were fed ESB rations. Layers fed RSB during the gwing period and then SBM during the laying period (Treatment 7) had normal pancreatic size comparable to the contl gup (Treatment 1). Liver weights were significantly smaller (P <.5) for layers fed either RSB or ESB during the gwing and laying periods than SBM fed layers. Layers fed RSB during the gwing phase and then switched to SBM in the laying phase (Treatment 7) had liver size comparable to the contl gup (Treatment 1). This indicates that the RSB effect did not premanently affect liver weight. -5-
SUMMARY An experiment was carried out with replacement pullets and with laying pullets involving the feeding of three types of soybeans (SBM, ESB and RSB). The Pacific orthwest gwn soybeans used in this experiment were found to be acceptable for feeding replacement and laying pullets, if pperly pcessed. Extruded soybeans were as effective as solvent extracted soybeans in supporting gwth and egg pduction. Raw soybeans were found to be inferior to extruded and solvent soybeans. Feeding raw soybeans to replacement pullets caused gwth retardation, poor feed conversion, pancreatic hypertphy, liver atphy and delayed sexual maturity. Similar effects were observed fm feeding raw soybeans to laying pullets, including reduced egg pduction. Supplemental methionine in raw soybean rations for layers increased egg pduction over unsupplemented raw soybean rations. o plonged retarded effect caused by RSB was indicated when birds fed RSB were switched to SBM rations. REFERECES 1. Arscott, G. H. and P. E. Bernier, 1961. Application of specific gravity to the determination of egg shell thickness. I: Agricultural Science Laboratory Exercises for High School Students. Agricultural Science, #2, School of Agriculture, regon State University. 2. Arscott, G. H., 1975. Effect of soybean meal, extruded soybeans and gund raw soybeans on the performance of White Leghorn layers. Agricultural Experiment Station, regon State University, Special Report 448, December. 3. Ceballos, E., B. Manning and J. McGinnis, 197. Effect of ptein levels and sources for gwing pullets on gwth and subsequent performance of layers. Poultry Sci. 49:1373. 4. Lillie, R. J. and C. A. Denton, 1966. Effect of nutrient restriction on White Leghorns in the gwer and subsequent layer periods. Poultry Sci. 45:81-818. 5. Steele, R. G. and J. H. Torrie, 196. Principles and Pcedures of Statistics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. ew York, ew York. -6-
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Table 3. Average feed consumed, age of first egg and mortality at 21 weeks of age for replacement pullets fed solvent soybean meal (SBM), extruded (ESB) and raw (RSB) fullfat soybeansl Average total feed Average age consumed per bird at 1st egg Mortality Treatment (lbs) (days) (died/started) SBM 21.5a 135a 2/26 ESB 21.3a 137a 1/11 RSB 22.1a 143a 5/1 1. Values with differing superscripts are significantly different (P4:.5).
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Table 6. Effect of feeding solvent extracted (SBM), extruded (ESB) and raw (RSB) full-fat soybeans to White Leghorn layers for six months on body weight, egg pduction,, feed conversion and consumption, egg weight and specific gravity" Treatment o. Gw phase Soybeans Lay phase Mean body wt. (lbs.) Mean egg pd. (%) Mean feed cony. (feed/ doz.) Mean feed/ day/ bird (lbs.) 1. SBM SBM 3.75 d,e 74. c,d 4.4 a,b.245e 2. SBM ESB 3.75 d,e 76.5 c,d 3.73e.237c 3. SBM RSB 3.4a 55.8a,b 4.66c.211a 4. ESB SBM 3.73c,d,e 77.7d 3.76a.241d 5. ESB ESB 3.55 a,b,c 74.6 c,d 6. 7. 8. ESB RSB RSB ESB + met. SBM RSB e 3.8 3.75d, e b, c, d 3.6 c,d 75.5 7.5c 5.3a 3.77a 3.66a 4.36b'c 5.19d.233b.229 b.25f.211a 9. RSB RSB + met. 3.45a'b 6.9b 4.53c.228b 1. Values with different superscripts are significant at Pot.5.
Table 7. Effect of feeding solvent extracted (SBM), extruded (ESB) and raw (RSB) full-fat soybeans to White Leghorn layers for six months on body weight,, egg weight, specific gravity, mortality and age at 5 percent pduction) Treat. o. Soybeans Gw Lay phase phase Age at 5% pduction (days) Mean egg wt. (gins) Mean specific Mortality gravity (dead/started) 1. SBM SBM 153 a 59.3 a 2. SBM ESB 153a 57.9a 3. SBM RSB 158a,b,c a 56. 4. ESB SBM 155 a,b a 58.3 5. ESB ESB 157"D ' c 58.7a 6. ESB ESB + met. 155 a,b a 58.7 7. RSB SBM 164b'c 58.5a 8. RSB RSB 166b'c 57.1a 9. RSB RSB + met. c 168 a 58.1 1.842 a 5/3 1.869 a /3 a 1.855 /3 a 1.859 /3 1.857 a /3 1.85 a 1/3 1.846a /3 1.868 a 2/3 a 1.856 1/3 1. Values with different superscripts are significant at P4.5.
Table 8. Effect of feeding solvent extracted (SBM), extruded (ESB) and raw (RSB) full-fat soybeans to White Leghorn layers after six months on interior egg quality and egg gradel Mean egg grades 4 Treat. o. Soybeans Gw phase Lay phase Haugh units Yolk 2 ' 3 color Extra large (%) large medium (%) (%) 1. SBM SBM 7.9 a,b b 9.9 3.9 35.4 26.2 2. SBM ESB 76.7b,c 8.3 a 31.5 35.4 3.4 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. SBM ESB ESB ESB RSB RSB SBM ESB ESB+met. SBM 8.9c a, b 71.7 76.5b, c 77.9b, c 67.6a 8.3 a 1.2b 7.9a 7.8a b 9.9 8. RSB RSB 81.5 c 8.3 a 23.8 3.4 37.3 9. RSB RSB+met. 77.8 b,c 7.6 a 33.3 32.5 25.3 18.2 27. 3.9 34. 3.8 34.4 37.6 31.3 32.7 33.7 36.5 31.4 31.1 29.1 28.2 1. Values with different superscripts are significantly different at P4:.5. 2. Roche color fan. 1=light yellow; 16=dark orange 3. For period 6 only. 4. Average of 6 periods.
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