Diseases of Small Ruminants and OIE Standards, Emphasis on PPR Dr Ahmed M. Hassan Veterinary Expert 7 9 April, 2009 Beirut (Lebanon) 1
Small ruminants are very important for: both the subsistence and economic development of some countries of the region. both the subsistence and economic development of the regional countries. source of foreign currency for the government sustaining employment and income for millions in rural and urban areas. In Sudan and Somalia people depend on them as main source of meat. diseases are the main constraints facing sheep and goats production 2
Diseases affecting small ruminants in the region Priority diseases PPR CCPP RVF Sheep pox Salmonellosis Brucellosis, anthrax & HS Heart water schistisomasis Internal and external parasites Less priority diseases Nairobi sheep disease Enzootic abortion of ewes FMD Bluetongue CCHF Aujeszky,s disease 3
DEFINITION Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease of sheep and goats. Heavy losses in goats; all of the affected animals in some herds may die. PPR was thought to be restricted to West Africa, but it has since been recognized from the equator to the Sahara desert, as well as in Asia and the Middle East. Other areas, such as southern Africa and central Asia, are threatened. Increased recognition of PPR is one reason for the expanded geographic range, and the virus is spreading. 4
ECONOMICAL IMPACT Presence of disease can limit Trade and export Import of new breeds Development of intensive livestock production Loss of animal protein for human consumption Affects people livelihood
SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES Principally goats and sheep One report in captive wild ungulates American white tail deer experimentally susceptible Role of wildlife in transmission unknown Cattle and pigs seroconvert but do not transmit disease High mortality in Indian buffalo in 1977
ANIMAL TRANSMISSION Close contact Virus present in ocular, nasal and oral secretions and feces No known carrier state Fomites (limited Information)
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Africa, between the Sahara and the equator The Middle East Indian subcontinent
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THE ORGANISM Family Paramyxoviridae Genus Morbillivirus Similar to Rinderpest Other members of the family include Measles virus Canine distemper virus Phocis distemper virus of sea mammals
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Rinderpest Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia Bluetongue Pasteurellosis Contagious ecthyma Foot and mouth disease Heartwater Coccidiosis Nairobi sheep disease Mineral poisoning
CONTROL MEASURES Immediate notification Collection of samples and submission to lab for diagnosis Livestock movement control Implementation of quarantine measures Isolation and treatment and delineation of infected zone. Establishment of protection zone Vaccination of healthy animals 12
Cont. Carcasses burned or buried Proper disposal of contact fomites, decontamination Import restrictions
DISINFECTION PPR virus killed by most common disinfectants Phenols Sodium hydroxide 2% for 24 hours Ether Detergents Virus survives for long periods in chilled or frozen tissues
VACCINATION Rinderpest vaccine used in Africa effective for 12 months against PPR Vaccination hinders ongoing efforts at rinderpest eradication Homologous attenuated PPR vaccine is being tested and may soon be commercially available
INFLUENCES ON STANDARDS pressure from exporting countries for less restrictions pressure from importing countries for maximum protection consumer and NGO reactions pressure from developing countries for assistance in participating in the process 16
World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) Early Warning System Disease reported within 24 hours Informs countries at risk Trade shut down until further notice 17
IMPORTANCE OF ADHERENCE TO OIE STANDARDS Safe trade, based on scientific risk analysis Commodity specific risk mitigation measures Provides credibility to the Veterinary Services Consistency of message to consumers Demonstrate ability to detect emerging diseases 18
Improving the global capacity for response Improving early warning and surveillance systems using innovative technologies Improving disease reporting Improving diagnostics 19
TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL HEALTH CODE In chapters 2.2, 3.1-2 and 5.1-12 provides detailed recommandations of sanitary measures to be used by CVO of Members in establishing regulations applying to the safe trade of animals and animal Product, while avoiding unjustified restrictions Chapters 14.1 10 contains recommendations covering small ruminants diseases and the necessary sanitary measures to be carried out to contain any emerging outbreak. The code is issued into four international languages: English, French, Russian & Spanish 20
Manual Of Standards For Diagnostic Tests And Vaccines In chapter 2.1.5 tests for identification of PPR causative agent were identified. The vaccine requirements and diagnostic biological were outlined. Detailed procedures for production of safe, potent and efficient vaccine were identified in this document. OIE identified specific PPR labs to serve as reference laboratories. 21
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